What is need to be known about medicinal leeches and
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WHAT IS NEED TO BE KNOWN ABOUT MEDICINAL LEECHES AND HIRUDOTHERAPY A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW[#1235675]-2894579
Mechanisms of action
Active components Analgesic and anti- inflammatory effect Antistasin (44-46), hirustasin (44, 45), ghilantens (47, 48), eglin C (45), leech-derived tryptase inhibitor (LDTI) (49), complement C1 inhibitor (50), guamerin and piguamerin (44, 45), carboxypeptidase inhibitor (45), bdellins and bdellastasin (45, 47). Degrading extracellular matrix Hyaluronidase and collagenase (44, 45, 51). Strengthening blood flow Acetylcholine (44, 45), histamine-like molecules (44, 45, 52). Inhibition of platelet function Saratin (44, 45, 51, 53), calin (44, 45, 51, 54), apyrase (44, 45, 51), decorsin (44, 45, 51, 55, 56). Anti-coagulant effect Hirudin (45, 51, 52, 57), gelin (45, 51), factor Xa inhibitor (44, 45, 51), destabilase (45, 51, 58-60), new leech protein-1, whitide, and whitmanin (60). Anti-microbial effect Destabilase (45, 51, 58-19, 61), chloromycetyn (44, 45, 51), theromacin, theromyzin, and peptide B (62, 63). BECANIM et al. Anadolu Tıbbı Dergisi, 2022/Aralık, Sayı:3 27 observed during the attachment period, and if their size does not increase and no gut peristalsis can be observed, new leeches should be applied or the application site should be changed. The use of active and large leeches might be advisible (27, 64, 69). Hirudotherapy sessions might vary between 20 and 120 minutes. Each leech can ingest between 5 and 15 mL of blood per session. Bleeding may continue whoever for up to 24 hours after the removal of leeches (67, 70). Continous monitoring of blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate, by a professional healthcare provider is necessary during hirudotherapy. Every 4 hours, patients need to be reevaluated hematologically by performing complete blood cell count, serum chemistry studies, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time. If necessary patients should receive blood transfusions, when the hemoglobin level drops below 8g/dL (27, 64, 69-71). It is possible that leeches can migrate to lesions or other healthy tissues or fall into adjacent area both during and after the treatment, as they are keen on hiding after feeding. Therefore, observation is necessary for also that reason. The leeches usually get fed enough and detached spontaneously. When the leech needs to be removed before being done feeding, if the leech gets forced to detach, it’s teeth may be remainder, which may cause an infection. In this case, manipulating the leech’s head using a swab saturated with vinegar, normal saline or alcohol usually induce detachment but disproportionate usage of these liquids might also cause blood to flow back into the bite site and lead to an infection, such as submucosal abscesses, erysipelas, ecchymosis and scarring (64, 70, 72). To prevent bleeding, the bite areas can be cleaned regularly using a swab saturated with isotonic or heparin solution after detaching the leeches. It is possible to be seen that fluids are leaking from the leeches, as they drain the excess water to condense the red blood cells. The leeches killed with 70% ethyl alcohol, after putting into a biological waste bag when they are finished feeding and being detached naturally (27, 65, 73). Leeches should not be used on another patient as they carry the risk of blood-borne infections, and also, they would not like to feed again for a few weeks. Infection is one of the main complications that is documented, due to hirudotherapy, with an incidence range from 2.4 to 20%. Hence, prescription of prophylactic antibiotics is suggested strongly, and appropriate antibiotic is suggested strongly, and appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis showed a major reduction in the risk of infection, duration of hospital stay, and potential loss of flap or wounded tissues in some studies (64, 69-71). Usage of dual antibiotics during the treatment and the use of a single antibiotic during the two weeks of follow-up have also been suggested for prophylaxis (64, 74, 75). Fluoroquinolones are usually used for prophylaxis, as Aeromonas hydrophilia is sensitive to them. Nevertheless, it has been reported that resistant bacteria strains can cause post-leech therapy complications (74-76). Bacteria such as Morganella morganii, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens, Aeromonas sobria, and Vibrio fluvialis were detected on the surface and/or inside the leeches. In case fluoroquinolones do not prevent an infection, appropriate cultures should be collected and third-generation cephalosporins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, or trimethoprim should be used (64, 71, 76, 77). Download 0.96 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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