Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty

 P
OVERTY
For the story of Dai Guofang, see McGregor (2010), pp. 219–26.
The story of red telephones is also from McGregor, chap. 1. On the
control of the party over media, see Pan (2008), chap. 9, and
McGregor (2010), pp. 64–69 and 235–62. The quotes on the party’s
attitudes toward entrepreneurs are from McGregor (2010), pp. 200–
201 and 223. For Wen Jiabao’s comments on political reforms in
China, see 
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/aug/29/wen-jiabao-
china-reform
.
The modernization hypothesis is clearly articulated in Lipset
(1959). The evidence against it is discussed in detail in Acemoglu,
Johnson, Robinson, and Yared (2008, 2009). George H. W. Bush’s
quote is from 
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/752224.stm
.
Our discussion of NGO activity and foreign aid in Afghanistan after
December 2001 draws on Ghani and Lockhart (2008). See also
Reinikka and Svensson (2004) and Easterly (2006) on problems of
foreign aid.
Our discussion of problems of macroeconomic reform and inflation
in Zimbabwe is from Acemoglu, Johnson, Robinson, and Querubín
(2008). The Seva Mandir discussion is drawn from Banerjee, Duflo,
and Glennerster (2008).
The formation of the Workers’ Party in Brazil is covered in Keck
(1992); on the Scânia strike, see chap. 4. The quote from Cardoso is
from Keck, pp. 44–45; the quote from Lula is on Keck, p. 65.
The discussion of the efforts of Fujimori and Montesinos to control
the media is from McMillan and Zoido (2004), and the quote on the
Chinese Communist Party’s control is from McGregor (2010), p. 69.
S
OURCES FOR THE
 M
APS
Map 1
: The Inca Empire and road system are adapted from John V.
Murra (1984), “Andean Societies before 1532,” in Leslie Bethell, ed.,

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The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 1 (New York: Cambridge
University Press). The map of the mita catchment area is taken from
Melissa Dell (2010), “The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita,”
Econometrica 78:6, 1863–1903.
Map 2
: Drawn using data from Miriam Bruhn and Francisco Gallego
(2010), “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Do They Matter for
Economic Development?” forthcoming in the Review of Economics and
Statistics.
Map 3
: Drawn using data from World Development Indicators
(2008), the World Bank.
Map 4
: Map of wild pigs adapted from W. L. R. Oliver; I. L. Brisbin,
Jr.; and S. Takahashi (1993), “The Eurasian Wild Pig (Sus scrofa),” in
W. L. R. Oliver, ed., Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos: Status Survey and
Action Plan (Gland, Switzerland: IUCN), pp. 112–21. Wild cattle
adapted from map of aurochs from Cis van Vuure (2005), Retracing
the Aurochs (Sofia: Pensoft Publishers), p. 41.
Map 5
: Adapted from Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf (2001), The
Domestication of Plants in the Old World, 3rd edition (New York:
Oxford University Press), wheat map 4, p. 56; barley map 5, p. 55.
Map of rice distribution adapted from Te-Tzu Chang (1976), “The
Origin, Evolution, Cultivation, Dissemination, and Diversification of
Asian and African Rices,” Euphytica 25, 425–41, figure 2, p. 433.
Map 6
: The Kuba Kingdom is based on Jan Vansina (1978), The
Children of Woot (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press), map 2, p.
8. Kongo based on Jan Vansina (1995), “Equatorial Africa Before the
Nineteenth Century,” in Philip Curtin, Steven Feierman, Leonard
Thompson, and Jan Vansina, African History: From Earliest Times to
Independence (New York: Longman), map 8.4, p. 228.
Map 7
: Drawn using data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite
Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS), which reports
images of the Earth at night captured from 20:00 to 21:30 local time
from 
an 
altitude 
of 
830 
km
(
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/sensors/ols.html
).
Map 8
: Constructed from data in Jerome Blum (1998), The End of
the Old Order in Rural Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

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Map 9
: Adapted from the maps in Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker
(1988), The Spanish Armada (London: Hamilton), pp. i–ii, 243.
Map 10
: Adapted from Simon Martin and Nikolai Gribe (2000),
Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the
Ancient Maya (London: Thames and Hudson), p. 21.
Map 11
: Map adapted from Mark A. Kishlansky, Patrick Geary, and
Patricia O’Brien (1991), Civilization in the West (New York:
HarperCollins Publishers), p. 151.
Map 12
: Somali clan families adapted from Ioan M. Lewis (2002), A
Modern History of Somalia (Oxford: James Currey), map of “Somali
ethnic and clan-family distribution 2002”; map of Aksum adapted
from Kevin Shillington (1995), History of Africa, 2nd edition (New
York: St. Martin’s Press), map 5.4, p. 69.
Map 13
: J. R. Walton (1998), “Changing Patterns of Trade and
Interaction Since 1500,” in R. A. Butlin and R. A. Dodgshon, eds., An
Historical Geography of Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press),
figure 15.2, p. 326.
Map 14
: Adapted from Anthony Reid (1988), Southeast Asia in the
Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: Volume 1, The Land Below the Winds
(New Haven: Yale University Press), map 2, p. 9.
Map 15
: Drawn from data taken from Nathan Nunn (2008), “The
Long Term Effects of Africa’s Slave Trades,” Quarterly Journal of
Economics 123, no. 1, 139–76.
Map 16
: Maps based on the following maps: for South Africa, A. J.
Christopher (2001), The Atlas of Changing South Africa (London:
Routledge), figure 1.19, p. 31; for Zimbabwe, Robin Palmer (1977),
Land and Racial Domination in Rhodesia (Berkeley: University of
California Press), map 5, p. 245.
Map 17
: Adapted from Alexander Grab (2003), Napoleon and the
Transformation of Europe (London: Palgrave Macmillan), map 1, p. 17;
map 2, p. 91.
Map 18
: Drawn using data from the 1840 U.S. Census,
downloadable at the National Historical Geographic Information
System: 
http://www.nhgis.org/
.
Map 19
: Drawn using data from the 1880 U.S. Census,

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downloadable at the National Historical Geographic Information
System: 
http://www.nhgis.org/
.
Map 20
: Daron Acemoglu, James A. Robinson, and Rafael J. Santos
(2010), “The Monopoly of Violence: Evidence from Colombia,” at
http://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/files/
jr_formationofstate.pdf
.

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