World economy and international economic relations
Theories and models of international trade development
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3.Seminar notes WE&IER
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- The Nature of International Trade
- Main Specific Features of International Trade
- MODELS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
- TRADITIONAL MODELS OF CONSUMERS
- NICOSIA MODEL
- HOWARD SHETH MODEL
- The Importance of International Trade in the Modern World
- Mercantilism: The Essence, the Significance and Limitations
- The Absolute Advantages Theory: the Essence, Positive and Negative Features
2. Theories and models of international trade development Objectives: What are the Basic Features of Modern International Trade? Please specify the Nature of International Trade What are the The Geographical and Commodity Structures of International Trade? Provide examples for Main Specific Features of International Trade What is your understanding on the Adam Smith’s Theory?
Today international trade is one of the major driving forces of economic development. It appears as a sphere of international economic relations and is formed by merchandise trade, trade in services and products of intellectual labor of all countries in the world. Today, it accounts about 80% of all international operations. A single country takes part in international trade in the form of foreign trade, i.e. it is the trade between the country and other ones, which consists of two opposing flows of goods and services: export and import. International trade is trading between residents of different countries, which may be individuals and legal persons, firms, TNC, non-profit organizations, etc. It provides the voluntary exchange of goods, services, products of intellectual labor between the parties of a trade agreement. Since this exchange is voluntary, both parties of the agreement must be confident that they will get benefit from this exchange, otherwise the agreement will not be signed. The Geographical and Commodity Structures of International Trade Geographic and commodity structure is an important feature of international trade and presents a structure in terms of geographic distribution and commodity filling. Geographic structure of international trade means the distribution of trade flows between separate countries and their groups, created according to territorial or organizational criterion. Territorial geographic structure generalizes information about international trade scale of countries belonging to the same part of world or extended country group (developed countries, developing countries, countries in transition). Organizational geographic structure generalizes data concerning international trade between both countries belonging to international trade and political unions and countries, which are separated in defined groups by the chosen criterion (oil-exporting countries, debtor countries etc.). Geographic structure of international trade was formed under the influence of world economic division of labor and scientific and technical revolution development (table below) 10
The first factor group is formed by natural competitive advantages. Among them are natural-geographical factors: climate, availability of mineral fossils, soil fertility etc. The second factor group (the socio-economic one) is formed by gained competitive advantages. These factors define scientific-technical and economical level of country development, its production apparatus, scale and sequence of production, production and social infrastructure, scale of research activities. All this defines competitive advantages, which were gained in the development process of the national economy. The commodity structure by regions is presented below (see Table below).
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The data in table above show the relationship between the level of economic development and the structure of foreign trade. So, for the countries of Western Europe, North America and Asia, related to the industrialized and newly industrializing countries that are predominantly acquired competitive advantage in the export structure dominated by manufactures. Both Middle East and Africa, being countries with rich natural resources, have high enough proportion of the fuel industry. The CIS countries make extensive use of its natural competitive advantages, and therefore in the commodity structure, which is different from the world average, there is a high proportion of production extractive industries and, relatively, the low one of manufactures.
International trade, as a special sphere of international economics, has its own specific features, which distinguish it from intra-national trade: government regulation of the international trade; independent national economic policy; social and cultural difference of countries, financial and commercial risks. any other reason. ADAM SMITH’S THEORY In the late 18th and early l9th centuries, first Adam Smith and then David Ricardo explored the basis for international trade as part of their efforts to make a case for free trade. Their writings were responses to the doctrine of mercantilism prevailing at the time. (See the box “Mercantilism.”) Their classic theories swayed policymakers for a whole century, even though today we view them as only special cases of a more basic, and more powerful, theory of trade. In his Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith promoted free trade by comparing nations to households. Every household finds it worthwhile to produce only some of the products it consumes, and to buy other products using the proceeds from what the household can sell to others. The same should apply to nations: It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family, never to attempt to make at home what it will cost . . . more to make than to buy. The tailor does not attempt to make his own shoes, but buys them from the shoemaker . . . What is prudence in the conduct of every private family, can scarce be folly in that of a great kingdom. If a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it of them with some part of the product of our own industry, employed in a way in which we have some advantage.
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References: James Gerber - International Economics, 7th edition, published by Pearson Education, England 2018 Paul R. Krugman, Maurice Obstfeld, and Marc J. Melitz - International Economics: Theory & Policy, 11th Edition, by published by Pearson Education 2018
Y. Kozak, T. Sporek, M. Zaec - World Economy and International Economic Relations, Training Manual, Kiev 2015. Pugel, Thomas A. Thomas A. Pugel - International economics. Sixteenth edition.
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2016 13
Economic models based on consumer behaviour Objectives: What is consumer behaviour? What is microeconomic model? What is macroeconomics model? What is your understanding on nicosia model? What is your understanding on howard sheth model? What is your understanding on engle- blackwell- miniard model? A model can be describe as a simplify representation of reality. It simplifies by incorporation only those aspects of reality that model builder. Other aspects that are not of interest only add to the effortlessness of the situation and can be unobserved. Thus an architect’s model of a building may not show furniture arrangements if that is not important to the building’s design. In the way, consumers in modeling regulars should feel free to exclude any aspects that are not relevant to their behavior. Since we have define consumer behavior as concerning a decision process, models that focus on this process will be of significant interest to us.
Any given property or process can be modeled in a variety of ways. We can model something by verbally relating it, by representing it with diagram or arithmetical symbols, or by characterize it with some physical classes such as electrical contemporary models. The most important of consumer –behavior models are verbal, often supported by a schematic drawing. Consumer–behavior models can be classified in terms of scope. Some are designed to represent a very specific aspect of behavior, such as consumer’s repetitive purchasing of the same brand over a period of time. Others are much more comprehensive because they attempt to include a great variety of consumer behaviors. These inclusive models are less depth in nature so that they can represented many diverse environments.
A multiplicity of such model exist, each taking a to some extent special view of regulars. Those chosen for presentation here are well known and represent traditional approaches to the study of consumers, while more contemporary viewpoints are presented next.
The earliest comprehensive consumer models were actually devised by economists seeking to understand to economic systems. The traditional models can be explained in the four models. Partly because they have undergone some innovation these models still influence modern views of consumers.
The classical microeconomic approach, developed early in the nineteenth century, focused on the pattern of goods and prices in the entire economy. Thus, micro
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economists concentrated on explaining what consumers would purchase and in what quantities these purchases would be made. Therefore, micro economists chose to ignore why consumers develop various needs and preferences and how consumers rank these needs and preferences. The resulting theory was based on a number on a number of assumptions about consumers. Primary among these were the following: 1. Consumers’ needs and wants in total, unlimited and therefore cannot be fully fulfilled. 2. Given a limited budget, consumers’ goals are to allocate available purchasing dollars in a way that maximise satisfaction of their wants and needs. 3. Consumers independently develop their own preference, without the influence of others, and these preferences are consistent over time. 4. Consumers have perfect knowledge of the utility of an item; that is, they know exactly how much satisfaction the product can given them. 5. As additional units of a given product or service are acquired, the marginal satisfaction or −utility provided by the next unit will be less than the marginal satisfaction or utility provided by previously purchased units.
Macroeconomics focus aggregate flows in the economy – the monetary value of goods and resources, where they are directed, and how they change over time. From such a focus, the macroeconomics draws conclusions about the behavior of consumers who influence these flows. This deal with two economics facts of life: higher-income families spend a smaller proportion of their disposable income than do lower income families, but as economic progress raises all income levels over time these size do not appear to change. That is, lower – income groups do not significantly change the proportions of income devoted to spending as economic progress results in an increase in their income. The relative-income hypothesis explains this apparent contradiction by arguing that people’s consumption standards are mainly influenced by their absolute income levels. Therefore, the proportion of a family’s income levels is rising at the same time. CONTEMPORARY MODELS The Contemporary Model is described and explains models of consumer behavior. The contemporary models can be three models can be explained. Nicosia model Howard- Sheth Model Engle- Blackwell- Miniard Model NICOSIA MODEL --- Francesco Nicosia was one of the first consumer- behavior modelers to shift focus from the act of purchase itself to the more complex decision 15
process that consumers engage in about products and services. He presented his model in flow-chart, resembling the steps in a computer program. The model is views as representing a situation where a firm is designing communications to deliver to consumers, and consumers, and consumer’s responses will influence subsequent actions of the firm. Generally, as shown in figure 1 the model contains four major components or fields : the firm’s attributes, the consumer search for and evaluation of the firm’s output and other available alternatives, the consumer’s motivated act of purchase and the consumer’s storage or use of the product. Nicosia assumes that the consumer is seeking to fulfill specific goals and that initially there is no history between the consumer’s and the firm, so no positive or negative predispositions toward the firm exits in the consumer’s mind. The consumer will properly become forced to gain in order at this point, and search activity is likely to occur. Some search activity will involve: HOWARD SHETH MODEL--- Howard Sheth Model depicted in figure 2 serves as an integrating framework for a very sophistical comprehensive theory of consumer behavior. Howard-Sheth Model theory easy understand the buyer behavior. - Extensive problem solving - Limited problem solving - Routinized response behavior By deeply analyze special consumer behaviour models marketers can appreciate that consumer behaviour concept influence the growth of marketing communication strategy. By using this model they can estimate the information needed to classify and select target markets. These models also help special marketing strategies like position and market dividing the total numbers of market and sub group of people.
Leon G.Schiffman, Leslie lazar Kanuk (2008), “Consumer behavior”, Ninth edition, Prentice Hall of India private limited, New Delhi. Managementation.com/4- types-of-consumer-buying-behavior James Gerber - International Economics, 7th edition, published by Pearson Education, England 2018 Paul R. Krugman, Maurice Obstfeld, and Marc J. Melitz - International Economics: Theory & Policy, 11th Edition, by published by Pearson Education 2018
Y. Kozak, T. Sporek, M. Zaec - World Economy and International Economic Relations, Training Manual, Kiev 2015. Thomas A. Pugel - International economics. Sixteenth edition. Published by McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2016
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trade Objectives: What is the nature of International Trade? What is your understanding on The Importance of International Trade in the Modern World? What is Mercantilism model? What is Absolute Advantages Theory? What tis The Comparative Advantage Theory? The Nature of International Trade Today international trade is one of the major driving forces of economic development. It appears as a sphere of international economic relations and is formed by merchandise trade, trade in services and products of intellectual labor of all countries in the world. Today, it accounts about 80% of all international operations. A single country takes part in international trade in the form of foreign trade, i.e. it is the trade between the country and other ones, which consists of two opposing flows of goods and services: export and import. International trade is trading between residents of different countries, which may be individuals and legal persons, firms, TNC, non-profit organizations, etc. It provides the voluntary exchange of goods, services, products of intellectual labor between the parties of a trade agreement. Since this exchange is voluntary, both parties of the agreement must be confident that they will get benefit from this exchange, otherwise the agreement will not be signed. The Importance of International Trade in the Modern World The importance of international trade within the world economic system is caused by important factors and practicability of international exchange of goods and services. There are some factors predetermining the necessity of international trade. They are: - Emergence of the world market. - Unevenness of development of individual industries in different countries. Products of the most developed industries which can’t be realized at the internal market, is transported abroad. In other words, both the sales requirements at foreign markets and the need in receiving certain goods from outside, appear. - Tendency to unlimited expansion of the production. Since the capacity of domestic market is limited by solvent demand of population, production is overgrowing the limits of domestic market and businesspeople of every country are struggling for foreign markets.
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- Tendency to get higher income in connection with the usage of low-paid manpower and raw materials from developing countries. Mercantilism: The Essence, the Significance and Limitations The modern theories of international trade have a rich history. For a long time, started from the emergence of economic science by itself (the beginning of the 17th century) scientists have tried to answer the following key questions: - x Why does international trade exist and what are its economic basis? - x How much profitable is the trade for each of the participating countries? - x What is it necessary to choose for economic growth: free trade or protectionism? Mercantilism was the first one, which proposed the theoretical understanding of these questions. It is a doctrine, where the existing world was considered in a static and the wealth of nations was considered as a fixed phenomenon in every moment. Therefore, its adherents (T. Man, A. Serra, A. Montchrestien) believed that the welfare of one country is possible by means of redistribution of the existing wealth, i.e. through the pauperization of another country. Mercantilists associated the wealth with stocks of precious metals (gold and silver). In their opinion, the larger number of precious metals a country owns, the richer it is.
Development of international trade during the transition period of the developed countries to a large machine production led to the emergence of the absolute advantage theory, developed by A. Smith. In his work “An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations” (1776) he criticized mercantilism. A. Smith hold the view that the wealth of nations depends not so much on the accumulated stock of precious metals, but on the possibility of economy to produce final goods and services. Therefore, the main task of the country is not the accumulation of gold and silver, but making arrangements to develop production on the basis of cooperation and division of labor. A. Smith was the first one to answer the question “why a country interested in international exchange?”. He believed that when 2 countries are trade partners; they need to benefit from trade. When one of them does not win anything, it will abandon the trade. A state can benefit not only from selling but also from purchasing goods at the foreign market. And A. Smith made an attempt to determine what products are profitable to export and import, and how benefits from trade appear. The theory of international trade by A. Smith is based on the following preconditions: - labor is the only factor of production. It only affects the productivity and price of goods; - full employment, i.e. all available labor forces are used in the production of goods; - international trade involves only two countries, which trade only by two products between each other; 18
- production costs are constant, and its reduction increases the demand of goods; - the price of one product is expressed in amount of labor spent on production of another product; - transport costs of goods from one country to another are not taken into account; - foreign trade is carried out without any restrictions; - international trade is balanced (import is paid by export); - factors of production are not moved between countries.
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