Yefim Gordon and Bill Gunston obe fraes midland Publishing
Purpose: To meet an IA-PVO demand for a
Download 179.26 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Views of T-58VD, one showing its
- T-58VD Sukhoi S-22I Purpose
Purpose: To meet an IA-PVO demand for a high-performance automated interception system. Design Bureau: OKB-51 of P O Sukhoi, Moscow. In late 1957 the threat of USAF strategic bombers able to cruise at Mach 2 (B-58) and Mach 3 (B-70) demanded a major up- grade in the PVO defence system. At the start of 1958 a requirement was issued for manned interceptors with a speed of 3,000km/h (l,864mph) at heights up to 27km (88,583ft). Mikoyan and Sukhoi responded. Creation of the T-3A-9 interception system was autho- rised by the Council of Ministers on 4th June 1958. The air vehicle portion of this system was a derivative of the T-3 designated T-3A, and with the OKB-51 factory designation T-37. Detail design of this aircraft took place in the first half of 1959. In February 1960 the single flight article was approaching completion when without warning the GKAT (State Com- mittee for Aviation Equipment) terminated the programme and ordered that the T-37 should be scrapped. The role was temporari- ly met by the Tu-128 and in full by the MiG-25P. Though derived from the T-3 the T-37 was an entirely new aircraft which, because of aerodynamic guidance by CAHI (TsAGI) and the use of the same type of engine, had more in common with the MiG Ye-150. The T-3A-9 system comprised this aircraft plus the Looch (ray) ground control system, the ground and airborne radars, a Barometr-2 data link, Kremniy-2M (silicon) NPP (sight) system and two Mikoyan K-9 (R-38) missiles. The aircraft had a wing which was basically a strength- ened version of the T-3 wing, with no dog- tooth and with anhedral increased to 3° (ie, -3° dihedral). Each flap could be extended out on two rails to 25° and did not have an inner corner cut off at an angle. A more im- portant change was that to avoid scraping the tail on take-off or landing the main landing gears were lengthened, which meant that the wheels were housed at an oblique angle in the bottom of the fuselage. The fuselage was totally new, with a ruling diameter of 1.7m (12ft 7in). This was dictated by the Tumanskii R-l5-300 afterburning turbojet, with dry and reheat ratings of 6,840kg (15,080 Ib) and 10,150kg (22,380 Ib) respectively. The TsP-1 radar was housed in a precisely contoured radome whose external profile formed an Os- watitsch centrebody with three cone angles to focus Shockwaves on the sharp inlet lip. The whole centrebody was translated to front and rear on rails carried by upper and lower inlet struts. Surplus air could be spilt through two powered doors in each duct outer wall at Frame 8. The pressurized cockpit had a KS-2 seat and a vee windscreen ahead of a low- drag upward-hinged canopy with a metal- skinned fixed rear fairing. The detachable rear fuselage was made mainly of welded ti- tanium, and terminated in an ejector sur- rounding the engine's own variable nozzle. Initially a sliding ring, this ejector was changed to an eight-flap design during proto- type manufacture. Ram air cooling inlets 166 S U K H O I T-37 were provided at Frames 25 and 29, and in the detachable rear section were four door-type airbrakes. Under this section were two radial underfins, each incorporating a steel bumper. Pivoted 140mm (51/2in) below mid- level the tailplanes had 5° anhedral and did not need anti-flutter rods as they were irre- versibly driven over a range of ±2°. Each main landing gear had levered-suspension carrying a plate-braked KT-89 wheel with an 800 x 200mm tyre. The long nose gear had a power- steered lower section with a levered-suspen- sion K-283 wheel with a 570x140mm tyre, and retracted backwards. A total of 4,800 litres (1,056 Imperial gallons) of fuel could be housed in three fuselage tanks (No 3 being of bladder type) and Nos 4 and 5 between wing spars 2 and 3. Provision was made for a 930 litre (204.6 Imperial gallon) drop tank. Missile pylons could be attached ahead of the ailerons. Avionics included the radar, RSIU- 5A vhf/uhf with fin-cap antennas, RSBN-2 Svod (arch) navaid and SOD-57M transpon- der (both with fin slot antennas), Put (course) longer-range navaid, MRP-56P marker receiv- er, SRZO-2 Khrom-Nikel (chrome-nickel) IFF, Lazur (azure) beam/beacon receiver of the Looch/Vozdukh (rising) ground control sys- tem, KSI compass system and a ventral blade antenna for the flight-test telemetry. Like the rival Mikoyan Ye-150 series (which were produced more quickly) this weapon system was overtaken by later designs. Dimensions Span 8.56 m Length overall 1 9.4 1 3 m Wing area (gross) 34 m 2 (net) 24.69 m 2 Weights Empty 7,260kg Loaded (normal) 1 0, 750 kg (maximum) 12 tonnes Performance (estimated) Max speed at 1 5 km (49,2 1 3 ft) 3,000 km/h Service ceiling 25-27 km Range 1,500km (with external tank) 2,000 km 28 ft 1 in 63ft8!iin 366 ft 2 265.8ft 2 1 6,005 Ib 23,699 Ib 26,455 Ib 1,864 mph (Mach 2.8) 82,02 I-88,583 ft 932 miles 1,243 miles T-37 Two artist's impressions of a T-37. 167 S U K H O I T-58VD Sukhoi T-58VD Purpose: To provide full-scale STOL jet-lift data to support the T6-1. Design Bureau: OKB-51 of P O Sukhoi, Moscow. Early history of the T6-1 (see page 178) re- volved around how best to create a formida- ble tactical aircraft with a short field length. One of the obvious known methods of mak- ing a STOL (short take-off and landing) air- craft was to fit it with additional jet engines arranged vertically to help lift the aircraft at low speeds. In January 1965 the T-58D-1, the first prototype of what was to become the Su- 15 interceptor, was taken off its normal flight programme and returned to an OKB factory. Here it was modified as the T-58VD, the des- ignation meaning Vertikalnyye Dvigateli, ver- tical engines. Managed by R Yarmarkov, who had been leading engineer throughout T-58D testing, ground running trials of the VD began in December 1966. This work required an enormous test installation built at the OKB-51 which used a 15,000hp NK-12 turboprop to blast air at various speeds past the T-58VD while it performed at up to full power on all five engines. It was mounted on a special platform fitted with straingauges to measure the thrust, drag and apparent weight. When these tests were completed, the T-58VD was taken to the LII at Zhukovskii where it began its flight-test programme on 6th June 1966. Initial testing was handled by Yevgenii Solov'yov, who was later joined by the OKB's Vladimir Ilyushin. On 9th June 1967 this air- craft was flown by Solov'yov at the Domodye- dovo airshow, where NATO called it 'Flagon-B'. Its basic test programme finished two weeks later. It then briefly tested the ogi- val (convex curved) radome used on later Su- 15 aircraft and the UPAZ inflight-refuelling pod. It was then transferred to the Moscow Aviation Institute where it was used as an ed- ucational aid. The original T-58D-1 was built as an out- standing interceptor for the IA-PVO air-de- fence force, with Mach 2.1 speed and armament of K-8M (R-98) missiles. Powered by two R-l 1F2S-300 turbojets (as fitted to the MiG-21 at that time), each with a maximum afterburning rating of 6,175kg (13,6131b), it had pointed delta wings with a leading-edge angle of 60°, fitted with blown flaps. The wings looked very small in comparison with the fuselage, which had backswept rectangu- lar variable-geometry engine inlets on each side. To convert it into the T-58VD a com- pletely new centre fuselage was spliced in. This used portions of the original air ducts to the main engines but separated them by new centreline bays for three lift jets. The front bay housed a single RD-36-35 turbojet of P A Kolesov design with a thrust of 2,300kg (5,1801b). One of the wing main-spar bulk- heads came next, behind which was a bay housing two more RD-36-35 engines in tan- dem. Each bay was fireproof and fitted with all the support systems shown to be needed in previous jet-lift aircraft. On top were large louvred inlet doors each hinged upward at the rear, while underneath were pilot-con- trolled cascade vanes for vectoring the lift-jet thrust fore and aft. Another important modifi- cation was to redesign the outer wing from just inboard of the fence, reducing the lead- ing-edge sweep to 45° and extending the aileron to terminate just inboard of the new squared-off tip. Apart from the missile pylons This page and opposite top: Views of T-58VD, one showing its final use at the MAI. 168 S U K H O I T - 5 8 V D / S U K H O I S - 2 2 I military equipment was removed, and a new telemetry system was fitted with a distinctive twin-blade antenna under the nose. The jet-lift conversion reduced take-off speed and ground run from 390km/h (242mph) and 1,170m (3,839ft) to a less fran- tic 290km/h (ISOmph) and only 500m (1,640ft). Landing speeds and distances were reduced from 315km/h (196mph) and 1,000m (3,281ft) to 240km/h (149mph) and 600m (1,969ft). This was achieved at the ex- pense of reduced internal fuel capacity and sharply increased fuel consumption at take- off and landing. Moreover, it was discovered during initial flight testing that the longitudinal locations of the three lift engines had been miscalculated. Operation of the front RD-36- 35 caused a nose-up pitching moment which the pilot could not counteract at speeds below about 320km/h (199mph), so this lift engine could not be used on landings. T-58VD Sukhoi S-22I Purpose: To modify a tactical fighter to have a variable-sweep wing. Design Bureau: OKB-51 of P O Sukhoi, Moscow. Spurred by the USAF/USN TFX programme, Sukhoi (and later Mikoyan) researched air- craft with variable sweepback, also called VG, variable-geometry, 'swing wings'. Exten- sive model testing began at CAHI (TsAGI) in 1963. In early 1965 Sukhoi OKB Deputy N G Zyrin was appointed Chief Designer of the project, with V Krylov team leader. To test full-scale wings the OKB-51 factory selected a production Su-7BM which it had already been using for a year to test other advances. L Moi- seyshchikov was appointed chief flight-test engineer. Modification of the aircraft took place in January-July 1966, and Vladimir Ilyushin made the first flight on 2nd August 1966. Later LII pilots evaluated the aircraft, and on 9th July 1967 OKB pilot Evgeny Kuku- shev flew it publicly at the Domodyedovo air display. Testing was completed at the end of 1967, and though this was clearly an interim aircraft the Council of Ministers decreed that series production should begin in 1969. Unex- pectedly, derived versions remained in pro- duction to 1991, over 2,000 being delivered. It was by no means certain that an existing wing could be modified with variable sweep- back. The problem was to minimise weight growth whilst at the same time almost elimi- nating longitudinal shift in centre of pressure (wing lift) and centre of gravity. The original wing had the considerable leading-edge angle of 63°, matched to the supersonic max- imum speed attainable. The intention was to enable the wing to pivot forward, to increase span and lift at low speeds. Doing so would naturally move the centre of pressure for- wards, and at the same time it would also move the centre of gravity forwards. The ob- jective was to make these cancel out. This was achieved by pivoting only the outer 4.5m (14ft 9in), placing the pivots close behind the main landing gear in a region well able to dif- fuse the concentrated loads into the struc- ture. Each outer panel was driven hydrauli- cally forward to a minimum sweep of 30°. Fol- lowing tunnel testing of models, three sections of slat were added over almost the whole span of each pivoted leading edge. In- board of the pivot the existing fence was made deeper and extended under the lead- ing edge to serve as a stores pylon (plumbed for a tank). Among structural changes, the upper and lower skins were each reinforced between the fence and flap by pairs of axial stiffeners (thus, eight in all). Though empty weight was increased from 8,410kg (18,541 Ib) to the figure given below, and internal fuel was reduced by 404 litres (89 Imperial gallons), flying at 30° sweep extend- ed both range and endurance, and enabled much heavier external loads to be lifted from short fields. Pilots reported very favourably on all aspects of handling, except for the fact that at extreme angles of attack there was no stall- warning buffet. 169 S U K H O I S - 2 2 I / T-4, 100 Two views of the S-22I. Sukhoi T-4, 100 Purpose: To create a Mach-3 strategic weapons system. Design Bureau: P O Sukhoi, Moscow, with major subcontract to TMZ, Tushino Machine-Building Factory. This enormous project was triggered in Dec- ember 1962 by the need to intercept the B-70 (or RS-70), 'A-ll' (A-12, later SR-71), Hound Dog and Blue Steel. At an early stage the mis- sion was changed to strategic reconnais- sance and strike for use against major surface targets. It was also suggested that the basic air vehicle could form the starting point for the design of an advanced SST. From the outset there were bitter arguments. Initially these centred on whether the requirement should be met by a Mach-2 aluminium aircraft or whether the design speed should be Mach 3, requiring steel and/or titanium. In January 1963 Mach 3 was selected, together with a de- sign range at high altitude on internal fuel of 6,000km (3,728 miles). General Constructors Sukhoi, Tupolev and Yakovlev competed, with the T-4, Tu-135 and Yak-33 respectively. The Yak was too small (in the TSR.2 class) and did not meet the requirements, and though it looked like the B-70 the Tupolev was an aluminium aircraft designed for Mach 2.35. From the start Sukhoi had gone for Mach 3, and its uncompromising design resulted in its being chosen in April 1963. This was despite the implacable opposition not only of Tupolev but also of Sukhoi's own deputy Yevgenii Ivanov and many of the OKB's department heads, who all thought this de- manding project an unwarranted departure from tactical fighters. Over the next 18 months their opposition thwarted a plan for the for- mer Lavochkin OKB and factory to assist the T-4, and in its place the Boorevestnik (stormy petrel) OKB and the TMZ factory were ap- pointed as Sukhoi branch offices, the Tushino plant handling all prototype construction. A special WS commission studied the project from 23rd May to 3rd June 1963, and a further commission studied the refined design in February-May 1964. By this time the T-4 was the biggest tunnel-test project at CAHI (TsAGI) and by far the largest at the Central In- stitute of Aviation Motors. The design was studied by GKAT (State aircraft technical committee) from June 1964, and approved by it in October of that year. By this time it had outgrown its four Tumanskii R-15BF-300 or Zubets RD-17-15 engines and was based on four Kolesov RD-36-41 engines. In January 1965 it was decided to instal these all close to- gether as in the B-70, instead of in two pairs. Mockup review took place from 17th January 170 Dimensions Span (63°) 10.03m 32 ft 10% in (30°) 13.68m 44ftl0 3 /4in Length overall 1 9.03 m 62 ft 5!4 in Wing area (63°) 34.45m 2 370.8ft 2 (30°) 38.49m 2 414.3ft 2 Weights Empty 9,480kg 20,899 Ib No further data, but abundant data exists for production successors. S U K H O I T-4, 100 to 2nd February 1966, with various detach- able weapons and avionics pods being of- fered. Preliminary design was completed in June 1966, and because its take-off weight was expected to be 100 tonnes the Factory designation 100 was chosen, with nickname Sotka (one hundred). The first flight article was designated 101, and the static-test speci- men 100S. The planned programme then in- cluded the 102 (with a modified structure with more composites and no brittle alloys) for testing the nav/attack system, the 103 and 104 for live bomb and missile tests and deter- mination of the range, the 105 for avionics in- tegration and the 106 for clearance of the whole strike/reconnaissance system. On 30th December 1971 the first article, Black 101, was transferred from Tushino to the LII Zhukovskii test airfield. On 20th April 1972 it was accepted by the flight-test crew, Vladimir Ilyushin and navigator Nikolai Alfyorov, and made its first flight on 22nd August 1972. The gear was left extended on Flights 1 through 5, after which speed was gradually built up to Mach 1.28 on Flight 9 on 8th August 1973. There were no serious problems, though the aft fuselage tank needed a steel heat shield and there were minor difficulties with the hy- draulics. The WS request for 1970-75 includ- ed 250 T-4 bombers, for which tooling was being put in place at the world's largest aircraft factory, at Kazan. After much further argument, during which Minister P V Demen- t'yev told Marshal Grechko he could have his enormous MiG-23 order only if the T-4 was abandoned, the programme was cancelled. Black 101 flew once more, on 22nd January 1974, to log a total of lOhrs 20min. Most of the second aircraft, article 102, which had been about to fly, went to the Moscow Aviation In- stitute, and Nos 103-106 were scrapped. Back in 1967 the Sukhoi OKB had begun working on a totally redesigned and significantly more advanced successor, the T-4MS, or 200. Ter- mination of the T-4 resulted in this even more remarkable project also being abandoned. In 1982 Aircraft 101 went to the Monino muse- um. The Kazan plant instead produced the Tu-22MandTu-160. In all essentials the T-4 was a clone on a smaller scale of the North American B-70. The structure was made of high-strength tita- nium alloys VT-20, VT-21L and VT-22, stain- less steels VIS-2 and VIS-5, structural steel VKS-210 and, for fuel and hydraulic piping, soldered VNS-2 steel. The wing, with 0° an- hedral, had an inboard leading-edge angle of 75° 44', changed over most of the span to 60° 17'. Thickness/chord ratio was a remark- Four views of the T-4 NolOl 171 S U K H O I T-4, 100 able 2.7 per cent. The leading edge was fixed. The flight controls were driven by irreversible power units in a quadruplex FBW (fly-by- wire) system with full authority but automat- ic manual reversion following failure of any two channels. They comprised four elevens on each wing, flapped canard foreplanes and a two-part rudder. The fuselage had a circular diameter of 2.0m (6ft 6%in). At airspeeds below 700km/h (435mph) the nose could be drooped 12° 12' by a screwjack driven by hy- draulic motors to give the pilot a view ahead. Behind the pilot (Ilyushin succeeded in get- ting the proposed control wheel replaced by a stick) was the navigator and systems man- ager. Both crew had a K-36 ejection-seat, fired up through the normal entrance hatch, and aircraft 101 also had a pilot periscope. Be- hind the pressure cabin was a large refriger- ated fuselage section devoted to electronics. Next came the three fuel tanks, filled with 57 tonnes (125,661 Ib) of specially developed RG-1 naphthyl fuel similar to JP-7. Each tank had a hydraulically driven turbopump, and the fuel system was largely automated. A pro- duction T-4 would have had provision for a large drop tank under each wing, and for air refuelling. Behind the aft tank were systems compartments, ending with a rectangular tube housing quadruple cruciform braking parachutes. Under the wing was the enor- mous box housing the air-inlet systems and the four single-shaft RD-36-41 turbojets, each with an afterburning rating of 16,000kg (35,273 Ib). An automatic FBW system gov- erned the engines and their three-section variable nozzles and variable-geometry in- lets. Each main landing gear had four twin- tyred wheels and retracted forwards, rotating 90° to lie on its side outboard of the engine duct. The nose gear had levered suspension to two similar tyres, with wheel brakes, and used the hydraulic steering as a shimmy damper. It retracted backwards into a bay between the engine ducts. The four auto- nomous hydraulic systems were filled with KhS-1 (similar to Oronite 70) and operated at the exceptional pressure of 280kg/cm 2 (3,980 lb/in 2 ). A liquid oxygen system was pro- vided, together with high-capacity environ- mental systems which rejected heat to both air and fuel. The crew wore pressure suits. The main electrical system was generated as 400-Hz three-phase at 220/115 V by four oil- cooled alternators rated at 60 kVA. Aircraft 101 never received its full astro-inertial navi- gation system, nor its planned 'complex' of electronic-warfare, reconnaissance and weapon systems. The latter would have in- cluded two Kh-45 cruise missiles, developed by the Sukhoi OKB, with a range of 1,500km (932 miles). Like the B-70 this was a gigantic pro- gramme which broke much new ground (the OKB said '200 inventions, or 600 if you include manufacturing processes') yet which was fi- nally judged to have been not worth the cost. Dimensions Span Length Wing area Weights Empty (as rolled out) (equipped) Loaded (normal) (maximum) Design Performance Max and cruising speed at sea level Service ceiling Range (clean) (drop tanks) Take-off run (normal loaded weight) Landing speed/run with parachutes 22.00m 44.50m 295.7m 2 54,600kg 55,600kg 114,400kg 1 36 tonnes 3,200 km/h l,150km/h 24km at 3,000 knYh 6,000 km 7,000km 1,000m 260 km/h 950m 72 ft 2% in 146ft 3,183ft 2 1 20,370 Ib 122,575 Ib 252,205 Ib 299,824 Ib 1,988 mph (Mach 3.01) 715 mph (Mach 0.94) 78,740 ft 1,864 mph (Mach 2.82) 3,728 miles 4,350 miles 3,281 ft 161.6 mph 3,117ft 1: Hinged nose Download 179.26 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling