LECTURE 2
PHONOLOGICAL THEORIES.
Plan
1. I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay. (B de C)
2. St. Petersburg’s phonological school
3. Moscow phonological school
4. Prague phonological school
5. London phonological school
6. American phonological school
1. I. A. B de C is a founder of the phoneme theory in Russia. The formation of it is divided
into two periods:
1-pre-phonemic period – that is when there was no distinction between speech sound and a
phoneme (1870). Before the term “phoneme” wasn’t used.
2- Phonemic period – began in 1870 and includes the XX century. In this period the main
phonetic and phonological terms and concepts were proposed and the distinction between speech
sounds and phonemes was recognized.
The 1
st
linguist to point out this distinction was B de C. He defined the phoneme as a
psychological equivalent of the speech sounds. Speech sounds can be pronounced, phonemes
can’t. But he was aware of the fact that acoustic and motor images of the speech sounds don’t
correspond to each other. B de C also tried to analyse phonemes on the basis of the phonetic
alternations (changes) in morphemes.
r-g-m alternates of one sound (different forms of one morpheme)
r-g-m variants of one phoneme.
B de C repeatedly stated that semantically, the utterance breaks up into sentences, sentences
into words, words into morphemes, morphemes into phonemes.
2. St. Petersburg phonological school.
The head of it is Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba. He was talented pupil of B de C. And he
developed his theories of phoneme. He illustrated the phonemic theories with example from
various languages e.g. in English the phoneme [l] has 2 versions: light and dark. At the
beginning of words before vowels-light, dark, before consonants, at the end. These variants don’t
change meaning. But in Russian changes exist.
Shcherba invented his own system of transcription.
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