Zodiac The zodiac
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Bog'liqZodiac1
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] Around the end of the 5th century BC, Babylonian astronomers divided the ecliptic into 12 equal "signs", by analogy to 12 schematic months of 30 days each. Each sign contained 30° of celestial longitude, thus creating the first known celestial coordinate system. According to calculations by modern astrophysics, the zodiac was introduced between 409 and 398 BC, during Persian rule, and probably within a very few years of 401 BC. Unlike modern astrologers, who place the beginning of the sign of Aries at the position of the Sun at the vernal equinox in the Northern Hemisphere (March equinox), Babylonian astronomers fixed the zodiac in relation to stars, placing the beginning of Cancer at the "Rear Twin Star" (β Geminorum) and the beginning of Aquarius at the "Rear Star of the Goat-Fish" (δ Capricorni). Due to the precession of the equinoxes, the time of year the Sun is in a given constellation has changed since Babylonian times, the point of March equinox has moved from Aries into Pisces. Because the division was made into equal arcs, 30° each, they constituted an ideal system of reference for making predictions about a planet's longitude. However, Babylonian techniques of observational measurements were in a rudimentary stage of evolution. They measured the position of a planet in reference to a set of "normal stars" close to the ecliptic (±9° of latitude) as observational reference points to help positioning a planet within this ecliptic coordinate system. In Babylonian astronomical diaries, a planet position was generally given with respect to a zodiacal sign alone, less often in specific degrees within a sign. When the degrees of longitude were given, they were expressed with reference to the 30° of the zodiacal sign, i.e., not with a reference to the continuous 360° ecliptic. In astronomical ephemerides, the positions of significant astronomical phenomena were computed in sexagesimal fractions of a degree (equivalent to minutes and seconds of arc). For daily ephemerides, the daily positions of a planet were not as important as the astrologically significant dates when the planet crossed from one zodiacal sign to the next. Hebrew astronomy and astrologyEdit Knowledge of the Babylonian zodiac is said to be reflected in the Hebrew Bible; E. W. Bullinger interpreted the creatures appearing in the book of Ezekiel as the middle signs of the four quarters of the zodiac, with the Lion as Leo, the Bull is Taurus, the Man representing Aquarius and the Eagle representing Scorpio. Some authors have linked the twelve tribes of Israel with the same signs or the lunar Hebrew calendar having twelve lunar months in a lunar year. Martin and others have argued that the arrangement of the tribes around the Tabernacle (reported in the Book of Numbers) corresponded to the order of the zodiac, with Judah, Reuben, Ephraim, and Dan representing the middle signs of Leo, Aquarius, Taurus, and Scorpio, respectively. Such connections were taken up by Thomas Mann, who in his novel Joseph and His Brothers attributes characteristics of a sign of the zodiac to each tribe in his rendition of the Blessing of Jacob. Hebrew astronomy and astrologyEdit Knowledge of the Babylonian zodiac is said to be reflected in the Hebrew Bible; E. W. Bullinger interpreted the creatures appearing in the book of Ezekiel as the middle signs of the four quarters of the zodiac, with the Lion as Leo, the Bull is Taurus, the Man representing Aquarius and the Eagle representing Scorpio. Some authors have linked the twelve tribes of Israel with the same signs or the lunar Hebrew calendar having twelve lunar months in a lunar year. Martin and others have argued that the arrangement of the tribes around the Tabernacle (reported in the Book of Numbers) corresponded to the order of the zodiac, with Judah, Reuben, Ephraim, and Dan representing the middle signs of Leo, Aquarius, Taurus, and Scorpio, respectively. Such connections were taken up by Thomas Mann, who in his novel Joseph and His Brothers attributes characteristics of a sign of the zodiac to each tribe in his rendition of the Blessing of Jacob. The Babylonian star catalogs entered Greek astronomy in the 4th century BC, via Eudoxus of Cnidus. Babylonia or Chaldea in the Hellenistic world came to be so identified with astrology that "Chaldean wisdom" became among Greeks and Romans the synonym of divination through the planets and stars. Hellenistic astrology derived in part from Babylonian and Egyptian astrology. Horoscopic astrology first appeared in Ptolemaic Egypt (305 BC–30 BC). The Dendera zodiac, a relief dating to ca. 50 BC, is the first known depiction of the classical zodiac of twelve signs. The earliest extant Greek text using the Babylonian division of the zodiac into 12 signs of 30 equal degrees each is the Anaphoricus of Hypsicles of Alexandria (fl. 190 BC). Particularly important in the development of Western horoscopic astrology was the astrologer and astronomer Ptolemy, whose work Tetrabiblos laid the basis of the Western astrological tradition. Under the Greeks, and Ptolemy in particular, the planets, Houses, and signs of the zodiac were rationalized and their function set down in a way that has changed little to the present day.Ptolemy lived in the 2nd century AD, three centuries after the discovery of the precession of the equinoxes by Hipparchus around 130 BC. Hipparchus's lost work on precession never circulated very widely until it was brought to prominence by Ptolemy,and there are few explanations of precession outside the work of Ptolemy until late Antiquity, by which time Ptolemy's influence was widely established. Ptolemy clearly explained the theoretical basis of the western zodiac as being a tropical coordinate system, by which the zodiac is aligned to the equinoxes and solstices, rather than the visible constellations that bear the same names as the zodiac signs. Hindu zodiacEdit According to mathematician-historian Montucla, the Hindu zodiac was adopted from the Greek zodiac through communications between ancient India and the Greek empire of Bactria. The Hindu zodiac uses the sidereal coordinate system, which makes reference to the fixed stars. The tropical zodiac (of Mesopotamian origin) is divided by the intersections of the ecliptic and equator, which shifts in relation to the backdrop of fixed stars at a rate of 1° every 72 years, creating the phenomenon known as precession of the equinoxes. The Hindu zodiac, being sidereal, does not maintain this seasonal alignment, but there are still similarities between the two systems. The Hindu zodiac signs and corresponding Greek signs sound very different, being in Sanskrit and Greek respectively, but their symbols are nearly identical. For example, dhanu means "bow" and corresponds to Sagittarius, the "archer", and kumbha means "water-pitcher" and corresponds to Aquarius, the "water-carrier". Zodiak Zodiak - bu osmonning kamar shaklidagi hududi bo'lib, u yil davomida Quyoshning samoviy sfera bo'ylab ko'rinadigan yo'li bo'lgan ekliptikadan taxminan 8 ° shimol va janubga (samoviy kenglik bo'yicha o'lchanadi) cho'zilgan. Oy va yirik sayyoralarning orbital yo'llari zodiak kamarida joylashgan. G'arb astrologiyasida va ilgari astronomiyada burj quyidagi o'n ikki belgiga bo'linadi: Qo'y, Toros, Egizaklar, Saraton, Arslon, Bokira, Tarozi, Chayon, Yay, Uloq, Kova va Baliq. Ularning har biri 30° samoviy uzunlikni egallaydi va taxminan bir xil nomdagi astronomik yulduz turkumlariga mos keladi. Bu astrolojik belgilar samoviy koordinatalar tizimini yoki aniqrog'i ekliptika koordinata tizimini hosil qiladi, u kenglikning kelib chiqishi sifatida ekliptikani va uzunlikning kelib chiqishi sifatida quyoshning bahorgi tengkunlikdagi pozitsiyasini oladi. Ekliptikaning zodiacal belgilarga bo'linishi Bobil astronomiyasida miloddan avvalgi 1-ming yillikda paydo bo'lgan. Bobil astronomlari ekliptikani 12 ta teng "belgi" ga bo'lishdi. Kunduzgi tengkunliklarning presessiyasi tufayli Quyoshning ma'lum bir yulduz turkumidagi yil vaqti Bobil davridan beri o'zgargan va mart oyidagi tengkunlik nuqtasi Qo'ydan Baliqga o'tgan. Zodiak eramizdan avvalgi 2-asrda yunon astronomiyasiga va u erdan hind burjiga kiritilgan. Zamonaviy astronomiyada ekliptik koordinatalar tizimi hali ham Quyosh tizimi ob'ektlarini kuzatish uchun ishlatiladi. Inglizcha zodiak so'zi zōdiacus so'zidan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, qadimgi yunoncha zōdiakòs kýklos (zōdiakòs kýklos) ning lotinlashtirilgan shakli bo'lib, "kichik hayvonlarning tsikli yoki doirasi" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Zōdion (oῴdion) - zōon (oῷon, "hayvon") ning kichraytiruvchisi. Bu nom hayvonlarning (va mifologik duragaylarning) o'n ikkita belgisi orasida muhimligini aks ettiradi. Burj Rim davrida qo'llanilgan bo'lib, u ellinistik astronomiyaga Xaldey davridagi Bobil astronomiyasidan (miloddan avvalgi 1-ming yillik o'rtalari) meros bo'lib qolgan tushunchalarga asoslanadi, bu esa, o'z navbatida, ekliptika bo'ylab yulduzlar ro'yxatining oldingi tizimidan kelib chiqqan. Zodiakning qurilishi Ptolemeyning eramizning II asriga oid keng qamrovli asari "Almagest"da tasvirlangan. Zodiak ekvatordan tashqari astronomiyada qo'llaniladigan ekliptik koordinatalar tizimining asosi bo'lib qolsa-da, bugungi kunda o'n ikki belgining atamasi va nomlari asosan munajjimlar bashorati bilan bog'liq. "Zodiak" atamasi, shuningdek, ekliptikadan yuqorida va pastda taxminan 8 yoy graduslik bandiga to'g'ri keladigan sayyoralarning yo'llarini o'z ichiga olgan osmon sferasi mintaqasiga ham tegishli bo'lishi mumkin. Muayyan sayyoraning zodiak - bu aniq tananing yo'lini o'z ichiga olgan tarmoqli; masalan, "Oy zodiak" - ekliptikadan yuqorida va pastda 5 ° bo'lgan chiziq. Kengaytmaga ko'ra, "kometalar burji" qisqa davrli kometalarning ko'p qismini qamrab oladigan guruhga ishora qilishi mumkin. Ilk tarix Tahrirlash Miloddan avvalgi 14-asrdayoq 36 ta Misr dekanlarining toʻliq roʻyxati Seti I qabrini bezab turgan ierogliflar qatoriga kiritilgan; ular yana Ramses II ibodatxonasida tasvirlangan va har bir Misr astrolojik yodgorligini xarakterlaydi. Denderaning ikkala mashhur zodiaklari Karl Richard Lepsius tomonidan aniqlangan o'z belgilarini namoyish etadilar. Ekliptikaning zodiacal belgilarga bo'linishi Bobil astronomiyasida miloddan avvalgi 1-ming yillikning birinchi yarmida paydo bo'lgan. Zodiak eramizdan avvalgi 1000- yillarda tuzilgan MUL.APIN katalogi kabi oldingi Bobil yulduz kataloglaridagi yulduzlarni chizadi. Ba'zi yulduz turkumlarini bronza davri (Birinchi Bobil sulolasi) manbalarida, jumladan MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL "Buyuk egizaklar"dan "Egizaklar" va saraton "Qisqichbaqa" manbalarida kuzatish mumkin. AL.LUL "The Crayfish" va boshqalar.[iqtibos keltirish kerak] Miloddan avvalgi V asr oxirlarida Bobil astronomlari ekliptikani har biri 30 kunlik 12 sxematik oyga o'xshatib, 12 ta teng "belgi"ga bo'lishdi. Har bir belgi 30 ° samoviy uzunlikni o'z ichiga olgan va shu bilan birinchi ma'lum samoviy koordinata tizimini yaratgan. Zamonaviy astrofizikaning hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, burj miloddan avvalgi 409 va 398 yillar orasida, Fors hukmronligi davrida va, ehtimol, miloddan avvalgi 401 yildan juda oz yillar ichida kiritilgan. Qo'y burjining boshlanishini Shimoliy yarim shardagi bahorgi tengkunlik (mart oyidagi tengkunlik)dagi Quyosh holatiga qo'yadigan zamonaviy munajjimlardan farqli o'laroq, Bobil astronomlari burjni yulduzlarga nisbatan aniqlab, Saraton boshlanishini ". Orqa egizak yulduz" (b Geminorum) va "Echki-baliqning orqa yulduzi" (d Capricorni) da Kova boshlanishi. Tufayli tengkunlik kunlarining presessiyasi, Quyoshning ma'lum bir yulduz turkumidagi yil vaqti Bobil davridan beri o'zgargan, mart oyidagi tengkunlik nuqtasi Qo'ydan Baliqga o'tgan. Bo'linish har biri 30 ° bo'lgan teng yoylarga bo'linganligi sababli, ular sayyora uzunligi haqida bashorat qilish uchun ideal mos yozuvlar tizimini tashkil etdi. Biroq, Bobilning kuzatish o'lchovlari texnikasi evolyutsiyaning boshlang'ich bosqichida edi. Ular ushbu ekliptika koordinata tizimida sayyorani joylashtirishga yordam berish uchun kuzatuv mos yozuvlar nuqtasi sifatida ekliptikaga (±9 ° kenglik) yaqin joylashgan "oddiy yulduzlar" to'plamiga nisbatan sayyoraning holatini o'lchadilar. Bobil astronomik kundaliklarida sayyoraning joylashuvi, odatda, faqat burj belgisiga nisbatan, kamroq tez-tez belgi ichida ma'lum darajalarda berilgan. Uzunlik darajalari berilganda, ular zodiacal belgisining 30 ° ga nisbatan ifodalangan, ya'ni doimiy 360 ° ekliptikaga ishora bilan emas. Astronomik efemeridlarda muhim astronomik hodisalarning o'rni darajaning kichik kichik fraktsiyalarida (yoyning daqiqalari va soniyalariga ekvivalenti) hisoblangan. Kundalik efemeridlar uchun sayyoraning kunlik pozitsiyalari astrolojik jihatdan muhim sanalar kabi muhim emas edi, bu sayyora bir burj belgisidan ikkinchisiga o'tgan. Ibroniy astronomiyasi va astrologiyasi Bobil burji haqidagi bilim ibroniy Injilida aks ettirilgan; E. V. Bullinger Hizqiyo kitobida uchraydigan jonzotlarni burjning toʻrtdan toʻrt qismining oʻrta belgilari sifatida talqin qilgan, Arslon — Arslon, Buqa — Toros, Odam — Kova va burgut — Chayonni ifodalaydi. Ba'zi mualliflar Isroilning o'n ikki qabilasini bir xil belgilar yoki oy yilida o'n ikki qamariy oyga ega bo'lgan oy ibroniy taqvimi bilan bog'lashgan. Martin va boshqalarning ta'kidlashicha, qabilalarning Chodir atrofidagi joylashuvi (Raqamlar kitobida keltirilgan) burjlar tartibiga mos keladi, Yahudo, Ruben, Efrayim va Dan esa Arslon, Kova, Torosning o'rta belgilarini ifodalaydi. va Scorpio, mos ravishda. Bunday aloqalarni Tomas Mann o'zlashtirgan bo'lib, u o'zining "Jozef va uning birodarlari" romanida Yoqubning barakasini ijro etishda har bir qabila uchun burj belgisining xususiyatlarini belgilagan. Ibroniy astronomiyasi va astrologiyasi Bobil burji haqidagi bilim ibroniy Injilida aks ettirilgan; E. V. Bullinger Hizqiyo kitobida uchraydigan jonzotlarni burjning toʻrtdan toʻrt qismining oʻrta belgilari sifatida talqin qilgan, Arslon — Arslon, Buqa — Toros, Odam — Kova va burgut — Chayonni ifodalaydi. Ba'zi mualliflar Isroilning o'n ikki qabilasini bir xil belgilar yoki oy yilida o'n ikki qamariy oyga ega bo'lgan oy ibroniy taqvimi bilan bog'lashgan. Martin va boshqalarning ta'kidlashicha, qabilalarning Chodir atrofidagi joylashuvi (Raqamlar kitobida keltirilgan) burjlar tartibiga mos keladi, Yahudo, Ruben, Efrayim va Dan esa Arslon, Kova, Torosning o'rta belgilarini ifodalaydi. va Scorpio, mos ravishda. Bunday aloqalarni Tomas Mann o'zlashtirgan bo'lib, u o'zining "Jozef va uning birodarlari" romanida Yoqubning barakasini ijro etishda har bir qabila uchun burj belgisining xususiyatlarini belgilagan. Bobil yulduzlari kataloglari Yunon astronomiyasiga miloddan avvalgi IV asrda Knidlik Evdoks orqali kirgan. Ellinistik dunyoda Bobil yoki Xaldey munajjimlik bilan shunchalik aniqlandiki, "Xaldey donoligi" yunonlar va rimliklar orasida sayyoralar va yulduzlar orqali bashorat qilishning sinonimiga aylandi. Ellinistik astrologiya qisman Bobil va Misr astrologiyasidan olingan. Munajjimlar bashorati birinchi marta Ptolemey davridagi Misrda (miloddan avvalgi 305-30) paydo bo'lgan. Dendera zodiak, bir relyef Tanishuv ca. Miloddan avvalgi 50 yil - o'n ikki belgidan iborat klassik zodiakning birinchi ma'lum tasviri. Bobil burjining har biri 30 ta teng darajada boʻlgan 12 ta belgiga boʻlinishidan foydalangan holda saqlanib qolgan eng qadimgi yunoncha matn Iskandariyadagi Gipsiklarning Anaforikusidir (miloddan avvalgi 190-yil). G'arb munajjimlar bashoratining rivojlanishida munajjim va astronom Ptolemey muhim rol o'ynadi, uning ishi Tetrabiblos G'arb astrologiyasi an'analariga asos soldi. Yunonlar, xususan, Ptolemey davrida sayyoralar, uylar va burj belgilari mantiqiylashtirildi va ularning vazifalari hozirgi kungacha deyarli o'zgarmagan tarzda belgilandi. Ptolemey eramizning 2-asrida, undan uch asr keyin yashagan Miloddan avvalgi 130-yillarda Gipparx tomonidan tengkunlik davrini kashf qilish. Gipparxning yo'qolgan pretsessiya ishi Ptolemey tomonidan mashhur bo'lgunga qadar hech qachon juda keng tarqalmagan va Ptolemeyning ishidan tashqari, antik davrning oxirigacha, Ptolemeyning ta'siri keng miqyosda o'rnatilgan edi. Ptolemey g'arbiy burjning nazariy asosini tropik koordinatalar tizimi ekanligini aniq tushuntirib berdi, unga ko'ra zodiak burj belgilari bilan bir xil nomga ega bo'lgan ko'rinadigan burjlar emas, balki tengkunlik va kun to'xtashlariga to'g'ri keladi. Hindu zodiak Matematik-tarixchi Montuklaning fikricha, hind burji qadimgi Hindiston va Yunoniston Baqtriya imperiyasi o'rtasidagi aloqalar orqali yunon burjidan qabul qilingan. Hind zodiak yulduzlar koordinata tizimidan foydalanadi, bu esa sobit yulduzlarga ishora qiladi. Tropik zodiak (mesopotamiyadan kelib chiqqan) ekliptika va ekvatorning kesishgan joylariga bo'linadi, ular har 72 yilda 1 ° tezlikda o'zgarmas yulduzlar foniga nisbatan siljiydi va bu bilan tengkunlik kunlarining presessiyasi deb nomlanuvchi hodisani yaratadi. Hind zodiak yulduz bo'lib, bu mavsumiy uyg'unlikni saqlamaydi, ammo ikkala tizim o'rtasida hali ham o'xshashliklar mavjud. Hindu zodiak belgilari va mos keladigan yunon belgilari juda farq qiladi, mos ravishda sanskrit va yunon tillarida, lekin ularning belgilari deyarli bir xil. Misol uchun, dhanu "kamon" degan ma'noni anglatadi va "kamonchi" yoyga mos keladi va kumbha "suv ko'zasi" degan ma'noni anglatadi va "suv tashuvchi" Aquariusga mos keladi. Questions: 1) Who was Empedocles? 2) What did he identify? 3) What did he explain? 4) Did he state that all the elements are equal, the same age or not? 5) What did Empedocles say about the elements? 6) Do the twelve signs have opposites? 7) What is the opposite of fire? 8) Is cancer opposite to Capricorn? 9) Are the signs coloured according to the associate element? 10) What is the retrograde motion? Savollar: 1) Empedokl kim edi? 2) U nimani aniqladi? 3) U nimani tushuntirdi? 4) U barcha elementlar teng, bir xil yosh yoki yo'qligini aytdimi? 5) Empedokl elementlar haqida nima degan? 6) O'n ikkita belgining qarama-qarshi tomonlari bormi? 7) Olovning teskarisi nima? 8) Saraton Uloqqa qarama-qarshimi? 9) Belgilar assotsiatsiya elementiga qarab ranglanganmi? 10) Retrograd harakat nima? Antonyms: 1)Different - the same 2)love - strife 3) different - equal 4) nearly - more 5) fire - water 6) earth - air 7) spring signs - autumn signs Synonyms: 1)represent - show 2) represent - apparent 3) nature - life 4) earth - universe 5) different - mixtures 6) intelligent - exact perceptions 7) equal - same New words: 1) Interaction - o'zaro ta'sir 2) Opposing - qarshi 3) Possess - egalik qilish 4) Couples - juftliklar 5) Around - atrofida 6) Constellations - yulduzlar turkumi 7) Great circle - katta doira 8) Regularly - muntazam ravishda 9) Associate element - bog'lovchi element 10) Annual path - yillik yo'l Download 0.61 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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