1. Analyze the causes of the French Revolution. 1. Analyze the causes of the French Revolution.2. Describe the legacy of the French Revolution and Napoleon.
Section One: The French Revolution Begins1700’s- France considered most advanced country of Europe center of Enlightenment, French culture imitated all over the worldBut as 1700’s drew to a close great unrest brewing in France
I. The Forces of Change I. The Forces of Change By 1780’s revolutionary mood in France b/c of 4 main factors
A. The Old Regime (1) A. The Old Regime (1) Old Regime— political & social system in France before French Revolutionppl divided into 3 large social classes called Estates
1. First Estate (1% of pop) - 1. First Estate (1% of pop)
Clergy of Roman Catholic ChurchOwned 10% of the land in FranceContributed 2% of income to the gov’tagainst Enlightenment ideas
2. Second Estate Rich nobles2% of population Owned 20-25% of the land, paid very little taxes
3. Third Estate 97% of population, Split into 3 sub groups- 1. Bourgeoisie (boor-shwa-zee) (middle class)—bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, skilled artisans
- Very well educated, strong believers in Enlightenment ideas- 2. Workers- Trades ppl, laborers, servants
- 3. Peasants- 80% of 3rd Estate
- Paid 1/2 of income in taxes to king & church
All ppl of 3rd estate resent clergy & nobles for their special treatment
B. Enlightenment Ideas (2) B. Enlightenment Ideas (2)Enlightenment ideas spreading among 3rd estateinspired by success of American Rev. began quoting ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau- demanding equality, liberty, & democracy
C. Economic Troubles (3) C. Economic Troubles (3)1780s- French economy bad b/c of…bad weather caused crop failures resulting in a severe shortage of grain= price of bread doubled in 1789, many ppl starving debt from previous kings and debt from helping American Rev.Extravagant spending of Louis XVI and his Queen, Marie Antoinette, added to debt
D. A Weak Leader (4) D. A Weak Leader (4) A strong leader may have been able to solve these problemsLouis XVI very indecisive, allowed matters to get out of control The queen, Marie Antoinette, added to the problem- she was very unpopular b/c she was Austrian spent enormous amounts on gowns, jewels, gambling and gifts- became known as “Madame Deficit”
II. Dawn of the Revolution II. Dawn of the RevolutionLouis’ solution to $$ problems? tax nobles…Louis calls a meeting of the Estates-General- assembly of representative from all 3 Estates- to approve this new taxMay 5, 1789- the Estates-General met at Versailles, (first time in 175 years)
A. The National Assembly A. The National AssemblyNew tax doesn’t pass b/c of voting laws- 3rd estate outvoted by 1st/2nd 3rd Estate wanted to change voting- each delegate have one vote- gives 3rd Estate advantageLouis XVI sided w/ nobles and overruled the change to voting
July 7th, 1789- 3rd Estate delegates make their own legislative body- National Assembly to pass laws/reforms July 7th, 1789- 3rd Estate delegates make their own legislative body- National Assembly to pass laws/reforms Days later, after being locked out of meeting room, National Assembly broke into indoor tennis court and pledged to write a new constitution for France=Tennis Court Oath
Soon after, nobles and clergymen who favored reform joined the National Assembly and Louis XVI called in troops to protect Versailles- Revolution was brewing Soon after, nobles and clergymen who favored reform joined the National Assembly and Louis XVI called in troops to protect Versailles- Revolution was brewing
B. Storming the Bastille B. Storming the BastilleTension high, rumors flying around Paris that Louis XVI planned on using military force to dismiss National AssemblyWorried of a military attack, ppl in Paris began to gather weapons July 14th, 1789- a mob searching for gunpowder stormed the Bastille- a prison in Paris full of gun powder and weaponsThe mob killed guards and marched around Paris with their heads on pikes- this became symbolic act of the revolution
C. A Great Fear Sweeps France C. A Great Fear Sweeps Francerebellion spread from Paris to countrysideWild rumors that nobles hiring outlaws to terrorize peasants- began a wave of senseless violence called the Great Fear Peasants became outlaws, broke into nobles’ houses, destroying legal papers Sometimes burn down manor house.
Oct 1789 thousands of women marched to Versailles to demand changes (appx. 60,000) Oct 1789 thousands of women marched to Versailles to demand changes (appx. 60,000)broke into Palace of Versailles killing some guards, demanded Louis and Marie Antoinette return to ParisLouis agreed and royal family left Versailles
I. Assembly Reforms France I. Assembly Reforms FranceAug 4, 1789- Great Fear caused noblemen to join National Assembly and agree to get rid of 1st/2nd Estate privilege= Old Regime gone 3 weeks later Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man- stated “men are born and remain free and equal in rights” Rights included- “liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression”- also guaranteed equal justice, freedom of speech and religion
A. Louis Tries to Escape A. Louis Tries to EscapeWhile Assembly focused on reform, royal family tried to escape to Austria, failedroyal family returned to Paris to await their fate
II. Divisions Develop II. Divisions DevelopA. A Limited Monarchy1789-91 NA argued over new constitutionSept 1791 NA finally completed constitution creating a limited MonarchyCreated Legislative Assembly w/ power to create laws and declare warNational Assembly -> Legislative Assembly
B. Factions Split France B. Factions Split FranceOld problems of debt, food shortage still affected FranceLegislative Assembly split into 3 groups:Radicals sat on left side, wanted extreme changes including abolishing monarchy Moderates sat in middle, wanted some changes- but not as many as radicals Conservatives sat on right side, upheld limited monarchy, wanted few changes in gov’t
Factions outside Legislative Assembly also wanted change Factions outside Legislative Assembly also wanted changeÉmigrés- nobles who wanted to restore Old RegimeSans-Culottes- “those without knee breeches” also wanted lots of change, found a way to exert their power in the streets of Paris
III. War and ExecutionOther European countries fear rev would spread to them Austria & Prussia urged French to restore Louis XVI as an absolute monarchApril 1792- Legislative Assembly declare war on Austria and Prussia
A. France Goes to War and Becomes a Republic A. France Goes to War and Becomes a Republic war began badly for FranceParisians imprison King Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and their children
Sept 1792- under pressure from radicals, Legislative Assembly put newly formed constitution aside, dissolved monarchy, and called for a new legislature Sept 1792- under pressure from radicals, Legislative Assembly put newly formed constitution aside, dissolved monarchy, and called for a new legislatureNational Convention was formed and declared France a Republic- gave male’s 21 and up right to vote and hold officeNational Assembly Legislative Assembly National Convention what’s next??
B. Jacobins Take Control B. Jacobins Take Controlradical political group called Jacobin ClubJean-Paul Marat a Jacobin newspaper editor called for death of all who supported KingGeorges Danton very talented speaker and devoted himself to the rights of the poor
C. The War Continues C. The War Continueswar w/ Prussia and Austria still raging 1793- England, Holland, Spain join fighting the French revolutionaries
IV. The Terror Grips France1793- Jacobin leader began gaining power, Maximilien RobespierreRobespierre and his radical followers set out to build a “republic of virtue” by wiping out every trace of France’s past
A. Robespierre Assumes Control A. Robespierre Assumes Control1793- Robespierre makes Committee of Public Safety controlled France as a dictatorCommittee’s main task was to protect Rev from its “enemies” known as Reign of Terror b/c so many were killed in the name of “protection” of FranceAbout 40,000 executed during Reign of Terror
B. End of the Terror B. End of the TerrorJuly 1794 National Convention arrested and executed Robespierre Public opinion shifted dramatically after Robespierre’s death and radical phase of the French Rev. was over
National Convention drafted a new plan for gov’t, finally gave France some order National Convention drafted a new plan for gov’t, finally gave France some order new gov’t placed power firmly in hands of upper middle class, made 2 house legislature and a 5 man Directory also found right general to command armies—Napoleon Bonaparte
In your Journal- use your notes to create a timeline of events in the French Revolution we’ve covered up to this point. In your Journal- use your notes to create a timeline of events in the French Revolution we’ve covered up to this point. Your timeline should include the following:At least 5 events with datesA picture for each event
I. Napoleon Bonaparte Grasps Power I. Napoleon Bonaparte Grasps Power- Born on island of Corsica in 1769
- military school at age 9, graduated at age 16
- When revolution broke out he joined army of the new gov’t
A. Hero of the Hour - A. Hero of the Hour
- 1795- Rebels threatened National Convention- Napoleon protects them
- hailed throughout Paris as the savior of the French Republic
Directory appointed Napoleon to lead army against Austria, he won a series of remarkable battles - Directory appointed Napoleon to lead army against Austria, he won a series of remarkable battles
- Gained a lot of popularity w/ these victories
- had a string of defeats against Britain but kept those out of the papers
B. Coup d’etat - B. Coup d’etat
- urged by friends to seize political power
- Nov 1799- surrounded building where the Directory met, drove out most members
- few members left estb a group of 3 consuls- 1 of whom was Napoleon, who quickly assumed the powers of a dictator
- sudden seizure of power is known as coup, from the French phrase coup d’etat “blow to the state”
II. Napoleon Rules France II. Napoleon Rules France A. Restoring Order at Home- 1800- plebiscite (vote) to approve a new constitution giving all power to Napoleon
- As an absolute leader, kept many changes of Rev
Napoleon’s 1st priority was to rebuild economy - Napoleon’s 1st priority was to rebuild economy
- set up public schools called lycees
- signed a concordat w/ Pope Pius VII to est. a new relationship b/w Church and State where Church had no say in national affairs
Also created Napoleonic Code- uniform set of laws - Also created Napoleonic Code- uniform set of laws
- 1. Limited liberty, promoted order & authority over individual rights
- 2. Took away rights of women
- 3. Re-established slavery in the Caribbean
- 4. Freedom of speech was tightened
- B. Napoleon Crowned as Emperor
- 1804- Napoleon decided to make himself emperor w/ support of the French voters
- at Notre Dame in Paris, Napoleon crowned himself & his wife, Josephine (gesture showed that he was more powerful than the church)
III. Napoleon Creates an Empire III. Napoleon Creates an Empire- Napoleon not content ruling just France; wanted to control rest of Europe & reassert French power in the Americas
- Napoleon failed- instead he sold the Louisiana Territory to Thomas Jefferson for $15 million
B. The Battle of Trafalgar - B. The Battle of Trafalgar
- Napoleon focused on creating his European Empire
- lost only one major battle- 1805- Battle of Trafalgar against Horatio Nelson and the British navy
- Napoleon’s efforts to control England would lead to his own undoing
C. The French Empire - C. The French Empire
- 1st decade of 1800’s, Napoleon’s victories gave him rule over most of Europe
- only controlled it for 5 years from
- 1807-1812
- * Engineering and Empire clip- Napoleon
- Start at 30 counter
- * Gaga Clip
I. Napoleons Three Costly Mistakes I. Napoleons Three Costly Mistakes- Napoleon’s own personality greatest danger to empire
- efforts to extend Empire and crush Britain= Napoleon made 3 disastrous mistakes
1. The Continental System - 1. The Continental System
- 1806- Napoleon set up blockade to prevent trade w/ Great Britain
- called Continental System (trying destroy Britain’s trade economy)
- blockade failed, Britain was able to get ships through
- Continental System ended up hurting the French economy
2. The Peninsular War - 2. The Peninsular War
- 1808- Portugal ignoring Continental System so he sent troops through Spain to invade Portugal
- outraged Spanish- attack French troops- Napoleon lost 300,000 troops during this Peninsular War against Portugal/Spain
3. The Invasion of Russia - 3. The Invasion of Russia
- 1812- Russia ignored Continental System
- Napoleon invaded Russia in June of 1812- just before winter
- Russians used scorched-earth policy— retreated burning grain fields and slaughtering livestock to leave nothing for enemy to eat
- Napoleon had to return to France- it was Oct, winter was upon them
When Napoleon’s Grand Army finally left Russia there were only 10,000 of the original 420,000 men still alive - When Napoleon’s Grand Army finally left Russia there were only 10,000 of the original 420,000 men still alive
II. Napoleon’s Down Fall II. Napoleon’s Down Fall- Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden attack France
- 1814- Napoleon finally defeated and exiled to Elba, a small island off Italian coast
French restored monarchy w/ Louis XVI’s brother, Louis XVIII- very unpopular w/ ppl - French restored monarchy w/ Louis XVI’s brother, Louis XVIII- very unpopular w/ ppl
- Napoleon escapes Elba on March 1, 1815 to return to France, w/in days he is again emperor
- European allies attack, Napoleon defeated by British and Prussian forces at Battle of Waterloo
- defeat ended Napoleon’s last bid for power called the Hundred Days
British exiled Napoleon to Saint Helena - British exiled Napoleon to Saint Helena
- Napoleon lived there for 6 years eventually died of a stomach ailment
- defeat of Napoleon opened the door for a new era of power in Europe- what are they going to do now?
I. The Congress of Vienna I. The Congress of Vienna- 1814-heads of European gov’ts wanted to estb lasting peace/stability in Europe
- leaders of 5 “great powers” of Europe (Russia, Prussia, Austria, England, France) met in Vienna, Austria in meetings called the Congress of Vienna to discuss this goal
- most influential rep was foreign minister from Austria, Klemens von Metternich
II. Metternich’s Plan for Europe II. Metternich’s Plan for Europe - Metternich distrusted democratic ideals of Enlightenment and sought to return European politics to a pre-rev state
- Metternich had 3 goals for Europe:
Prevent future French aggressionrestore a balance of power among nations in Europerestore Europe’s royal families to their thrones
III. Political Changes Beyond Vienna III. Political Changes Beyond Vienna - leaders of Europe very nervous about more revolutions
- nations agreed in the Concert of Europe to help one another if a revolution broke out in their nation
IV. Legacy of French Rev and Congress of Vienna IV. Legacy of French Rev and Congress of Vienna - French Rev and Congress of Vienna influence European politics for next 100yrs
- Congress of Vienna sought to undo changes- but further ignited ppl’s commitment to democratic gov’t
- a new era had begun
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
