1What is understood by the term "polysemy"?
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Card10 1What is understood by the term "polysemy"? Polysemy refers to a single word with more than one meaning. The multiple meanings are listed under one entry in a dictionary. An example of polysemy is the word dish. If we took a look at the dictionary we see that dish has multiple definitions, or polysemous meanings, under one entry:Dish (noun)It's your turn to wash the dishes = a kind of plate.How long does it take to cook this dish? = a meal.Both meanings of dish imply some kind of 'food being served'. They're related by sense but have different definitions.Another example of a polysemous word is wing:Wing (noun)One of the bird's wings is broken = parts of a bird for flying.The hospital is building a new wing = a new part of a building. 2. What is collocability of synonyms? Collocability of synonyms refers to the degree to which two or more words with similar meanings can be used interchangeably in specific contexts. Some synonyms have a high degree of collocability, meaning they can be used in the same context without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence. Other synonyms may have a lower degree of collocability, meaning they are not always interchangeable and may have different connotations or nuances. Understanding the collocability of synonyms is important for effective communication and language use Card11 1What is the dominant of a synonymic group? All (or, at least, most) synonymic groups have a “central” word whose meaning is equal to the denotation common to all the synonymic group. This word is called the dominant synonym.Here are examples of some dominant synonyms with their groups:To tremble – to shiver – to shudder – to shake.To make – to produce –to create – to fabricate – to manufacture.Angry – furious – enraged.The dominant synonym expresses the notion common to all synonyms of the group in the most general way, without contributing any additional information as to manner, intensity, duration or any attending feature of the referent. Its meaning, which is broad and generalized, more or less “covers” the meanings of the rest of the synonyms, so that it may be substituted for any of them. It seems that here the idea of interchangeability of synonyms comes into its own. 2. What are prefix and suffix? A prefix is a group of letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning, while a suffix is a group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning or to form a different word. SUFFIXES A suffix is a word part added to the end of a word to create a new meaning. Study the suffix rules in the following boxes.Rule 1When adding the suffixes –ness and –ly to a word, the spelling of the word does not change.Examples:dark + ness = darkness,scholar + ly = scholarly When the suffix begins with a vowel, drop the silent e in the root word.Examples:care + ing = caring,use + able = usable When the suffix begins with a consonant, keep the silent e in the original word.Examples:care + ful = careful,care + less = carelessWhen the word ends in a consonant plus y, change the y to i before any suffix not beginning with i.Examples:sunny + er = sunnier Card 12: 1. What is comperative Lexicology? Comparative Lexicology is the study of the similarities and differences between languages in terms of their vocabulary, word formation, and meaning.Comparative lexicology searches for similar features that are shared among two or more languages. Contrastive lexicology identifies the linguistic characteristics which distinguish between related and unrelated languages. 2. Noncomperative ways of word-formatio? Non-comparative ways of word-formation include onomatopoeia, borrowing, and invention. Onomatopoeia is the use or creation of a word that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes. Such a word itself is also called an onomatopoeia. Common onomatopoeias include animal noises such as oink, meow (or miaow), roar, and chirp. Onomatopoeia can differ by language: it conforms to some extent to the broader linguistic system;hence the sound of a clock may be expressed as tick tock in English, tic tac in Spanish and Italian (shown in the picture), dī dā in Mandarin, kachi kachi in Japanese, or tik-tik in Hindi. Card 13: 1. What is the subject matter of word-formation? The subject matter of word-formation is the study of how words are created, including the processes of derivation, compounding, conversion, and other methods. Word-formation is that branch of Lexicology which studies the derivative structure of existing words and the patterns on which a language, ‘in this case the English language, builds new words. It is self-evident that word-formation proper can deal only with words which are analysable both structurally and semantically, i.e. with all types of Complexes.The study of the simple word as such has no place in it. Simple words however are very closely connected with word-formation because they serve as the foundation, the basic source of the parent units motivating all types of derived and compound words. Therefore, words like writer, displease, atom-free, etc. make the subject matter of study in word- formation, but words like to write, to please, atom, free are not irrelevant to it. 2. How is Lexicology connected with grammar? Lexicology is connected with grammar because words are the building blocks of language and grammar provides the rules for how those words are used to create meaningful sentences. The interrelation between Lexicology and Grammar is conditioned by the close ties between the objects of their study. Every word belongs to some part of speech and has certain lexical-grammatical characteristics of the word class to which it belongs. Words possess both lexical and grammatical meanings and sometimes no rigid line of demarcation can be drawn between them, e.g. fruit (an uncountable noun) becomes countable and forms the –s plural “fruits” only when meaning different kinds of fruit. The plural form may also be used figuratively as in a “fruits of labour” and “fruits of enlightenment”. Some nouns have two plurals – the older form and the regular –s form. As a result, different plural forms have acquired different lexical meanings, e.g. brother/brothers/brethren genius/geniuses/genii (an evil or good spirit). Card 14: 1. What is the origin of conversation? Conversation has its origin in the Latin word "conversatio," which means "act of living together." It refers to the exchange of ideas and information between two or more people. Latin. The Latin origin of the word “conversation” is “conversatio,” which comes from the verb “conversari.” This verb is a compound of “con-” (meaning “with” or “together”) and “versare” (meaning “to turn”). Hence it literally meant “turning together” 2. How many periods were in Latin borrowings in the English language? There were two periods of Latin borrowings in the English language: the first occurred during the Old English period (5th-11th century), and the second occurred during the Renaissance (14th-17th century). Latin began its influence on the English language long before English was an established language, and it continues its influenceeven even in modern days. The role that Latin has played in the creation of new English vocabulary during the Old,Middle, and Early Modern periods of English is especially Card 15: 1. Homonyms are words that have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings, such as "bear" (an animal) and "bear" (to carry). 2. What is the definition of the term "meaning of the word" ? The meaning of a word refers to the concept or idea that it represents. It can be influenced by context, usage, and cultural factors. A word is a basic element of language that carries an objective or practical meaning, can be used on its own, and is uninterruptible.[1] Despite the fact that language speakers often have an intuitive grasp of what a word is, there is no consensus among linguists on its definition and numerous attempts to find specific criteria of the concept remain controversial.[2] Different standards have been proposed, depending on the theoretical background and descriptive context; these do not converge on a single definition.[3]: 13:618 Some specific definitions of the term "word" are employed to convey its different meanings at different levels of description, for example based on phonological, grammatical or orthographic basis. Others suggest that the concept is simply a convention used in everyday situations Card 16: 1. What do you understand by dead and living affixes? Affixes are usually divided into living and dead affixes. Living affixes are easily separated from the stem (care-ful). Dead affixes have become fully merged with the stem and can be singled out by a diachronic analysis of the development of the word (admit - L. - ad + mittere). Dead affixes are those that are no longer productive in creating new words, while living affixes are still actively used to create new words. Living affixes are easily singled out from a word. Ex. freedom, childhood, marriage.Living affixes are traditionally in their turn divided into productive and non-productive. Productive affixes are those which are characterized by their ability to make new words. Ex. – er (baker, lander (kosmik kema); – ist (leftist – (chap taraf)) – ism, – ish (baldish) – ing, – ness, – ation, – ee. – ry, – or – ance, ic are productive suffixes re-, un-non-, anti – etc are productive prefixes 2. How is Lexicology connected with phonetics? Lexicology is connected with phonetics because the sound of a word can influence its meaning and usage. The study of phonetics can help explain why certain words are pronounced or spelled in a particular way. The importance of the connection between lexicology and phonetics stands explained if we remember that a word is an association of a given group of sounds with a given meaning, so that top is one word, and tip is another. Phonemes have no meaning of their own but they serve to distinguish between meanings. Their function is building up morphemes, and it is on the level of morphemes that the form-meaning unity is introduced into language. We may say therefore that phonemes participate in signification.Word-unity is conditioned by a number of phonological features. Phonemes follow each other in a fixed sequence so that [pit] is different from [tip]. The importance of the phonemic make-up may be revealed by the substitution test which isolates the central phoneme of hope by setting it against hop, hoop, heap or hip. Download 240.44 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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