A. J. Smirnitsky classifies phraseological units according to their
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1. A word-group is a combination of at least two meaningful words joined together according to the rules of a particular language. Words in word-groups are not “free” because their syntagmatic relationships are governed, restricted and regulated, on the one hand, by requirements of logic and common sense and, on the other, by the rules of grammar and combinability. Distribution is the range of positions in which a linguistic unit can occur, e.g. the noun issue can appear in various combinations: Adj. + issue: burning, central, critical, crucial, key, vital; controversial, difficult, thorny; economic, moral, political, social, technical, theoretical; A phraseological unit is a non-motivated word-group that cannot be freely made up in speech but is reproduced as a ready-made unit. Examples:black horse-a person whom no one knows anything definite 2. Phraseological unity is a semantically indivisible phraseological unit the whole meaning of which is motivated by the meanings of its components. In general, phraseological unities are the phrases where the meaning of the whole unity is not the sum of the meanings of its components but is based upon them and may be understood from the components. The meaning of the significant word is not too remote from its ordinary meanings. This meaning is formed as a result of generalized figurative meaning of a free word- combination. It is the result of figurative metaphoric reconsideration of a word-combination. To come to one’s sense –to change one’s mind; To come home – to hit the mark; To fall into a rage – to get angry. 3. CLASSIFICATIONS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS A.J.Smirnitsky classifies phraseological units according to their stylistic features: 1) phraseological units (stylistically neutral, with faded metaphorical motivation, e.g., be in love, fall in love); 2) idioms (they are based on metaphor, they are emotionally and stylistically coloured, e.g., cool as a cucumber). I.Arnold classifies phraseological units according to the type of the component parts and the functioning of the whole. She states that “structured like phrases they function like words”. There are seven types of phraseological units in I.Arnold’s structural classification: 1) nominal phrases, e.g., high life 2) verbal phrases, e.g., put one’s head in a noose 3) adverbial phrases, e.g., by hook or by crook 4) adjectival phrases, e.g., as wet as a drowned rat 5) prepositional phrases, e.g., in accordance with 6) conjunctional phrases, e.g., as long as 7) interjectional phrases, e.g., well, I never did! 4.Characteristic features of phraseological units: 1. vivid imagery and the resulting possibility of matching with parallel existing phrases (cf.: to throw dust into smb.’s eyes, to be narrow in the shoulders, to burn one’s fingers, to burn bridges); 2. preserving the semantics of the individual components (to put a spoke in smb.’s wheel); 3. inability to replace some components with others (to hold one’s cards close to one’s chest); 4. emotional and expressive coloring plays a crucial role (to throw dust into smb.’s eyes, to paint the devil blacker than he is); 5. the ability to enter into synonymous relations with individual words or other phraseological units (to gild refined gold = to paint the lily). 5. A saying is a familiar expression that is often repeated. Also referred to as an adage, a saying is something that was said in the past and has become popular to be often repeated in daily life of common people. If you look up a dictionary, you would find that the synonyms given for a saying are aphorism, proverb, maxim, adage etc Examples: • A stitch in time saves nine • Where there is smoke, there is fire • Honesty is the best policy Proverb A proverb is a type of saying that contains a piece of advice or simply contains truth or any other universal value. It is a short statement that is popular and people make use of a proverb to express their feelings. A proverb can say a lot more than a thousand words. Morality, truth, wisdom, friendship, loyalty, etc. are the values that are glorified with the use of these proverbs. These proverbs are based upon common sense and lay down the foundation of code of conduct as they are as much true or useful today as they were hundreds of years ago. Take a look at the following proverbs. • Money does not grow on trees • The early bird catches the worms • Pen is mightier than sword Download 45.91 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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