Abayev Iskandar, [
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Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 12:52] π¦ B2 Unit 3 18-19-bet π¦ π₯ PAST PERFECT SIMPLE π₯ Form Statement : had+past participle USE @ o'tgan holatdan avvalgi holatlar Ex: We 'd lived next to the gym for a couple of months before l decided to join. @ o'tgan zamonning ayni daqiqasidan avvalgi to'liq voqea -hodisalar Ex: l'd already boutht the computer game when l saw it was cheaper in another shop. @ to'liq voqea-hodisalar o'tgan zamonning ayni paytida muhim narsalarning natijalarini ko'rsatish Ex: We didnβt feel like playing Scrabble because we had just finishing a long game of Monopoly. π WATCH OUT π π° birozgina tez-tez yoki past perfect simple va past simple o'rtasidagi ma'noning farqlanishi Ex:β We'd lived next to the gym for a couple of months before l decided to join. β We lived next to the gym for a couple of months before l decided to join. π° Biz past perfect simple bir marotaba ishlatib keyin biz tez-tez past simple ning o'rniga past perfect bilan ishlatishni davom ettiramiz Ex: l had already had one flying lesson , which was great fun , and l knew immediately that l wanted to get my pilot's licence. π°past perfect simple da birinchi ikkinchi so'z birikmasi vaqtning ketma-ket sodir bo'lish yordamida ishlatiladi Ex: It was the second time l'd been on a plane. π₯ PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS π₯ Form Statement : S+had been playing Negative : S+hadn't been playing Question : Had+S+been playing USE @ o'tgan zamonning ayni paytida davom etayotgan voqea-hodisalar Ex: When you saw us , we had been running for six miles-and we still had a mile to go! @ o'tgan zamonning ayni vaqtgacha sodir bo'lgan va hozirgina tugagan ish-harakatlar Ex: Sarah looked tired because she had been exercising all morning. π₯ WOULD π₯ Form Would+bare infinitive USE O'tmishdagi odatlar va voqea-hodisalar , o'tmishdagi ma'lum bir oraliqdagi vaqt Ex: When l was very young , my grandfather would take me to the park to play. π WATCH OUT π π° biz so'roq va inkor gaplarda wouldni ishlatolmaymiz. So'roq va inkor gaplarda would never dan foydalanamiz Ex: β We would never play games togher as a family when l was growing up. π₯ USED TO π₯ Form Used to + bare infinitive Statement : S + used to train tree times a week Negative : S + didnβt used to be good at football Question : Did + S + used to play hockey here ? USE O'tgan zamondagi odatlar va o'tgan zamondagi ma'lum bir oraliqdagi vaqt Ex: My mother used to play a lot of squash before l was born. π WATCH OUT π π° o'tgan zamondagi voqea- hodisalar haqida aytganimizda biz used to dan foydalanamiz , lekin would emas Ex:β We used to have a house that was right next to the park. β we would have a house that was right next to the park. π₯ BE/GET USED TO π₯ Form be/get used to + ing form/noun USE @ tanish yoki uzoq vaqtdagi noodatiy voqea-hodisa Ex: l didn't like being the goalkeeper at first but now l'm used to it. π WATCH OUT π π° Biz hohlagan narsaning tanish bo'lgan jarayon boshlanishi haqida gapirayotganimizda biz get used to dan foydalanamiz Ex:β l'm gradually getting used to being in a new team. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 12:54] $$$ B2 Unit 4 $$$ @@ TOPIC VOCABULARY IN CONTRAST @@ $$ Pitch - palatka tikmoq , maydon $ track - ( sportda ) trek ; maxsus aylana $ court - sud zalining maydoni $ course - golf maydoni yoki shu kabi musobaqa maydoni $ ring - aylanasiga tomoshabin o'tiradigan joy/sahna $ rink - konki uchish joyi yoki sahna @@ Win - urishda g'alaba qozonmoq (davlatlar o'rtasida ) @ beat - urishda g'alaba qozonmoq ( ikki kishi o'rtasida ) @ score - urishda g'alaba qozonmoq ( sportda to'plangangan ochkolar o'rtasida ) $$ Play - o'ynamoq (pyesa , spektakl) $ game - o'ynamoq ( xalqaro ) @@ Spectator - tomoshabin ( sport o'yinlarini ko'rish ) @ viewer - tomoshabin ( TV orqali ko'radigan ) $$ Umpire - ( o'yinda ) sudya $ referee - (sportda ) hakamlik qilmoq @@ Final - ( kurashda ) oxirgi olishish @ finale - ( musiqa , opera , shoularning so'ngi qismi @ end - tugashi ( dars soati , vaqt ) @ ending - tugashi ( film , hikoya ) $$ Bat - sport bita (sport o'yinlarida ishlatiladigan yog'och to'qmoq ) $ stick - tayoq (sportda boshlash va tugatishda ishlatiladigan ) $ rod - uzun tayoq ( yog'och , metall $ racket - raketka @@ Amateur - havaskor mutaxassis ( kasbga oid bo'lmagan ) @ professional - mutaxassis ( kasbga oid ) $$ Sport - sport turi $ athleticks - atletika @@ Interval - ikki hodisa o'rtasidagi vaqt , muddat , tanafus @ half time - vaqtning yarmi $$ draw - uzaymoq , tenglashmoq (kunga nisbatan ) $ equal - teng , tendosh ( insonga nisbatan ) @@ Copetitor - raqib ( konkurs qatnashchisi ) @ opponent - raqib (sportda ) Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:11] π¦ 24-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 4 $$$ @@ WORD FORMATION @@ $$ allow -ruxsat bermoq $ disallow-inkor qilmoq $ allowance-yordam puli $ allowable-ruxsat etilgan $$ associate-bog'lamoq $ disassociate-ajratmoq $ association-hamkorlik $$ compete-musobaqalashmoq $ competition-musobaqa $ competitive-raqobatlashadigan $$ enjoy-rohatlanmoq $ enjoyment-zavq $ enjoyable-huzurbaxsh $$ equip-ta'minlamoq $ equipment-jihoz $ equipped-ta'mirlanadigan $$fortune-omad,taqdir $ misfortune-baxtsizlik $ fortunate-omadli $$ interest-qiziqtirmoq $ interesting-qiziqarli $$ know-bilmoq $ knowledge-bilim $ (un)knowledgeable-bilimli(siz) $$ lose-yo'qotmoq $ lost-yo'qotilgan $ loss-yo'qolish $$ maintain-davom ettirmoq $ maintenance-ta'mirlash $$ medal-medal $ medallist- medal bilan taqdirlangan shaxs $ medallion-medalyon $$ oppose-qarshi chiqmoq $ opposition-qarshilik $ opponent-raqib $ opposite-qarama-qarshi $ opposing-raqobatdosh $$ practice-amaliyot $ practise-mashq qilmoq $ practical-amaliyot $ practically-deyarli,yaqin $$train-shug'ullanmoq $ retrain-o'rganib chiqmoq trainer-murabbiy Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:17] π¦ 24-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 4 $$$ @@ PRASAL VERBS @@ $ bring forward - oldinga surmoq $ carry on - davom etmoq $ get round to - boshlamoq $ get up to - biror ish qilmoq $ go in for - odatlanib qolmoq $ go of - yoqtirmaslik $ join in - ishtrok etmoq $ knock out-mag'lub bo'lmoq $ look out - ehtiyot bo'lmoq $ pull out - to'xtatmoq $ put off - kechiktirmoq $ put of with - chidamoq $ take to - ko'nikmoq $ take up - boshlamoq Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:23] π¦ 30-31 bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 5 $$$ π₯ Kelajakda will/won't va be going to ifodalanishi π₯ will/won't va be going to π° Bazan will va be going to ma'no jihatdan o'rtasida birozgina farq bo'ladi. Rasmiy ishga nisbatan. Be going to ga qaraganda ko'proq will umumiy formal holat hisoblanadi. Use @ kelajakdagi dalillar haqida Ex: The webside will come online next week. ( ko'proq rasmiy ) Ex: The wesite's going to come online next week. ( ko'proq norasmiy ) @ oldindan bashorat qilishga asoslanmagan va hozirgi dalilga nisbatan Ex: ln the future , everyone will have their own flying car . ( ko'proq rasmiy ) Ex : ln the future , everyone is going to have their own flying car . ( ko'proq norasmiy ) @ Ayni daqiqada gaplashayotganda qaror qilinganda Ex: l've decided! I won't get a new DVD player just yet . ( dalilga urg'u berish ) Ex: l've decided! I'm not going to get a new DVD player just yet . ( maqsadga urg'u berish ) π Bazan be going to ga qaraganda ko'proq will dan foydalanishimizga to'g'ri keladi π USE @ Maslahatlar va takliflar qilinganda Ex: l'll help you with your physics homework , if you like. @ Iltimos qilinganda Ex: Will you help me with my physics homework? @ First conditional gaplarida Ex: If we get a computer, we'll be able to surf the lnternet. π WATCH OUT π @ Maslahatlar va takliflar so'roq formasida biz will dan foydalanmaymiz , shall dan foydalanamiz Ex:β shall l help you with your physics homework? β Will l help you with your physics homework? π Bazan will ni ma'lum bir darajada qaraganda ko'proq be going to bilan ishlatish to'g'ri hisoblanadi π USE @ Rejalar va maqsadlar ( allaqachon gapirilayotganida ) Ex: l'm going to be a famous doctor one day! @ Hozirgi dalilga asoslangan bashorat qilishga nisbatan Ex: lt sounds like the planet's going to take off in a few minutes . π₯ Kelajakda present continuous ifodalanganda π₯ USE @ Gapirilayotgan payt reja qilinganda Ex: Are they installing the new computer next week? π₯ Kelajakda present simple ifodalanganda π₯ USE @ Jadvallar , rejalar va belgilangan voqea-hodisalar Ex: The bus to the science museum leaves at 8 o'lock tomorrow morning. @ lf dan keyingi first conditional va zero conditional gaplarida Ex: lf technology continues to advance so quickly , what will life be like in a hundred years ? @ Keyingi aniq vaqt ifodalanganda Ex: We'll find out as soon as we get to the lab . π₯ Kelajakda future perfect simple ni ifodalanishi π₯ Form Will/won't + have + past participle USE @ Hozirgi biroz vaqt o'rtasidagi to'liq voqea-hodisalarga nisbatan Ex: l'll have finished my chemistry homework by the time you come home. π₯ Kelajakda future continuous ifodalanganda π₯ Form Will/won't + be + ing form USE @ Voqea-hodisalar kelajakda harakatlanishini ko'rsatish Ex: This time next week , l'll be taking my biology exam. @ Kelajakdagi datlar yoki takrorlanadigan voqea-hodisalarni ko'rsatish Ex: ln the future , we'll all be flying around using jek-packs. π₯ Kelajakda future perfect continuous ni ifodalanishi π₯ Form Will/won't + have + been + ing form USE @ Kelajakdagi voqea-hodisalarning tugashini ko'rsatish Ex: At seven o'clock , l'll have been doing my chemistry homework for tree hours! π₯ Hozirgi zamonning vaqt bog'lovchilari π₯ π Vaqt bog'lovchilarida keyin , biz will yoki be going to ni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ishlatolmaymiz , time words va Phrases dan foydalanamiz π Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:23] π¦ B2 Unit 5 davomi 30-31 bet π¦ π₯ Time words and Phrases π₯ π° When - qachon π° Ex:lt'll be Wonderful when scientists find / have found a cure for cancer. π° As soon as - gach , bilan π° Ex: Let me know as soon as your new computer arrives / has arrived. π° Before - oldin , ilgari π° Ex: lt'll be several years before we send / we've sent a manned mission to Mars. π° After - keyin π° Ex: Let's go for a pizza after we go / have been to the natural history museum. π° Until/till - gacha , ga qadar π° Ex: The rocket won't be launched until they do / have done a final check. π° While - mobaynida , davomida π° Ex: Think of me while you travel / are travelling to the Moon! π° Once - bir marotaba , bir marta π° Ex: We'll stop for petrol once we pass / we've passed Cambridge. π₯ Joy va vaqt predloglari π₯ π Vaqt predloglarining kaliti π $$ ( from ) Monday to Friday - dushanbadan jumagacha $$ on Monday - dunshanba kuni $$ on my birthday - mening tug'ilgan kunimda $$ on my Easter Sunday - Paxsa bayramidagi yakshanbada $$ in July - iyulda $$ on September 20 th - 20-sentabrda $$ in 2008 - 2008-yilda $$ in ( the ) summer - yozda $$ at the tree o'lock - soat 3 da $$ in / for an hour - soatda $$ at the moment - ayni paytda $$ in the morning - tonda $$ in the afternoon - abetda $$ in the evening - oqshomda $$ at night - tunda $$ on time - yetib kelmoq ( o'z vaqtida emas ) $$ in time - o'z vaqtida yetib kelmoq ( kech qolmasdan ) $$ just in time for - hozirgi vaqtda $$ in the beginning - boshida $$ in the end - oxirida $$ at the beginning - ning boshida $$ at the end of - ning oxirida $$ at the age of - yoshda $$ at the weekend - hafta oxirida $$ next week - kelasi hafta $$ last week -o'tgan hafta π Joy predloglarining kaliti π $$ turn right at a place - bir joydan o'ngga burilmoq $$ sit on sth - biror narsaning ustiga o'tirmoq $$ go in ( to ) a building - bino ichkarisiga kirmoq $$ wait in ( side ) a building - uyda kutib o'tirmoq $$ arrive in London - Londonga yetib kelmoq $$ arrive in Greece- Greece ga yetib kelmoq $$ arrive at the stadium - sport maydoniga yetib kelmoq $$ in the corner ( of ) - xonaning burchagida $$ on the corner ( of ) - ko'chaning burchagida $$ at the corner ( of ) - ko'chaning burchagida $$ come to a place - ( biron bir ) joyga kelmoq $$ go to a place - ( biror bir ) joyga bormoq $$ walk to a place - ( biror bir ) joyda yurmoq $$ next to the building - keyingi bino $$ beside the building -bino yonida $$ by the building - bino orqali $$ at the frond of - oldindan $$ on the frond of - oldindan $$ at the back of - orqada $$ on the back of - orqada $$ in the front of - oldinda $$ behind the station - stantsiya orqasida $$ go out of a building - binoni tark etmoq $$ go towards the station - stantsiya tomonga bormoq $$ between the two buildings - 2 ta bino o'rtasida $$ opposide the station - stantsiya qarama-qarshisida π₯ US vs UK GRAMMER π₯ π Amerikan ingliz nutq so'zlovchisi odatda " on before days of the week " ishlatmaydi.π US: We've got a biology test Monday / on Monday. UK: We've got a biology test on Monday. π Amerikan ingliz nutq so'zlovchisi ko'p marotaba " Monday through Friday " gapirganida ishlatadi. π US: I'm going to be on a field trip Monday through Friday. UK: l'm going to be on a field trip from Monday to Friday. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:44] $$$ B2 Unit 6 $$$ @@ TOPIC VOCABULARY IN CONTRAST @@ $$ Artificial - sun'iy ( artificial tooth - sun'iy tish ) $ false - sun'iy ( soxta narsa ) $$ Natural - tabiiy $ physical - jismoniy $$ True - to'g'ri ( haqiqiy, chin $ accurate - to'g'ri , aniq $$ Method - yo'l ( usul, metod, uslub ) $ way - yo'l ( yuradigan yo'l ) $$ Engine - motor ( dvigatel ) $ machine - mashina, mexanizm $ motor - motor ( motorga oid ) $$ Aim - maqsad, niyat $ cause - sabab , dalil , bahona $ reason - sabab , asos , dalil , isbot $$ Estimate - hisoblamoq ( tahminan ) $ calculate - hisoblamoq ( jamlamoq ) $$ Electric - elektr oid $ electronic - elektron $$ lnvent - kashf qilmoq $ discover - kashf qilmoq $$ Research - izlanish ( ma'lumotlarni izlovchi shaxs ) $ experiment - eksperiment , tajriba $$ Progress - rivojlanmoq ( o'sish, harakatlanish ) $ development - rivojlanish ( aktivlikning namoyon bo'lishi ) $$ Modern - zamonaviy ( talablarga javob beradigan ) $ new - yangi ( endi kelgan ) $$ lndustry - ishlab chiqarish , sanoat $ factory - zavod , fabrika $$ Award - mukofot puli ( sud hukmiga binoan olingan pul ) $ reward - mukofot puli ( birovni biror narsa uchun mukofotlamoq ) $$ Take place - bo'lib o'tmoq $ occur - sodir bo'lmoq ( xayoliga kelmoq ) Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:44] B2 Unit 6 PHRASAL VERBS $ break down - buzulmoq β¬ carry out - amalga oshirmoq Β£ come off - muvaffaqqiyatli chiqmoq Β₯ come on - rivojlanmoq $ come up with - biror narsa haqida o'ylamoq β¬ cut off - ta'minotni to'xtatmoq Β£ find out - tushunib yetmoq Β₯ give off -o'zidan hid yoki issiqlik chiqarmoq $ narrow down - ehtimollikni kamaytirmoq β¬ plug in -vilkani razetkaga tiqmoq Β£ put through - telefon orqali ulanmoq Β₯ turn into - ga aylanmoq $ turn off - o'chirmoq β¬ work out - muamoni yechimini topmoq Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:44] B2 Unit 6 WORD FORMATION $$ Appear - ko'rinmoq $ appearance - tashqi ko'rinish $ apparently -ochiq , oydin ko'rinishicha $$ Build - qurmoq $ builder - quruvchi $ building - bino , imorat $$ Discover - kashf qilmoq $ discovery - kashf qilish $$ Explain - tushuntirmoq $ explanation - tushuntirish $$ Important - muhim , zarur $ unimportant - ahamiyatsiz $ importance - muhimlik , zarurlik $ importantly - eng muhim $$ Introduce - kiritmoq $ introduction - kirish $ introductory - kirish , dastlabki $$ observe - ko'rib qolmoq $ observer - kuzatuvchi $ observation - kuzatuv $$ possible - ehtimol $ impossible - imkonsiz $ (im)possibility - imkonsizlik $ (im)possibly - imkonsiz $$ Psychology - psixologiya $ psychologist - psixolog $ psychological(ly) -psixologiya $$ Research - izlanish $ researcher - izlanish olib boruvchi $$ Revolution - inqilob $ revolutionary -inqilobiy $$ Science - ilm , fan $ scientist - olim $ (un)scientific(ally) - ilmiy $$ Technology - texnologiya $ technological(ly) - texnologik $ technical(ly) -texnik $ technician - texnik $ technique - uslub $$ Wood - yog'och , o'tin $ wooden - yog'ochdan ishlangan Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:44] $$$ B2 Unit 7 $$$ π₯ Noaniq artikl π₯ Ingliz tilida noaniq artikl 2 ta A va An . An artiklini unli tovushlar oldidan ishlatamiz β‘οΈUSEβ‘οΈ π¦ Birlikdagi sanalmaydigan otlar ( biz aniq bo'lmagan yoki biror narsa birinchi marta atilganda ishlatamiz ) Ex: There's a good film on TV tonight. π WATCH OUT π π°Biz "A" va "An" artikliga bog'liq bo'lgan tovush yoki talafuz qilmasdan foydalanamiz π° Ex: β The news is on TV in an hour. β The news is on TV in a hour. β Being in a film was a unique experience for me. β Being in a film was an unique experience for me. π₯ Aniq artikl π₯ lngiliz tilida aniq artikl 1ta The β‘οΈ USEβ‘οΈ π¦ Birlikdagi sanaladigan otlar ( bizga aniq bo'lganda ) Ex:where's the DVD you were talking about ? π¦ Birlikdagi sanalanadigan otlar ( biz umumiy gapirganimizda ) Ex: The radio seemed amazing to people at first. π¦ Ko'plikdagi sanaladigan otlar ( bizga aniq bo'lganda ) Ex: l didn't believe the rumours about the prime minister. π¦ Sanalmaydigan otlar ( bizga aniq bo'lganda ) Ex: l followed the advice my lawyer gave me. π WATCH OUT π π° π° π° Biz "The" artiklini yolg'iz bo'lgan narsa haqida aytganimizda ishlatamiz π° Ex:β The sky , the sun , the moon , the Prince of Wales , the North Pole , the World Cup π₯ Zero artikl π₯ Biz hamma artiklni ishlatolmaymiz , u bazan zero artikl deb nomlanadi β‘οΈ USE β‘οΈ π¦ Ko'plikdagi sanaladigan otlar ( biz umumiy gapirganimizda ) Ex: Journalists often face dangerous situations. π¦ sanalmaydigan otlar ( biz umumiy gapirganimizda ) Ex: News travels fast these days. π₯ So'z birikmali artikllar va iboralar π₯ π¦ Bizni so'z birikmali artikllar va iboralar qanday ketma - ket sodir bo'lishiga qarab ishlatamiz. Bularga umumiy ko'p kategoriya misol bo'ladi , misol uchun "the River Thames" barcha daryolar ma'nosida foydalanamiz. π¦ β‘οΈ USE β‘οΈ @@ Vaqt @@ $ Aniq artikl $ In the 1990s , in ( the ) summer , in the morning $ Zero artikl $ in 2008 , in June , on Friday , at night @@ Odamlar va ish @@ $ Noaniq artikl $ have a job , work as a ... $ Aniq artikl $ the queen , the principal , the president , the French $ Zero artikl $ become president , go to work , be at work , have work to do , he's French. @@ Joylar @@ $ Aniq artikl $ the Alps , the Atlantic ocean , the River Thames , the Earth , the Arctic , the USA , the UK , the Cyclades $ Zero artikl $ Mount Everest , Paris , America , Mars/Venus/Jupiter etc, Oxford Street , Lake Surperior , Crete @@ O'yin-kulgu va sport @@ $ Aniq artikl $ the media , on the radio , play the guitar , go to the cinema , watch ( the ) TV $ Zero artikl $ listen to music , on television , play tennis / football etc @@ Tashkilotlar @@ $ Aniq artikl $ the army , the police , the fire brigade @@Ta'lim maskanlari @@ $ Aniq artikl $ go to the shool (as a visitor) , be in the first year $ Zero artikl $ go to school ( as a student ) , be in Class 3B , maths @@ Safar @@ $ Noaniq artikl $ take a taxi , catch a/the bus $ Aniq artikl $ on the bus $ Zero artikl $ on foot , go home , go by bus @@ Salomatlik @@ $ Noaniq artikl $ have a cold / headache /cough $ Aniq artikl $ have (the ) flu / measles $ Zero artikl $ have toothache @@ Mahalliy domlar @@ $$ Aniq artikl $$ the bank , the tax office , go to the hospital / prison ( as a visitor ) $$ Zero artikl $$ go to hospital / prison / church ( as a patient / prisoner / worshipper ) π US vs UK GRAMMER π @ Amerikan ingliz nutq so'zlovchilar odatta hospital so'zini artikilsiz ishlatishadi. π₯ Us: The ambulance took Simon to the hospital. π₯ UK: The ambulance took Simon to hospital. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:47] π¦ B2 Unit 7 davomi π¦ π₯ Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar π₯ π¦ Turlari π¦ π Sanaladigan otlar π π₯ A , the , some , many foydalaniladi Ex: l want to be a Journalist. Ex: Where is the newspaper ? π₯ Birlik yoki ko'plik fel foydaylaniladi Ex: How many channels do you get ? π Sanalmaydigan otlar π π₯ The , some , much foydalaniladi. Ex: Did you hear the news ? Ex: Some important news has just come in. Ex: How much information do we have about it ? π₯ Birlik fel foydalaniladi Ex: Your advice was very useful. π¦ Odatda sanalmadigan otlar π¦ π° Advice , coffee , furniture , glass , hair , homework , information , knowledge , luggage , money , news , paper , work π WATCH OUT π @ Bir qancha sanalmaydigan otlar birlikda keladi lekin ba'zilari ko'plikda bo'ladi. Bularning ichiga clothes , scissors , jeans , spectacles , trousers , groceries va boshqalar kiradi. Biz bu so'zlar bilan ko'plikdagi felni ishlatamiz. Ex: β Oh , no! My new clothes are dirty! @ Bir ma'noda sanaladigan otlar , boshqa ma'noda sanalmaydigan otlar Ex: β Do you think you could bring me a clean glass ? ( sanaladi ) β We should make computer monitors out of recycled glass. ( sanalmaydi ) π₯ Miqdor π₯ π₯ Many -sanaladigan otlar , odatda inkor , so'roq gaplarda π₯ Ex: There aren't many programmes on TV that l find interesting. π₯ Much - sanalmaydigan otlar , odatda inkor va so'roq gaplarda π₯ Ex: My dad never shows much interest in the news. π₯ A lot of / lots of - sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar , darak gaplarda π₯ Ex: That film has won a lot of / lots of awards. Ex: What a lot of luggage you've got! π₯ A few - sanaladigan otlar , "some" ma'nosida π₯ Ex: There have been a few scandals in the papers recently. π₯ A little - sanalmaydigan otlar , "some" ma'nosida π₯ Ex: They say that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing. π₯ Few - sanaladigan otlar , "not many" ma'nosidaπ₯ Ex: Richard has few Interests outside work. π₯ Little - sanalmaydigan otlar , "not much" ma'nosidaπ₯ Ex: The police have little information about the robbety. π WATCH OUT π @ "Only a few" so'z birikmasi "not many" ma'nosida. "Only a little" "not much" ma'nosida foydalaniladi Ex:β There are only a few programmes on TV that l like watching. β Thete is only a little sugar left , so get some when you go out. BShS oΚ»quv markazi 912622828 @@ PRASAL VERB @@ $ Bring up - biron bir mavzuni muhokama qilishni boshlamoq $ Come on - namoyish qilina boshlamoq $ Come out - chop etmoq $ Fill in - ariza to'ldirmoq $ Flick trough - ko'z yugurtirmoq $ Go into - namadir bilan jiddiy shug'ullanmoq $ Hand out - tarqatmoq $ Look up - so'z qidirmoq ( lug'atdan ) $ Make out - biror narsani to'g'riday ko'rsatmoq , qiyinchilik bilan tushunmoqΒ $ Make up - yaratmoq $ Put forward - taklif qilmoq $ See throught - biror bir narsani yolg'onligini bilib unga ishonmaslik $ Stand out - ma'lum bir ustunligi bilan boshqalardan ajralib turmoq $ Turn over - varaqlamoq @@ WORD FORMATION @@ $$ Announce - e'lon qilmoq $ announcement - e'lon qilish $ (un) announced -e'lon qilingan $$ Belief - ishonch $ disbelief - ishonmaslik $ believe - ishonmoqΒ $ (un) believable - ishonarli $ (un) believably - ishonsa bo'ladigan $$ Communicate - xabar qilmoq $ communication - aloqa qilish $ (un) communicative -kirishimli , dilkashΒ $ communicator - axborot beradigan $$ Convince - ishontirmoq $ convinced - ishontirilgan $ (un) convincing - ishonarli $$ Discuss - muhokama $ discussion - bahs , munozara $$ Edit - tahrir qilmoq $ editor - muharrir $ editorial - bosh maqolaΒ $ edited - tahrir qilingan $$ Humour - hazil $ humorous - kulgili $ humouriess - kulgili holatda $$ lnform - xabar bermoq $ information - ma'lumot $ (un) informed - xabardor $ (un) informative - informatsion $$ Journal - jurnal $ journalist - jurnalist $ journalism - jurnalistika $ journalistic - jurnalga oid $$ Politics - siyosat $ political (ly) - siyosatiy jihatdan $ politician - siyosatchi $$ Power - imkoniyat $ powerful (ly) - kuchli $ powerless (ly) - kuch-quvvatdan qolgan $ empower - imkoniyat bermoq $$ Ridicule - mazax qilish $ ridiculous (ly) - kulgili $ ridiculousness - kulgili emas $$ Second - ikkinchi $ secondly -ikkinchidan $ secondary - ikkilamchi $$ Write - yozmoq $ writer - yozuvchi , adib $ writing - yozuv $ wrote - yozilgan $ (un) written - yozilmagan @@ TOPIC VOCABULARY IN CONTRAST @@ $$ Deny - rad etmoq , inkor qilmoq $ refuse - inkor qilmoqΒ ( norozi bo'lmoq ) $$ Agree - mos kelmoq , kelishmoq , qoshilmoq. $ accept - qabul qilmoq , rozilik bermoq $$ Headline - sarlavhaΒ ( qisqa so'ngi axborot ) $ heading - sarlavha ( yozuv) $$ Feature - maqola (biror bir narsaning qismi ) $ article - maqola ( ashyo , buyum ) $$ Talk show - tok shovΒ ( suhbat shov) $ Quiz show - savol-javob shov shov $ game show - har xil o'yinli shov $$ Announcer - diktor , e'lon qiluvchi $ commentator - sharxlovchi $$ Tabloid - ixchamlashtirilgan ro'znoma $ broadsheet -varaqa $$ Journalist - jurnalistika $ columnist - sharhlovchi $$ Press - matbuot $ media -ommaviy axborot $$ Programme - dastur , ko'rsatuv $ program - kompyuter dasturi $$ Channel - telekanal $ broadcast - teleko'rsatuv $$ Bulletin - qisqa teleradio yangiliklari $ newsflash - yangilikni taqdim qiluvchi jurnal BShS oΚ»quv markazi Mr Holov 912622828 $$$ B2 Unit 9 $$$ Zero conditional Form If + present simple , present simple USE @ Umumiy yoki ilmiy faktlar va ta'riflar Ex: If you have faith in something , you believe in something you cannot prove First conditional Form If + a present tense , will + bare infinitive USE @ Haqiqiy yoki hozirgi Conditional o'shaydi yoki kelajak va ularning hozirgi natijalari va kelajakda Ex: lf you have a birthday party , you'll get loads of cool presents! Ex: lf you're working till half past six , we'll have dinner at about eight. Ex: lf you have revised properly , you won't have any problems in the test next week.Β WATCH OUT @ Biz shuningdek may , might , can , could , shall , should , ought to , have to ga qaramasdan will ma'nosida foydalanamiz Ex: lf you have a birthday party , you might get loads of cool presents! @ Biz shuningdek should + bare infinitive ga qaramasdan present simpledan foydalanamiz.Β Bular ehtimoldagi taklif holati balki sodir bo'lishiga o'xshaydi Ex: lf you should bump into Alex at the concert , you'll be able to get a lift home. @ Biz shuningdek first conditional dan haqiqiy qo'llanma haqida yoki kelajak va hozirgi vaziyatda foydalanamiz Ex: lf you decide to have a birthday party , tell me! Unless , in case , as/so long as , provided (that) so'z va so'z birikma Unless - if dan tashqari if ...not Ex: l'll be there at six unless l get delayed. (= bundan tasqari lf l get delayed / if l donβt get delayed ) In case - sababli he/she/it vahokazo might Ex: Let's take our wellies in case it's muddy. ( = sababli it minght be muddy ) as/so long as - lf yoki only ifΒ Ex: As long as l'm happy , my parents donβt care what job l do. Ex: So long as l'm happy , my parents donβt care what job l do. Provided (that) - if yoki only ifΒ Ex: Provided (that) l'm happy , my parents donβt care what job l do. Second conditional Form If + past simple yoki past continuous , would + bare infinitive USE @ Imkonsiz , ehtimoldan yiroq yoki faraziy kelajak va hozirgi Conditional , ularni natijasi kelajak yoki hozir zamonda bo'ladi Ex: lf you had a beard , you would look just like Charles Dickens! Ex: lf you were flying to Rio , would you get there much quicker ? @ Maslahat Ex: lf l were you , l would think very carefulluly about my future . ( ko'proq rasmiy ) Ex: lf l was you , l'd have a party at the weekend! ( ko'proq norasmiy ) WATCH OUT @ Shuningdek biz might yoki could ga qaramasdan would ma'nosida ishlatamiz Note: could shu yerda tez tez would be able to ma'nosini beradi Ex: lf we were older , we could go on holiday on our own. @ Shuningdek biz if clause da could ni ishlatamiz. Bu yerda , u was/were able to ma'nosidaΒ Ex: lf l could drive , l'd buy a car. Third conditional Form If + past perfect ( simple yoki continuous ) , would + have + past participle USE @ O'tgan faraz conditional va ularning natijasi o'tgan zamonda bo'ladi Ex: lf you had worn a fake beard , no one would have known who you were! (= you didnβt wear a fake beard so people knew who you were. ) If she'd been wearing her new glasses , l would have noticed them. (= she wasn't wearing her new glasses so l didn't notice them. ) WATCH OUT @ Shuningdek biz might , could yoki should ni foydalanganimizga qaramasdan wouldΒ ma'nosini beradi Ex: lf l had done some reviaion , l might / could / should have passed the exam. Mixed conditional Form If + past perfect ( simple yoki continuous ), would + bare infinitive USE @ O'tgan zamondagi faraz va natija o'tgan zamonda Ex: lf l had listened to my parents , l wouldn't be in so much trouble now. (= l didn't listen to my parents so l'm in lots of trouble now. ) FormΒ If + past simple yoki past continuous, would + have + past participle Hozirgi sharoitdagi faraz va natija o'tgan zamonda Ex: lf l had a mobile , l would have called you last night. ( = l donβt have a mobile so l didn't all you last night ) lnverted conditionals Form Should l/you/he vahokazo...instead of if l/you/he vahokazo should... Were l/you/he vahokazo. ..instead of if l/you/he vahokazo were Had l/you/he vahokazo... instead of if l/you/he vahokazo had... USE @ First conditional ga qaraganda ko'proq rasmiy ( should bilan ) Ex: should the situation worsen , the United Nations is prepared to send in a peacekeeping force . ( = lf the situation should worsen...) @ Second conditional dan ko'ra ko'proq rasmiy Ex: Were the situation to worsen , the United Nations would be prepared to send in a peacekeeping force. (= lf the situation were to worsen ... ) @ Third conditional dan ko'ra ko'proq rasmiy Ex: Had the situation worsened , the United Nations would have been ptepared to send in a peacekeeping force. (= lf the situation had worsened... ) WATCH OUT @ Barcha conditional gaplari uchun ( birinchi , ikkinchi , uchinchi , aralash , o'zgargan tartib ) da odatda natija ketma-ket sodir bo'lganda vergul qo'yiladi , birinchi natija kelganda vergul kerakmas Ex: lf l had a mobile, l would have called you last night.Β l would have called you last night if l had a mobile.Β @ Conditional gaplarida modallar ( will , would , could vahokazo ) ba'za fe'lning noaniq formasi continuous orqali ketma-ket sodir bo'ladi Ex: We'd still be waiting if you hadn't turned up. $$ US vs UK GRAMMER $$ Ikkinchi va uchinchi condition lar norasmiy suhbatlar bilan ishlatiladi , Amerikan ingliz nutq so'zlovchisi ba'zan would yoki if bog'lovchisida would have dan foydalanadi. Bu Britaniya ingliz tili uchun g'alati . US: How would you feel if this happened/would happen to you ? UK: How would you feel if this happened to you ? US: l would have felt awful if that had happened/would have happened to me. UK: l would have felt awful if that had happened to me. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:55] π¦ 60-61 betπ¦ $$$ B2 Unit 10 $$$ @@ PRASAL VERBS @@ $ Ask after - so'rab surishtirmoq $ Bring up - voyaga yetqazmoq $ Fall for - sevib qolmoq $ Fall (out) - tortishib qolmoq $ Get on (with) - yaxshi chiqishmoq $ Grown up - ulg'aymoq $ Look down on - o'zini boshqalardan ko'ra yaxshiroq deb hisoblamoq $ Look up to - xurmat qilmoq $ Make up - yarashmoq ( kimdir bilan) $ Pass away - o'lmoq $ Pick on -kamsitavermoq $ Put down - kamsitilmoq $ Stand up for -yon bosmoq $ Take aback - xayratda qolmoq Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:55] π¦ 60-61 bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 10 $$$ @@ WORD FORMATION @@ $$ Able - qodir $ unable - qobiliyatsiz $ (in) ability - qobiliyat $ disabled - mehnat qobiliyatini yo'qotgan $ disability - qobiliyatsiz $$ Achieve - erishmoq $ achievement - yutuq , g'alaba $$ Argue - isbot qilmoq $ argument - dalil $ argumentative - dalilli $$ Care - g'amxo'rlik $ careful(ly) - ehtiyotkorlik bilan $ careless (ly) -e'tiborsiz $ (un)caring - g'amxo'r $$ Correspond - mos kelmoq $ correspondence - moslik $$ Friend - do'st $ friendship - do'stlik $ (un)friendly -do'stona $$ Happy - baxtli $ unhappy - baxtsiz $ (un)happiness - baxt $ (un)happily - baxtli $$ Jealous - rashkchi , rashkli $ jealousy - rashk , qizg'anish $ jealously - rashk bilan , qizg'anib $$ Kind - mehribon $ unkind - bemehr $ (un)kindness - mehribonlik $ kindly - marhamatli $$ Marry - uylantirmoq $ marriage - nikoh $ (un)married - uylangan $$ Nerve - nerv , asb tomirlari $ nervous(ly) - asabiy $ nervousness - asabiylashish $$ Obey - itoat etmoq $ disobey - bo'ysunmaslik $ (dis)obedient(ly) - itoatkorlik $ (dis)obedience - bo'ysunish $$ Person - inson $ (im)personal(ly) - shaxsan $ personality - shaxsiyat $$ Polite - odobli $ impolite - beandisha , beadab $ (im)politely - boadablik $ (im)politeness - odoblilik $$ Relate - bog'lamoq $ relative(ly) - nisbatan $ relation - bog'liqlik $ relationship - aloqa , munosabat $$ Willing - tayyor , hozir $ unwilling - yoqtirmaydigan $ (un)willingness - tayyor holat $ (un)willingly - bajonidil , jon deb Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:55] π¦ 60-61 bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 10 $$$ @@ TOPIC VOCABULARY IN CONTRAST @@ $$ Relationship - aloqa ( sevgi yoki do'stlik aloqasi ) $ connection - aloqa , bog'lanish ( texnika bilan aloqaga ulanish , bog'lanish ) $$ Blame - ayblash ( biron bir narsada ayiblash ) $ fault - ayiblash , kamchiligi bor ( asosan elektr jihozlariga nisbatan ) $$ Old - qari yoshi o'tgan $ ancient - qadimiy , tarxiy , juda qari $$ Crowd - olomon , ko'pchilik $ audience - auditoriya , tinlovchilar $$ Enjoy - biror narsadan rohatlanmoq $ please - xursand qilmoq , ko'nglini ko'tarmoq $$ Support - madad , yordam ( biror narsaga ) $ assist - yordam bermoq ( kimgadir ) $$ Kind - muloyimlik bilan $ polite - muloyim , izzat-hurmatni joyiga qo'yadigan $$ Sympathetic - rahmi kelhan ( biron bir narsaga nisbatan ) $ likeable - $$ Nervous - asab bilan bog'liq $ bad-tempered - yomon fe'latvor , asabiy $$ Sensitive - sezgir ( ilmiy dastgoh va uskunalarga nisbatan ) $ sensible - sezgir ( hissiyot ) $$ Company - kompaniya ( biron bir tashkilot a'zosi ) $ group - guruh ( yakka tartibdagi guruh a'zosi ) $$ Popular - mashur , taniqli ( ommabop ) $ famous - mashur , taniqli ( narsalarga nisbatan ) $$ Typical - o'zi , odatda $ usual - odiy , har doimgi $ ordinary - oddiy , odatiy $$ Close - yaqin , yiroq emas ( o'rtoq va boshqa narsalarga nisbatan qo'laniladi ) $ near - yaqin ( vaqt yoki masofaga nisbatan ) $$ unknown - taniqli bo'lmagan , notanish $ infamous - yomonligi bilan mashur Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:55] π¦ 66-67 bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 11 $$$ π₯Qiyosiy va orttirma darajadagi sifatlar π₯ π¦ To'g'ri sifatlar bir bog'inga bo'lib talafuz qilinadi . β‘οΈ Sifat: black β‘οΈ Qiyosiy: +er blacker β‘οΈ Orttirma: + est blackest π¦ To'g'ri sifatlar bir bog'inga bo'lib talafuz qilinganda ( oxirgi harfi unli + undosh ) β‘οΈ Sifat: thin β‘οΈ Qiyosiy: double final letter +er thinner β‘οΈ Orttirma: double final letter +est thinnest π¦ To'g'ri sifatlar ikki bog'inga bo'lib talafuz qilinganda ( oxirgi harfi y ) β‘οΈ Sifat: funny β‘οΈ Qiyosiy: replace -y with -ier funnier β‘οΈ Orttirma: replace -y with -iest funniest π¦ To'g'ri sifatlar ikki yoki undan ortiq bog'inga bo'lib talafuz qilinganda β‘οΈ Sifat: intelligent β‘οΈ Qiyosiy: more/less+adj more intelligent β‘οΈ Orttirma: most/least+adj most intelligent π¦ Noto'g'ri sifatlar/sonlar β‘οΈSifat: Good Bad Far Little Much Many β‘οΈ Qiyosiy: Better Worse Farther/further Less More More β‘οΈ Orttirma: Best Worst Farthest/furthest Least Most Most π₯ USE π₯ $$ Comparative $$ Narsalar taqqoslanganda yoki odamlar farqlanganda Ex: The crime rate in this area is higher than in other parts of the country. $$ Superlative $$ Bir guruh odamlar yoki narsalarning to'liq a'zosi taqqoslanganda Ex: The robbery was the biggest in the bank's history. π WATCH OUT π @ Tog'ri sifatlar ikki bog'inga bo'lib talafuz qilinganda shuningdek qiyosiy va orttirma darajadagi sifatlar bir bog'inga bo'lib talafuz qilingan o'xshaydi β clever , cleverer , cleverest @ Sifatlar bir bog'inga bo'lib talafuz qilinganda oxirgi harfi -e bilan tugasa -r va -st qo'shiladi β white , whiter , whitest @ Yodda tuting qiyosiy darajasini "than" orqali topiladi β Crime is a much bigger problem in this country than in many other countries @ Yodda tuting orttirma darajani biror narsadan oldin "the" ishlatilishi bilan topiladi β Our local police force is the best in the country π₯ Qiyosiy va orttirma ravishlar π₯ π¦ To'g'ri ravishlar β‘οΈ Ravish: easily β‘οΈ Qiyosiy: more/less + adv more easily β‘οΈ Orttirma: most/least + adv most easily π¦ Noto'g'ri ravishlar β‘οΈ Ravish: Badly Early Far Fast Hard Late Often Near Soon Well β‘οΈ Qiyosiy: Worse Earlier Farther/further Faster Harder Later More often Nearer Sooner Better β‘οΈ Orttirma: Worst Earliest Farthest / furthest Fastest Hardest Latest Most often Nearest Soonest Best π₯ USE π₯ $$ Qiyosiy $$ Voqea-hodisalarning farqi taqqoslanganda Ex: Lock your door more carefulluly next time and maybe you won't get burgled! $$ Orttirma $$ Bir guruh odamlar yoki narsalarning to'liq voqea-hodisalar farqi taqqoslanganda Ex: Only the criminal who ran fastest managed to escape from the police. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:56] π¦ B2 Unit 11 davomi 66-67 bet π¦ π₯ So π₯ Form So + adjective + that So + adverb + that So + many/much + noun + that π₯ USE π₯ Voqea-hodisa yoki holatning natijasini ko'rsatishda Ex: The burglar was so clever that no one could catch him. Jane took the money so quickly that no one saw her. There was so much money that the robber couldn't carry it all. π WATCH OUT π @ Bu so'z odatda ikkinchi bog'lovchini tanishtirish hojati yo'q Ex: β The crime rate is so high people are very frightened. @ So'z va boshqa raqamdan foydalaniladi Ex:β The crime rate is so high that people are very frieghtened. β l saw that burglar leaving the house , so l called the police. π₯ Such π₯
Such + a/an + adjective + singular noun + that Such + adjective + plural noun + that Such + a lot of + noun + that π₯ USE π₯
Ex: lt was such a terrible crime that the man was sent to prison for life. The security guard had such good hearing that he heard the door open immediately. There is such a lot of crime here that the police can't cope. π₯ Enough π₯ Form Enough + noun ( + for and / or + full infinitive ) Adjective + enough ( + for and / or + full infinitive ) Adverb + enough ( + for and / or + full infinitive ) π₯ USE π₯ Voqea-hodisa yoki holatning natijalarini ko'rsatishda ifodalaniladi , qandaydir bir narsaning tartib raqami / o'rtasida is/isn't foydalanishga to'g'ri keladi Ex: There aren't enough police officers on the streets to keep us safe. It wasn't dark enough for the burglar to start working. Did the police respond quickly enough to help ? π WATCH OUT π @ Sifatdan enough gacha umuman xato , quite yoki fairly so'zi to'g'ri β It's quite / fairly dangerous around here so donβt go out alone. β it's enough dangerous around here so donβt go out alone . π₯ Too π₯
Too + ( + for and/or +full infinitive ) Too + adverb ( + for and/or + full infinitive ) Too + many/much + noun ( + for and/or + full infinitive ) π₯ USE π₯ @ Biron bir narsani tasvirlashga qaraganda kerakli va inkor natijani ifodalaydi Ex: The young man was too young to go to prison. We arrived too late for the start of the trial. We sent too many Innocent people to prison. π WATCH OUT π @ Biz too dan biror bir narsani tasvirlashni hohlaganimizda , darak shaklidan foydalanilmaydi , o'rniga biz very , really yoki extremely dan foydalanamiz Ex:β You were very / really / extremely lucky not to get caught. β You were too lucky not to get caught. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:56] π¦ 72-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 12 $$$ @@ PRASAL VERBS @@ $ back down - shashtidan qaytmoq $ break out - qamoqdan qochmoq $ bring in - yangi tizim , qonunni joriy etmoq $ chase after - ortdan quvmoq $ come forward - yordam yoki ma'lumot taklif qilmoq $ get away with - jazodan qutilmoq $ go off - portlamoq $ hand in - hukumatga topshirmoq $ hold up - zo'ravonlik bilan o'g'irlik qilmoq $ let off - ozroq yoki umuman jazo bermaslik , portlamoq $ look into - tekshiruv ishlarini olib bormoq $ make off - qochmoq $ take down - boshqalarni gapini yozib olmoq $ take in - yolg'onni xiyla bilan ishontirmoq Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:56] π¦ 72-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 12 $$$ @@ WORD FORMATION @@ $$ Accuse - ayblamoq $ accused - sudlanuvchi $ accusation - ayblash $$ Addict - kashanda $ addicted - chalingan $ addictive - kashandaga aylantiradigan $ addiction - zararli odat , chalinish $$ Convict - hukm qilmoq $ conticted - hukm qilingan $ conviction - hukm qilish $$ Crime - jinoyat $ criminal -jinoiy $$ Evident - ko'rinib turgan , ma'lum $ evidence - dalil $ evidently - aniq , ravshan , shubhasiz $$ Forge - qalbaki narsa yasamoq $ forgery - soxtalashtirilgan $ forger - soxtalashtiruvchi $$ honest - halol $ dishonest - vijdonsiz $ (dis)honesty - noinsoflik $ (dis)honestly - vijdonsizlik $$ Investigate - tekshirmoq $ investigative - tekshirish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan $ investigation - tekshirish $ investigator -tergovchi $$ Law - qonun $ lawyer - advokat $ (un)lawful -qonuniy $$ Murder - qotillik $ murderer -qotil $$ Offence - ayb $ offensive - hujumkor $ offend - xafa qilmoq $ offender - jinoyatchi $$ Prison - qamoqxona $ prisoner - mahbus $ impreson (ed) - qamoqqa olmoq $ imprisonment - qamoqqa olish $$ Prove - isbotlamoq $ proof - isbot $ (un)proven - isbotlanmagan $ disprove - rad qilmoq $$ Rob - o'g'irlamoq $ robbery - o'g'rilik $ robber - qaroqchi $$ Secure - xavfsiz $ insecure - xatarli $ (in)security - xavfsizlik $$ Theft - o'g'irlash $ thief -o'g'ri Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:56] π¦ 72-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 12 $$$ @@ TOPIC VOCABULARY IN CONTRAST @@ $$ Proof - dalil ,isbot $ evidence - dalil $$ Suspect - gumon qiluvchi $ arrest - qamoqqa olish $ charge - hujm qilmoq $$ Suspect - shubhalanmoq $ accused - biron bir narsada ayblamoq $$ Decision - qaror , hukm $ verdict - qaror , hukm , yakuniy xulosa $$ Commit - sodit etmoq $ break - sindirmoq $$ Rule - grammatik qoida $ law - qonun huquqiy $ justice - adolat , haqqoniylik $ right - aniq , to'g'ri $$ Judge - sudya , hay'at a'zosi $ jure - jure $$ prosecute - ayblamoq ( kimmidir biron bir narsa uchun ) $ persecute - ta'qib qilmoq $$ Capital punishement - poytaxt jazosi $ corporal punishement - jismoniy jazo $$ Robber - o'g'ri , talonchi ( bank , magazin narsalarni o'g'irlamoq) $ burglar - i'g'ri (qulfbuzar o'g'ri ) $ thief - o'g'ri , kissavur ( odamlarning narsalarinni o'g'irlamoq ) $$ Vandal - madaniyatsiz johil odam $ hooligan - bezori $$ Sentence - hukm qilmoq , jazolamoq $ imprison - qamamoq , ozodlikdan mahrum qilmoq $$ Innocent - beayb ,beziyon ( zarar yetkazmaydigan ) $ guilty - aybdor , gunohkor $$ witness - kafil , guvoh ( sud majlisida guvohlik beruvchi kishi ) $ bystander - guvoh ( tomoshabin ) $$ lawyer - huquqshunos $ solicitor - advokat , yuriskonsult (Brit) Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:56] π¦ 78-79 bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 13 $$$ π₯ Modallar: qobiliyat , ruxsat , maslahat , tanqid qilish , majburiyat va zaruriyat darajalarning ishonchliligi π₯ Form @ Barcha modallar ( will, would, shall, should, can, could, may ,might, must ) va bazi modallarning yolg'iz bitta ought to shakli bor @ Modallar infinitive siz holatda ishlatiladi yoki ( simple yoki continuous ) yoki perfect infinitive siz holatida ishlatiladi Ex: Toby should be very fit by now. @ Bazi modallar have to va need to ularning shaxsini o'zgarishiga bog'liq va zamoniga Ex: The doctor said l had/needed to give up red meat. π₯ Modallar: qobiliyat ifodalovchi π₯ π₯ USE π₯ π¦ Hozirgi yoki umumiy qobiliyat izoh qilinganda π Can π Ex: l can run a kilimetre in four minutes. π¦ Kelajakdagi qobiliyat haqida hozir fikr izohlanganda π Can π Ex: We can meet at the gym tomorrow , if you like. π¦ O'tgan zamondagi qobiliyat izohlanganda π Could π Ex: l could do fifty press-ups with one hand when l was younger. π¦ Hozirgi zamondagi qobiliyat izohlanganda , kelajak yoki umumiy faraziy holatlarda π Could π Ex: lf only l could quit smoking! π¦ O'tgan zamondagi faraziy holatdagi qobiliyat izohlanganda π Could + perfect infinitive π Ex: l could have roadted the potatoes , but l decided that boiling them was healtier. π WATCH OUT π @ Biz be able to ni infinitive va boshqa zamonlarda ishlatamiz Ex:β l'd love to be able to fit into these jeans again! ( infinitive ) β l'll be able to leave hospital in a few weeks , apparently. ( future ) β l've been able to swim since l was five . ( present perfect ) π₯ Modallar: ruhsatni ifodalovchi π₯ π₯ USE π₯ π¦ So'rash uchun va hozir , umumiy yoki kelajak uchun ruhsat berilganda π May , could , can π Ex: May/Could/Can l see the doctor , please ? π WATCH OUT π @ May could ga qaraganda ko'proq xushmuomilalik bilan so'rashda , va could can ga qaraganda ko'proq xushmuomilalik bilan so'rashda ishlatiladi @ Biz odatda modalni o'tgan zamondagi ruhsat berish haqida gapirganimizda ishlata olmaymiz Ex:β l was allowed to wear a knee support during the match. β l could wear a knee support during the match. @ Biroq , biz reported speech dagi o'tgan zamondagi ruhsat berish haqida gapirganimizda could dan foydalanamiz Ex:β The coach said l could wear a knee support during the match. π₯ Modallar: maslahatni ifodalovchi π₯ π₯ USE π₯ π¦ So'rash uchun va hozir , kelajak uchun umumiy maslahat berishni ifodalaydi π Should , ought to , ( + perfect infinitive )π Ex: He ought to /should have made more of an efford with his diet. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:56] π¦ B2 Unit 13 birinchi davom ettiramiz 78-79 bet π¦ π₯ Modallar: Majburiyat va zaruriyat π₯ π₯ USE π₯ π¦ Majburiyat va zaruriyat izohlanganda β‘οΈ Must / have to / need to Ex: l must / have to / need to pick up that prescription from the chemist on the way home. π¦ Majburiyat yoki zaruriyatga ega bo'lgan holatni ifodalanganda β‘οΈ Needn't / donβt have to / donβt need to Ex: You needn't / donβt have to / donβt need to pick up that prescription from the chemist as l'll get it while l'm in town. π¦ O'tgan zamondagi majburiyat izohlanganda β‘οΈ Had to Ex: l had to take the pills three times a day for two weeks. π¦ O'tgan zamondagi majburiyatga ega bo'lmagan holatni izohlanganda β‘οΈ Needn't ( + perfect infinitive ) / didn't have to / didn't need to Ex: l needn't have gone / didn't have to go / didnβt need to go to the doctor. π WATCH OUT π @ Odatda must va have to ma'no o'rtasida farq yo'q. Biroq , biz bazan ko'proq ehtimollikda must shaxsiy majburiyat uchun ishlatiladi ( o'ziga tegisjli fikr haqida biz must do dan foydalanamiz ) va have to uchun tashqi majburiyat ( kimnindir boshqa fikri haqida must do ishlatiladi ) @ Shuningdek biz will have / need to kelajakdagi majburiyatni izohlanganda Ex:β You'll have / need to be more careful about what you eat in future. @ odatdan tashqari must so'roq gaplarda ishlatiladi Biz odatda have to /need to dan foydalanamiz Ex:β Do l have / need to take this medicine before every meal ? @ Mustdan keyin infinitive ishlatilmaydi , to have to dan foydalaniladi Ex:β l'd hate to have to have injections everx day. β l'd hate to must have injections every day. @ Musn't va donβt / doesn't have / need to ma'nolarida farqlanishi Ex:β You musn't do that ( Don't do that! ) β You donβt have / need to do that. ( You can do that if you want to but it's not necessary ) @ Needn't ( + perfect infinitive ) odatda voqea-hodisaning sodir bo'lishini nazarda tutilish. Didnβt have to va didn't need to voqea-hodisalar bo'lishi nazarda tutilganida did yoki didnβt sodir bo'ladi Ex:β l needn't have gone to the doctor. ( l went but it wasn't necessary. ) β l didn't have / need to go to the doctor because l suddenly felt better. ( l didn't go. ) β l didn't have / need to go to the doctor but l went just to be on the safe side. ( l didn't go ) @ Need felidan ehtiyot bo'ling , uni -ing formasi ham bor Ex:β l need to sterilise this syringe. β This syringe needs sterilising. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:56] π¦ B2 Unit 13 davomi ikkinchi 78-79 bet π¦ π₯ Modallar: daraja va ishonchni ifodalanishi π₯ π₯ USE π₯ π¦ Ishonch ( yoki ishonchga yaqin ) haqida hozir yoki umumiy izohlanganda β‘οΈ Must , can't , couldn't Ex: That must be the district nurse at the door. π¦ Ishonch ( yoki ishonchga yaqin ) haqidagi o'tgan zamonda ishlatiladi β‘οΈ Must , can't , couldn't ( + perfect infinitive ) Ex: She must have been in a lot of pain. His leg can't / couldn't have been in plaster for two years! π¦ Hozirgi ehtimollik umumiy yoki kelajakda izohlanganda β‘οΈ Should , ought to Ex: You ought to / should feel better in a few days , as long as you get lots of rest. π¦ O'tgan zamondagi ehtimollik haqida izohlanganda β‘οΈ Should , ought to , ( + perfect infinitive ) Ex: The bruise ought to / should have disappeared days ago. I wonder why it didnβt. π¦ Hozirgi ehtimollik umumiy yoki kelajak haqida izohlanganda β‘οΈ Could , may , might Ex: You should talk to your doctor first because that diet could / may / might be dangerous. π¦ O'tgan zamondagi real ehtimollikni izohlanganda β‘οΈ Could , may , might ( + perfect infinitive ) Ex: That could / may / might have been the doctor who rang earlier while we were out. π¦ O'tgan zamondagi faraziy ehtimollik haqida izohlanganda β‘οΈ Could , might , ( + perfect infinitive ) Ex: lt's a good thing you went to the doctor or you could / might have become quite ill. Mr Holov 912622828 @BShSenglish $$$ B2 Unit 14 $$$ @@ PRASAL VERBS @@ $ break out - tasodifan boshlamoq $ bring on - kasallik olib kelmoq $ come down with - og'ir kasallik bilan yotib qolmoq $ cut down (on) - nimadir miqdorini kamaytirmoq $ feel up to - biror ish qilish darajasida o'zini yaxshi xis qilmoq $ get over - tuzalmoq $ give up - odatda qiladiganishini tashlamoq $ look after - g'amxo'rlik qilmoq $ pass out - xushidan ketmoq $ pull through - og'ir kasallikdan zo'rg'a tuzalish $ put down - o'ldirmoqΒ ( kasal va qarigan hayvonlarga nisbatan ) $ put on - semirmoq $ wear off - tasirini yo'qotmoq @@ WORD FORMATION @@ $$ Allergy - allergiya $ allergic - allergiyasi bor $$ Aware - biladigan , tushunadigan $ unaware - bexabar $ awareness - bilish , qiziqish $$ Benefit - foyda $ benefical - faydali , manfaatli $$ Comfort - qulaylik $ discomfort - noqulay $ (un)comfortable - qulay , shinam $ (un)comfortably -qulay sharoitda $$ Emphasis - urg'u berish $ emphasise -urg'u bermoq , ta'kidlamoq $ emphatic - urg'u berilgan $$ Fit - jidmonan baquvvat$ unfit - jismonan yaroqsiz $ fitness - jismonan baquvvatlilik $$ ill - kasal $ illness - kasallik $$ Inject - ukol qilib yubormoq $ injection - ukol $$ Injure - zarar yetkazmoq $ injury - zarar $ injuries - shikastlanish $$ Operate - boshqarmoq , amalga oshirmoq $ operation - operatsiya $ operator - operator $ operating - operatsiyaga oid $ cooperate - hamkorlik qilmoq $ cooperation - hamkorlik $ (un)cooperative -birlashgan , qo'shma $$ Poison - zaharΒ $ poisonous - zaharli $ poisoning - zaharlash $$ Recover - tuzalmoq , sog'aymoq $ recovery - sog'ayish o'z holiga qaytish $$ Strong - kuchli $ strength - kuch $ strengthen - kuchaytirmoq $ strongly - kuch bilan $$ Surgery - jarrohlik $ surgeon - jarroh , xirurg $ surgical(ly) - jarrohlikka oid $$ Treat - munosabatda bo'lmoq $ treatment - munosabat , muomala @@ TOPIC VOCABULARY IN CONTRAST @@ $$ Prescription - retsept , tayinlash , ko'rsatma berish $ recipe - tayyorlash usuli $$ Operation - operatsiya $ surgery - jarrohlik $$ Sore - og'riganΒ $ hurt - shikastlangan $ pain - og'riq , dardΒ $$ illness - kasallik $ disease - xastalik $$ Injured - shikast yetkazmoq $ damaged - zarar yetkazmoq $$ Thin - oriq $ slim - nozik , ozg'in $$ Remedy - dori-darmon $ cure - kasallikka barham bermoq $ therapy - terapiya , muolaja $$ Effect - natija , ta'sirΒ ( maqsad , niyat ) $ result - natija ( o'yin , musobaqa yoki saylov so'ngida ) $$ Healty - sog'lom ( tana yoki aql ) $ fit - jismonan sog'lom $$ Examine - tekshirmoq ( imtijon qilib ) $ investigate - har tomonlama tekshirish $$ Infection - infektsiyaΒ ( yuqumli kasallik ) $ pollution - ifloslanish ( kir qilish ) $$ Plaster - plaster ( gips ) $ bandage - bint ( bint bilan bog'lamoq ) $$ Ward - shifoxona bo'limi $ clinic - klinika , shifoxona $$ Dose - doza , dori o'lchoviΒ $ fix - narkotik modda dozasi $$ fever - isitma $ rash β toshma Mr Holov 912622828 $$$ B2 Unit 15 $$$ The passive Form Noun + be in the correct form + past participle ( + by/with + noun ) @ Present simpleΒ ActiveΒ Ex: They grow bananas in tropical areas. Passive Am/is/are + past participle Ex: Bananas are grown in tropical areas. @ Present continuous ActiveΒ Ex: They are redecorating the cafe. Passive Am/is/are + ing + past participle Ex: The cafe is being redecorated. @ Present perfect simple ActiveΒ Ex: Has anyone peeled the carrots ? Passive Has/have + been + past participle Ex: Have the corrots been peeled ? @ Past simple Active Ex: They served the meal in on elegant dining room. Passive Was/were + past participle Ex: The meal was served in an elegant dinning room. @ Past continuous ActiveΒ Ex: We asked for coffee while they were preparing the bill. Passive Was/were + ing + past participle Ex: We asked for coffee while the bill was being prepared. @ Past perfect simple Active Ex: someone had eaten all the food by the time l got there. Passive Has + been + past participle Ex: All the food had been eaten by the time l got there. @ Will future Active Ex: We will deliver your pizza in forty minutes. PassiveWill + be + past participle Ex: your pizza will be delivered in forty minutes. @ Be going to futureΒ Active Ex: Overweight customers are going to sue Burgerland. Passive Is/are going to + be + past participle Ex: Burgerland is going to be sued by overweight customers. @ Future perfect simple Active Ex: They will have harvested all the grapes by the end of September.Β Passive Will + have + been + past participle Ex: All the grapes will have been harvested by the end of September.Β @ Modal Active Ex: You shuold brush the chicken breast with oil and then fry it. Passive Modal + be + past participle Ex: The chicken breat should be brushed with oil and then fried. @ Modal + perfect infinitive Active Ex: They should have delivered the groceries by now. Passive Modal + have + been + past participle Ex: The groceries should have been delivered by now. @ -ing (gerund) Active Ex: l donβt like people telling me what to do in the kitchen. Passive Being + past participle Ex: l donβt like being told what to do in the kitchen. USE @ Does/did ni kimgadir biror narsa bajarishini bilmaganimizda ishlatamiz Ex: My groceries have been stolen! @ Does/did ni kimgadir biror narsani qilishi aniq bo'lganda Ex: A boy was arrested in town yesterday for stealing an apple. @ Does/did ni kimgadir biror narsa muhim emasligini ifodalanganda Ex: The French bistro is being knocked down. @ Biz yangi ma'lumotni ta'kidlashni hohlaganimizda yoki odatdagi formal holatni ishlatganimizda Ex: The potato was brought to Europe by Sir Walter Raleigh. WATCH OUT @ Biz odatda passive fellari oldidan present perfect continuous , past perfect continuous , future continuous yoki future perfect continuous zamonlarini ishlatmaymiz , o'rniga biz turli so'z birikmasidan foydalanamiz. Ex: The restaurant has been under construction for four years. The restaurant has been being built for four years. Dave has been in training as a chef for three years. Dave has been being trained as a chef for three years. @ Biz odatda kimnidir biror narsani bajarishini , muhim ma'lumot aytganimizda faqat "by" ni ishlatamiz. Ex: Margarine was invented by a French chef. The best pizzas are made by the ltalians. Waiter! This steak has been overcooked by someone.Β @ Biz odatda "with" ni biror narsani haqida gapirganimizda ya'ni nimanidir buyumlar ( jonsiz narsa ) orqali bajarilishini ko'rsatilganda foydalaniladi Ex: The soup should then be stirred with a spoon. The soup should then be stirred by a spoon. @ Bazi fellar odatda passive da ishlatilmaydi. Ular o'timsiz fellarni o'z ichiga oladiΒ ( to'ldiruvchidan tashqari) , such as appear va die , va bazi o'timli fellar such as have , let , lack vahokazo B2 Unit 15 davomi 94-95 bet shaxsi ma'lum bo'lmagan majhul nisbat Boshqa odamlarning rasmiy uslubdagi fikrlarini ifodalaganda , biz ikki xil formadagi majhul nisbatdan foydalanamiz. Ular sonli fellarni o'z ichiga oladi.Β Say - aytmoq Believe - ishonmoq Think - o'ylamoq Claim - tasdiqlamoq Estimate - taxmin vakohazo Form Noun + is/are said to + bare infinitive / perfect infinitive It is said that + clause Active Ex: people think he is a great chef. Passive Ex: He is thought to be a great chef. It is thought that he is a great chef. Active Ex: People believe he was a great chef. Passive Ex: He is believed to have been a great chef. It is believed that he was a great chef. Active Ex: People claim he has had an influence on many other chefs. PassiveEx: He is claimed to have had an influence on many other chefs. It is claimed that he has had an influence on many other chefs. Active Ex: People say he has been making the best cheese in the area for over thirty years. Passive Ex: He is said to have been making the best cheese in the area for over thirty years. It is said that he has been making the best cheese in the area for over thirty years. Active Ex: People estimated that his restaurant was worth over $10 million. Passive Ex: His restaurant was estimated to be / to have been worth over $10 It was estimated that his restaurant was worth over $10 million Active Ex: People have suggested that he is a great chef. Passive Ex:It has been suggested that he is a great chef.Β Kuzatuv fellarida Form Noun + have/get in the correct form + noun + past participle ( + by/with + noun ) USE @ Kimdir nimanidir bajarishni ko'rsatib ularni tartibga solgandaΒ Ex: l have my groceries delivered by the supermarket once a week. We are having a new cooker put in tomorrow. We had a large wedding cake made. Have you had your kitchen decorated ? We are going to have the food for the party made by a catering company. @ Nazarda tutiladigan yoqimsiz voqea-hodisani tartibga solingandaΒ Ex: We had our herb garden vandalised while we were away. The Smiths have had their new microwave stolen. WATCH OUT @ Odatda have ga qaraganda ko'proq rasmiy holatda get dan foydalaniladi Ex: Can you go and get this recipe photocopeid for me ? @ Shuningdek get somebody to do va have somebody do ni biz uchun odamlarni nimanidir bajarishi hohlaganimizni nazarda tutganimizda Ex: Why donβt you get the chef to prepare you a vegetarian meal ? Why donβt you have the chef prepare you a vegetarian meal ? Vositali va vositasiz to'ldiruvchilar Bazi fellarni vositali va vositasiz to'ldiruvchilar orqali topiladi ( odatda odamlarni ) Bu fellarni o'z ichiga oladi Bring , buy , get , give , lend , make , offer , owe , pass , promise , send , show , take , teach , tell , write vahokazo Active Biz feldan keyin to'g'ridan - to'g'ri vositasiz to'ldiruvchi yoki gap oxirida predlog bilan ishlatamiz ( for/to vahokazo )Ex: A friend gave my sister this cookery book. A friend gave this cookery book to my sister. Passive Gapda egasi vositasiz to'ldiruvchi yoki gapda aktiv vositali to'ldiruvchi holatida keladi My sister was given this cookery book by a friend. This cookery book was given to my sister b a friend. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:58] π¦ 100-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 16 $$$ @@ WORD FORMATION @@ $$ Anxious - tashvishlangan , xavotirlangan $ anxiously - xavotirlik bilan $ anxiety - bezovtalik , notinchlik $$ Appreciate - yuqori baholamoq $ (un)appreciative(ly) - minnatdorchilik $ appreciation - baho $$ Contain - o'z ichiga olmoq $ container - biror narsa saqlanadigan idish , konteiner $ content(s) - tarkibi $$ Create - yaratmoq $ creative(ly) -ijodiy $ creation - yaratish , yaralish $ creativity - ijodkorlik $ creator - ijodkor , muallif $$ Disgust - jirkanish , nafratlanish $ disgusting - jirkanchli $ disgusted - jirkantirmoq , nafrat uyg'otmoq $$ Grow - o'smoq $ growth - o'sish $ grown-up - voyaga yetgan $ growing - o'sib boradigan $ grown - kap-katta $ home-grown -katta vatan $ grower - ishlab chiqaruvchilar $$ Mix - aralashtirib yubormoq $ mixed - aralashtirilgan $ mixture - aralashma $ mixer - mikser $$ Origin - kelib chiqishi $ (un)orginal(ly) - dastlabki kelib chiqishiga ko'ra $ originate - vujudga kelmoq $ originator - yo'qdan $$ Prepare - tayyor bo'lmoq $ preparation - tayyorlash $ preparatory - tayyorlov $ (un)prepared - tayyor $$ Safe - xavfsiz $ unsafe - xavfli $ (un)safely - bexatar holda $ save - qutqarmoq $ safety - xavfsizlik $ saviour - qitqaruvchi $ saver - omonatchi $$ Surprise - ajablantirmoq $ (un)surprising (ly)- ajablanarli $ surprised - ajablangan $$ Sweet - shirinlik $ sweetly - shirin $ sweetener - shakarni o'rnini bosuvchi narsa $ sweetness - shirinlik $$ thorough - batafsil $ thoroughly - butunlay $ thoroughness - puxtalik , sinchiklab bajarishlik Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:58] π¦ 100-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 16 $$$ @@ TOPIC VOCABULARY IN CONTRAST @@ $$ Chop - chopmoq $ slice - tilim , bo'lak , karch $ grate - maydalamoq , qirqmoq $$ Bake - duxovkada pishirmoq $ grill - qo'rada pishirmoq $ fry - qovurmoq $ roast - kabob qilingan $ boil - qaynagan $$ Cook - oshpaz $ cooker - pechka $ chef - bosh oshpaz $$ oven - pechka $ grill - qo'rada pishirmoq $ hob - gaz plitasining tepa qismi $$ Kitchen - oshxona $ cuisine - pishirish xonasi $$ Lunch - tushlik $ dinner - tushki ovqat , ziyofat $$ Plate - tarelka $ bowl - kosa $ saucer - tarelka $ dish - idish-tovoqlar $$ Vegetable - sabzavotga oid $ vegetarian - vegetarian $ vegan - qat'iiy vegetarian ( hech qanday hayvon mahsulotlarini iste'mol qilmaydigan kishi ) $$ fast food - fast fud , tezpishar taom $ takeaway - olib ketish $$ Kettle - choynak ( gazga qo'yiladigan ) $ teapot - choy damlaydigan choynak $$ Freezer - muzlatkich , muzxona ( muzlatish kamerasi ) $ fridge - muzlatkich $$ Frozen - muzlab qolgan $ freezing - muzlatadigan $$ Mix - aralashtirmoq ( xamirning kukun holidagi qorishmasi ) $ stir - aralashtirmoq ( tebranmoq ) $ whisk - ko'piklatgich $$ Soft drink - alkogolsiz ichimlik $ fizzy drink - gazli ichimlik $$ Menu - taomnoma , menyu $ catalogue - katalog Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 13:59] π¦ 100-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 16 $$$ @@ PRASAL VERBS @@ $ drop in (on) - kutilmaganda tashrif buyurish $ get on for - biror ( vaqt , miqdor , yosh ) ga yaqinlashmoq $ get off - aynimoq $ go on - davom etmoq $ go/come round - kimningdir uyiga ularni ko'rish uchun bormoq $ keep on - davom etmoq $ leave out - hisobga olmaslik $ put off - ko'ngilni qoldirmoq $ run into - to'satdan uchratib qolmoq $ run out of - tugatmoq , tugamoq $ take to - yoqtira boshlamoq , nimadir qilishga odatlanmoq $ try out - sinab ko'rmoq $ turn out - bo'lib chiqmoq $ turn up - paydo bo'lib qolmoq Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 106-107-bet π¦ $$$ B2 UNIT 17 $$$ π₯ Fel / ot / sifat so'z birikma + ing form π₯ @ Bazi fel , ot , sifat so'z birikmalari odatda -ing oladi. Ex:β l've finished writing my essay. Bularni o'z ichiga oladi π $ Admit - tan olmoq @ Appreciate - tushunmoq , qadirlamoq , anglab yetmoq $ Avoid - oldini olmoq @ Can't help - o'zini to'xtatolmaslik $ Delay - kechiktirmoq , sekinlatmoq @ Deny - rad etmoq $ Detest - juda yomon ko'rmoq @ Discuss - muhokama qilmoq $ Dislike - xush ko'rmaslik @ Enjoy - rohatlanmoq $ Escape - uchib ketmoq , bug'lanib ketmoq ( gaz va suyuqliklarga nisbatan qo'llaniladi ) @ Face - yuz(n) , yuzlanmoq , qaramoq (v) $ Fancy - fantaziya , orzu , tilak , xohish @ Feel like - yoqtirmoq $ Finish - tugatmoq @ Give up - voz kechmoq $ Involve - taqozo etmoq , jalb etmoq @ Keep (on) - davom etmoq $ Mention - eslatib o'tmoq , aytib o'tmoq @ Mind - aql , idrok , zehn (n) , zerikish , noqulaylik(v) $ miss - o'tkazib yubormoq @ Postpone - keyinga qoldirmoq , kechiktirmoq $ Practise - amaliyotda o'tkazmoq @ Put off - keyinga qoldirmoq $ Resist - qarshi turmoq @ Risk - tavakkal qilmoq $ Suggest - taqdim qilmoq , taklif qilmoq @ Understand - tushunmoq , anglamoq π WATCH OUT π @ Bazi fellar , otlar va sifatlar yuqoridagi ro'yxat shuningdek to'ldiruvchidan oldin -ing ishlatiladi. Ex:β l can't stand people cheating in exams. @ Biz predlogli feldan keyin , deyarli -ing ni ishlatamiz Ex:β l'm interested in hearing more about that course. π₯ Fel / ot / sifat so'z birikma + to'liq infinitive π₯ @ Bazi fel, ot, sifat so'z birikmalaridan keyin odatda to'liq infinitive ishlatiladi Ex:β Your answer appears to be wrong. Bularni o'z ichiga oladi π $ Able - qobiliyat @ Afford - biror nima qilish uchun yetarli pul , vaqt , imkoniyatga ega bo'lmoq $ Agree - rozi bo'lmoq @ Appear - ko'rinmoq $ Arrange - tartibga solmoq @ Ask - savol bermoq $ Attempt - sa'y-harakat , hujum qilish @ Beg - sadaqa , π sb for sth - yolvorib so'ramoq $ Choose - tanlamoq @ Decide - qaror qilmoq $ Encourage - ruhlantirmoq @ Expect - kutmoq $ Fail - muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchramoq @ Happen - sodir bo'lmoq $ Help - yordam bermoq @ Hope - umid qilmoq $ Manage - boshqarmoq @ Offer -taklif qilmoq $ Plan - reja @ Pleased - xursand $ Prepare - tayyorlamoq @ Pretend - (1) mug'ambirlik qilmoq , (2) da'vo qilmoq $ Promise - va'da bermoq @ Refuse - inkor qilmoq $ Seem - tuyulmoq @ Tend - g'amxo'rlik qilmoq $ Want - hohlamoq @ Wish - hohish , istak $ Would like - yoqtirmoq , xoxlamoq π WATCH OUT π @ Bazi fellar, otlar va sifatlar yuqoridagi ro'yxat shuningdek to'ldiruvchidan oldin to'liq infinitive ishlatiladi Ex:β l didn't want to take the exam. β My mum didn't want me to take the exam. π₯ Verb + bare infinitive π₯ Bazi fellar to'ldiruvchi + the bare infinitive ishlatiladi Ex:β You never let me say the answer. Bularni o'z ichiga oladi π $ Feel -his qilmoq @ Hear - eshitmoq $ Let - ruhsat bermoq @ Make - yasamoq $ Notice - e'lon @ See - ko'rmoq $ Watch - ko'rish , tomosha qilish π WATCH OUT π @ Feel , hear , notice , see va watch fellarini -ing formada ishlatiladi. Biz tez-tez bare infinitive uchun to'liq voqea-hodisani ( boshlashdan tugatishgacha ). Biz tez-tez bir vaqtda davom etayotgan voqea-hodisa uchun -ing ishlatamiz Ex:β l heard Miss Jenkins tell Julie not to do that. (= l heard all of it. ) β l heard Miss Jenkins telling Julie not to do that. (= l heard part of it. ) @ Majhul nisbatda , hear , make va see fellari to'liq infinitive bilan ishlatiladi Ex:β Active: The teacher made me stand in the corner. β Passive: l was made to stand in the corner. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 106-107-bet davomi π¦ $$$ B2 UNIT 17 $$$ π₯ Verb + full infinitive or -ing form with little or no change in meaning π₯ @ Bazi fellar to'liq infinitive yoki -ing bilan yoki o'zgarmas ma'noda ishlatiladi Ex:β We continued to do experiments in the lab all afternoon. β We continued doing experiments in the lab all afternoon. Bularni o'z ichiga oladi π $ Begin - boshlanish @ Can't bear / stand - chidayolmaslik $ Continue - davom etmoq @ Hate - nafratlanmoq $ Intend - rejalashtirmoq @ Love - sevmoq $ Prepare - tayyorlamoq @ Start - boshlamoq π₯ Verb + full infinitive or - ing form with a change in meaning π₯ @ Bazi fellar ham infinitive ham -ing formada ishlatiladi. Ma'nosiga qarab tanlanadi. Ex:β l remember teachers at my school hitting children when they were naughty! β Did you remember to do your homework? Bularni o'z ichiga oladi π Consider - muhokama qilmoq Forget - esdan chiqarmoq Go on - davom etmoq Imagine - tasavvur qilmoq Learn - o'rganmoq Like - yoqtirmoq Mean - ma'no anglatmoq Regret - pushaymonlik Remember - yodda saqlamoq Stop - to'xtatmoq Teach - o'rgatmoq Try - harakat qilmoq π₯ Prefer , would rather , had better π₯ Form β‘οΈ Prefer + noun / -ing + to + noun / -ing π₯ USE π₯ Umumiy afzal ko'rishni ifodalaganda Ex: l prefer biology to history. I prefer reading English texts to speaking in English. Form
π₯ USE π₯ Aniq afzal ko'rishni ifodalaganda ( aniq bir vaziyatda ) Ex: l'd prefer to have the lesson on Wednesday rather than ( [to] have it ) on Tuesday , if that's possible. Form
π₯ USE π₯ Umumiy yoki aniq afzal ko'rishni ifodalaganda Ex: l'd rather have the lesson on Wednesday than ( have it ) on Tuesday , if that's possible. Form
π₯ USE π₯ Umumiy yoki aniq afzal ko'rishni ifodalaganda ( boshqa kimdir haqida ) Ex: l'd rather you didnβt sit next to Brian. Form
π₯ USE π₯ Maslahat berilganda Ex: You'd better ask your parents if you can come on the school trip. π WATCH OUT π Biz odatda l donβt prefer deb aytolmaymiz . Biz l prefer not to dan foydalanamiz Ex:β l prefer not to have music on when l'm studying. π₯ Maqsad infinitive lari π₯ Biz kimnidir maqsadi haqida gapirganimizda ( ularni nimanidir bajarishidagi sabab ) ishlatamiz. β‘οΈ the full infinitive Ex: l went to university to avoid getting a job! β‘οΈ in order + full infinitive Ex: l went to u iniversity in order to avoid getting a job! β‘οΈ so as + full infinitive Ex: l went to university so as to avoid getting a job! π WATCH OUT π @ Biz so (that) ni bir xil fikr ifodalanganda ishlatamiz Ex:β l went to university so (that) l could avoid getting a job! @ Biz inkor ma'nodagi maqsadni odatda to'liq infinitive ning o'zida ishlatamiz Ex:β l went to university in order not to get a job! β l went to university so as not get a job! β l went to university not to get a job! Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 112-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 18 $$$ @@ PRASAL VERBS @@ $ catch on - tushunmoq $ come (a)round (to) - o'ziga kelmoq $ cross out - xato narsani ustidan chizmoq $ dawn on - birdaniga tushinib yetmoq $ deal with - eplamoq $ drop out (of) - chala qoldirmoq , oxiriga yetkazmaslik , yarmidan tashlab ketmoq $ get at - haqorat qilmoq , e'tiroz bildirmoq $ get on with - davom etmoq $ give in - shashtidan qaytmoq $ keep up with - yetishib olmoq $ sail through - judayam yaxshi eplamoq $ set out - batavsil tushintirmoq $ think over - yaxshilab o'ylab ko'rmoq Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 112-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 18 $$$ @@ WORD FORMATION @@ $$ Academy - akademiya $ academic - akademik $ academically - akademiyaga oid $$ Attend - g'amxo'rlik qilmoq $ attention - g'amxo'rlik $ (in)attentive(ly) - g'amxo'r $ attendance - ishtirok etish $ attendant - hamrohlik qilayotgan $$ Behave - o'zini tutmoq $ behaviour - xulq , axloq $$ Certify - tasdiqlamoq $ certificate - guvohnoma $ certified - tasdiqlangan $$ Educate - o'rgatmoq $ education - ta'lim $ educator - pedagog $ educational(ly) - ta'limiy $$ Fail - muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchramoq $ failure - muvaffaqiyatsizlik $ failing - nuqson $ improvement - yaxshilash $ improved - yaxshilangan $$ Intense - kuchli , shiddatli $ intensity - tezlik , shiddat $ intensify - kuchaytirmoq $ intensely - haddan $$ Literate - o'qimishli $ illiterate - o'qimagan $ (il)literacy - savodxonlik $ literature - adabiyot $$ Reason - sabab $ (un)reasonable - mulohazali $ (un)reasonably - odilona $ reasoning -mulohaza , fikr $$ Revise - tekshirib tuzatmoq $ revision - tekshirib tuzatish $ revised -tahrir qilingan $$ Scholar - olim $ scholarship - olimlik $ scholarly - ilmiy $ scholastic - o'qituvchi $$ Solve - hal qilmoq $ solution - eritma $ (un)solvable - hal $$ Study - o'rganmoq $ student - talaba $ studies - tadqiqotlar $ studious - studiyalari $$ Teach - o'rgatmoq $ teacher - o'qituvchi $ taught - o'rgatdi $$ Think - o'ylamoq $ thought - fikr $ (un)thinkable - xayolga ham keltirib bo'lmaydigan $ thoughtful - fikrli $ thoughtless - o'ylanmagan $$ Understand - tushunmoq $ (mis)understanding - tushinish , anglash $ (mis)understood - tushunib $ understandable - tushunarli , tushunsa bo'ladigan $ understandably - tushuniladigan Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 112-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 18 $$$ @@ TOPIC VOCABULARY IN CONTRAST @@ $$ Take - olmoq $ pass - imtihon topshirmoq $$ Read - o'qimoq $ study - o'qimoq , o'rganmoq $$ Test - imtihon , nazorat ishi $ exam - imtihon $$ Primary - boshlang'ich $ secondary - o'rta $ high - oliy $$ Colleague - hamkasb $ classmate - sinfdosh $$ Prefect - maktabdagi intizom uchun javobgar o'quvchi , navbatchi $ pupil - o'quvchi $ student - talaba $$ Qualifications - malaka , bitirilgan kurslar $ qualities - sifat , yuqori standart yoki daraja $$ Count - sanamoq , hisoblab chiqmoq $ measure - o'lchov , kattalik $$ Degree - daraja , unvon , martaba $ certificate - sertifikat , guvohnoma $ results - natija ( o'yin, musobaqa yoki saylov so'ngida ) $$ Speak - gapirmoq , nutq so'zlamoq $ talk - suhbatlashmoq , gaplashmoq ( biror kishi haqida ) $$ Lesson - dars $ subject - fan , mavzu $$ Achieve - erishmoq $ reach - yetib bormoq, erishmoq , yetishmoq $$ Task - vazifa, ish, mas'uliyat $ effort - sa'y-harakat $$ Know - tanimoq $ recognise - bilib olmoq $$ Teach - o'rgatmoq $ learn - o'rganmoq Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 118-119-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 19 $$$ π₯ Questions π₯ Form @ Asosiy fel bilan Ex: Am/Was l on time ? Are/Were you/we/they tired ? Is/Was he/she/it cold ? @ To be yordamchi feli bilan Ex: Am/was l interrupting you ? Are/Were you/we/they going on a picnic ? Is/Was he/she/it working ? @ Have yordamchi feli bilan Ex: Have/Had l/you/we/they got any money ? Has/Had he/she/it finished ? @ Have va yana boshqa asosiy fellar bilan Ex: Do/Did l/you/we/they have enough time ? Does/Did he/she/it need anything ? @ Modallar bilan Ex: Should l wait ? Could you help me ? Will she be here soon ? Minght they be lost ? @ Who - kim Whose - kimning Whom - kimni , kimga What - nima Which - qaysi Where - qayerga When - qachon Why - nima uchun How - qanday , qay holatda bilan ishlatiladi Ex: Who is taking the rubbish out ? Whose book is this ? To whom did you speak ? What is the weather like ? Which do you want ? Where did you go on holiday ? When is Terry starting work ? Why did they leave ? How do you spell environment ? π WATCH OUT π @ So'roq so'zlar who va what , whether bilan biz do ni ishlatishimiz yoki ishlatolmasligimiz ega yoki to'ldiruvchi feliga bog'liq bo'ladi Ex:β Subject: Who saw you ? (=Someone saw you. Who ? ) β Object: Who did you see ? (= You saw someone. Who ? ) @ Estalma: Do/does dan keyin , biz bare infinitive ishlatamiz Ex:β Did you go to the talk on the environment ? β Did you want to the talk on the environment ? β Does Tom want a glass of orange juice ? β Does Tom wants a glass of orange juice ? @ Eslatma so'roq so'zlarning ma'nosi boshqa asosiy fellar bilan o'xshash Ex:β What does environmental mean ? β What means environmental ? Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ B2 Unit 19 davomi 118-119-bet π¦ π₯ Question tags π₯ Form @ Asosiy fel bilan Ex: You are Canadian , aren't you ? She is beautiful , isn't she ? @ Yordamchi fellar va modallar bilan Ex: You haven't lost my CD , have you ? We are having the lesson early tomorrow , aren't we ? People should recycle things , shouldn't they ? There will be lots of people there , won't there ? @ Asosiy fel have bilan Ex: Tom has a lovely voice , hasn't/doesn't he ? @ Boshqa fellar bilan Ex: You play the guitar, donβt you ? Frank lives in Germany now , doesn't he ? Your friends really enjoyed themselves at the party , didn't they ? @ Let's bilan Ex: Let's get a DVD tonight , shall we ? @ Buyruq tarzida Ex: Pass me that book , will/would/could you ? Don't forget tonight , will you ? π₯ USE π₯
( nutq ohangini pasayishi ) Ex:lt's really hot , isn't it ? @ Nimanidir to'g'riligini tekshirganimizda ( nutq ohangi ko'tarilishi ) Ex: You're Spanish , aren't you ? π WATCH OUT π @ Gapda l am bilan kelganda , biz tag question da aren't l ? formasidan foydalanamiz. Gapda l am not bilan kelganda am l formasini ishlatamiz Ex:β l 'm the best student in the class , aren't l ? β l'm not very tall , am l ? @ Everyone , no one va someone bilan biz tag question da ko'plikdagi felni va theyni ishlatamiz β Everyone's going to be there , aren't they ? β No one wants to come , do they ? β Someone's been in here , haven't they ? @ Odatda biz tag question so'roqlarni quyidagi ko'rinishda ishlatamiz darak feli inkor ma'nodagi felga , inkor feli darak ma'nodagi felga aylantiriladi. Inkor ma'noni ifodalovchi so'zlar gapda qatnashgan bo'lsa masalan: no , little , never , nobody , no one , hardly vahokazo , biz bu holatda darak ma'noni ifodalaydigan yordamchi felini ishlatamiz Ex:β You have got no manners , have you ? β We never enjoy our holiday , do we ? @ Gapning ega vazifasida "there" kelsa , biz tag question ga there takrorlab yozamiz Ex:β There's no point calling Tim now , is there ? Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ B2 Unit 19 yakunlanishi 118-119-bet π¦ π US vs UK GRAMMER π @ Amerika ingliz tilisida tag question li gapda "have got" yordamchi felidan keyin qismi "do" ishlatiladi , bunday holat odatda Britaniya ingliz tilida ishlatilmaydi US: They've got a lot of money , donβt they ? UK: They've got a lot of money , haven't they ? π₯ Indirect question π₯ Form Introductory phrase or question + clause with normal word order π₯ USE π₯ Biz indirect question ni biror natsani muloyimlik bilan so'raganimizda ishlatamiz π Bazi kirish so'z birikma va so'roqlar π @ Can/Could you tell me ... ? Ex: Could you tell me what time it is ? @ Could you let me know...? Ex: Could you let me know when it starts ? @ Do you know ... ? Ex: Do you know who that woman is ? @ l wonder if you could tell me ... Ex: l wonder if you could tell me how much this costs. @ l wonder if you know ... Ex: l wonder if you know what the starting salary is. @ l would like to know ... Ex: l would like to know what your company is going to do about it. π WATCH OUT π @ Biz so'z tartibidagi gapning ikkinchi qismida "do" ni ishlatmaymiz Ex:β l would like to know when the next train to London leaves. β l would like to know when does the next train to London leave. @ Bazi indirect so'roqlar , so'roq so'z boshida , yordamchi fel esa oxirida qo'yilgan holatda ishlatiladi Ex: Could you tell me where the library is ? @ Agar direct so'roqdagi "yes/no" so'zlari , indirect so'roq gapdagi ekvivalenti if yoki whether ishlatiladi Ex:β l wonder if/whether you have read this book. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 124-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 20 $$$ @@ PRASAL VERBS @@ $ call for - muxtoj bo'lmoq , talab qilmoq $ call off - bekor qilmoq $ clear up - ( havoga nisbatan ) ochilmoq $ cut off - biror bir joyga kirishni imkonsiz qilmoq , ta'minotni to'xtatmoq , uzilib qolmoq $ die down - pasaymoq $ do up - tuzatmoq $ face up to - boricha qabul qilmoq $ get (sb) down - tushkunlikka tushirmoq $ put down to - ...ga yoymoq $ put out - yonayotgan narsani o'chirmoq $ set in - boshlamoq $ stand for - ...ning qisqartmasi , chidamoq $ tear down - buzib tashlamoq $ throw away - tashlab yubormoq Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 124-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 20 $$$ @@ WORD FORMATION @@ $$ Accurate - aniq , to'g'ri $ accurately - aniq , xatosiz $ inaccurate(ly) - noaniq $ (in)accuracy - noaniqlik $$ Danger - xavf , xatar $ dangerous(ly) - xavfli $ endanger - havf ostida qoldirmoq $ endangered - xavf ostida $$ Develop - rivojlanib bormoq , o'sib bormoq $ (un)developed - rivojlangan $ developing - rivojlanayotgan $ developer - imorat soluvchi/ko'taruvchi shaxs/korxona $ development - rivojlanish $$ Environment - atrof-muhit $ environmental(ly) - atrof-muhitga oid $ environmentalist - atrof-muhitni himoya qilishga harakat qiladigan odam $$ Extreme - eng oxirgi $ extremely -juda $ extremity - nihoyat $ extremist - ekstremist $$ Freeze - sovuq $ froze - muzlab qolmoq $ frozen - muzlagan $ freezing - muzlatadigan $ freezer - muzlatkich $$ Globe - globus , yer shari $ global(ly) - global , umumiy, umumjahon $$ Great - buyuk , katta , ulkan $ greatly - juda $ greatness - buyuklik $$ Harm - zarar $ harmful(ly) -zararli $ harmless(ly) -zararsiz $ (un)harmed - zarar yetkazmoq $$ Likely - ehtimol $ unlikely - haqiqatdan yiroq $ likelihood - ehtimollik $$ Low - past $ lower - pastki $ lowness - xorlik $$ Nature - tabiat $ (un)natural(ly) - tabiiy $$ Neighbour - qo'shni , yaqinidagi $ neighbourly - ahil $ neighbouring - qo'shni , yonma-yon joylashgan $ Neighbourhood - shahar ichidagi tuman , mahalla $$ Pollute - ifloslamoq , zaharlamoq $ (un)polluted - kir qilmoq $ pollution - zaharlash $ pollutant - ifloslantiruvchi modda $$ Reside - muayyan yerda yashamoq $ residential - aholi yashaydigan ( joy yoki hududga nisbatan ) $ resident - yashovchi $ residence - turar joy , istiqomat qilish joyi $$ Sun - quyosh $ sunny - quyoshli $ sunshine - quyosh yorug'ligi Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 124-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 20 $$$ @@ TOPIC VOCABULARY IN CONTRAST @@ $$ Urban - shaharga oid $ suburban - shahar atrofiga oid $ rural - qishloqqa xos bo'lgan $$ Smog - chang , yonilg'i bug'i aralashmasidan iborat zaharlangan havo $ fog - tuman $ smoke - tutun bilan qoplangan $ mist - qirovli tuman $$ Weather - ob-havo $ climate - iqlim $$ Forecast - oldindan aytib berish $ prediction - bashorat qilmoq $$ Waste - chindi , axlat $ litter - supurindi $ rubbish - axlat , chiqindi $$ Clean - kir bo'lgan narsani tozalamoq $ clear - dog'siz , toza $$ Pour - ( suyuqlikka nisbatan qo'laniladi ) to'kilmoq $ drizzle - yomg'irning mayda yog'ishi $ flood - suv bosmoq $$ Environment - atrof - muhit $ surroundings - atrof , tevarak $$ Wind - shamol $ air - havo $$ Reservoir - suv ombori $ lake - ko'l $ puddle - ko'lmak $ pond - hovuz , sun'y ko'l $$ Thunder - momaqaldiroq $ lightning - chaqmoq $$ Global - dunyo miqyosidagi $ worldwide - butun dunyo bo'ylab $$ Plain - tekis yer $ land - quruqlikdagi yer $ field - dala , ekinzor maydoni $ desert - cho'l , sahro $$ Extinct - ( hayvon , o'simlik va boshqalarga nisbatan ) yo'q bo'lib ketgan $ endangered - xavf ostida qolgan , yo'qolib borayotgan $$ Recycle - asrab qo'yib qayta foydalanmoq $ reuse - qayta foydalanmoq Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 130-131-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 21 $$$ π₯ Reported speech: da zamon va modal o'zgarishi π₯ @ Biz reported speech da kimnidir aytayotgan gapini boshqa kishiga aytganimizda ishlatamiz Ex: Jason said he was going to buy a new pair of trainers. @ Agar xabardagi fel "said" bo'lsa biz odatda zamon va olmoshni o'zgartiramiz β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ Present simple β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ Pat simple Ex:"l need a credit card," said Tim β Tim said he needed a credit card. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ Present continuous β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ Past continuous Ex: "I'm taking Lizzie shopping," said Tim β Tim said he was taking Lizzie shopping. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ Present perfect simple β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ Past perfect simple Ex: "l've bought Tom a parent," said Tim β Tim said he'd bought Tom a present. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ Present perfect continuous β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ Ex: "l've been thinking about buying a car ," said Tim β Tim said he'd been thinking about buying a car. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ Past simple β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ Past perfect simple Ex: "l spent six euros," said Tim β Tim said he'd spent six euros. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ Past continuous β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ Past perfect continuous Ex: " l was hoping to find a new top ,"said Tim β Tim said he'd been hoping to find a new top. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ Past perfect simple β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ Past perfect simple ( zamon o'zgarmaydi ) Ex: " l'd looked everywhere for my credit card before l found it ,"said Tim β Tim said he'd looked everywhere for his credit card before he found it. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ Past perfect continuous β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ Past perfect continuous ( zamon o'zgarmaydi ) Ex: " l'd been looking for that book for weeks before l found it ," said Tim β Tim said he'd been looking for that book for weeks before he found it. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ Am/is/are going to β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ Was/were going to Ex: " l'm going to go shopping ," said Tim β Tim said he was going to go shopping. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ Will β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ Would Ex: "l'll need a credit card ," said Tim β Tim said he would need a credit card. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ Can β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ Could Ex:" l can take Lizzie shopping ," said Tim β Tim said he could take Lizzie shopping. $$ Direct speech $$ Must/have to $$οΈ Reported speech οΈ$$ Had to Ex: " l must go to the supermarket ," said Tim β Tim said he had to go to the supermarket. $$ Direct speech $$ May $$ Reported speech $$ Might Ex: " l may go shopping later ," said Tim β Tim said he might go to shopping later. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 130-131-bet B2 Unit 21 davomi π¦ π WATCH OUT π @ Bazi zamon feli yoki modalni o'zgartimaymiz , ilmiy fakt axboroti yoki hozirgacha nimanidir to'g'riligini ifodalaganda Ex:β " Most banks charge interest ," said Tim β Tim said most banks charge interest. π₯ Reported speech: olmish va aniqlochining o'zgarishi π₯ @ Reported speech bilan odatda bazi olmosh va aniqlochining o'zgarishi Bularni o'z ichiga oladi π β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ My β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ His/her Ex: " l've lost my credit card ," said Tim β Tim said he had lost his credit card. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ This/that + noun β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ The/that Ex: " l love this sweater ," said Tim β Tim said he loved the/that sweater. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ This/that + verb β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ It Ex: " This is a lovely sweater ," said Tim β Tim said it was a lovely sweater. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ These/those + noun β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ The/those Ex: " l love those sweater ," said Tim β Tim said he loved the/those sweater. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ These/those + verb β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ They Ex: " These are lovely sweaters ," said Tim β Tim said they were lovely sweater. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ Verb + these/those β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ Them Ex: " l'm going to buy these ," said Tim β Tim said he was going to buy them. π₯ Reported speech: vaqt va joyni ifodalovchi predlog o'zgarishi π₯ @ Reported speech bilan odatda vaqt va joy so'z birikmalar o'zgarishi Bularni o'z ichiga oladi π $$ Direct speech $$ Here $$ Reported speech $$ There Ex: " l usually shop here ," said Tim β Tim said he usually sjopped there. $$ Direct speech $$ Now/at the moment $$ Reported speech $$ Then/at that moment Ex: " l'm shopping at the moment ," said Tim β Tim said he was shopping then/at that moment. $$ Direct speech $$ Tomorrow $$ Reported speech $$ The next/following day Ex: "l'm going shopping tomorrow, " said Tim β Tim said he was going to shopping the next/ following day. $$ Direct speech $$ Tonight $$ Reported speech $$οΈοΈ That night Ex: "l'm going shopping tonight ," said Tim β Tim said he was going shopping that night. $$ Direct speech $$ Next week/month/year $$ Reported speech $$ The following week/month/year Ex: "l'm going shopping next week ," said Tim β Tim said he was going shopping the following week. $$ Direct speech $$ Yesterday $$ Reported speech $$ The day before/the previous day Ex: "l went shopping yesterday , " said Tim β Tim said he'd been shopping the day before / the previous day. $$ Direct speech $$ Last week / month / year $$ Reported speech $$ The week / month / year before / the previous week / month / year Ex: " l went shopping last week ," said Tim β Tim said he'd been shopping the week before / the previous week. $$ Direct speech $$ Ago $$ Reported speech $$ Before / previously Ex: " l went shopping two days ago ," said Tim β Tim said he'd been shopping two days before / previously. π WATCH OUT π @ Biz bazi vaqt so'zlari / so'z birikmalarni ma'lumotni hozirgacha to'g'riligini , ayni paytda gapirilayotganini , yozilayotganini ifodalanganda o'zgartishimizni hojat yo'q Ex: β " l'm going shopping tomorrow ," said Tim to Ben β Ben immediately called Lizzie and said , " Tim said he's going shopping tomorrow. " Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 130-131-bet B2 Unit 21 yakunlanishi π¦ π₯ Reported question π₯ @ Biz reported question da kimdandir biror narsani hohlashini so'raganimizda ishlatamiz Ex: Tim asked Tom if he wanted to go shopping with him. @ Biz reported question dagi bazi zamonlar to'g'risidagi qoidalar , olmosh , vaqt va joy so'zi / so'z birikmasini reported speech da foydalanamiz β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ Have , do , be or modal ( ie yes/no questions ) β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ If yoki whether ishlatiladi Ex: "Can you get me an ice cream , Tom ? " asked Tim. β Tim asked Tom if / whether he could get him an ice cream. β‘οΈ Direct speech β‘οΈ What , who , which , when , where , why va how β‘οΈ Reported speech β‘οΈ What , who , which , when , where , why va how Ex: "why did you buy these shoes ? " asked Tim. β Tim asked me why l had bought those shoes. π WATCH OUT π @ Direct question da so'roq shaklidagi gap va so'roq belgisini ishlatamiz. ( Can you ... ? ) Reported question da biz so'roq shaklidagi gap yoki so'roq belgisini ishlatolmaymiz ( asked if he could ... ). π₯ Reporting verbs π₯ @ Reporting fellari gramatik shaklida farq qiladi. Shakliga qaraganda ko'proq bazi fellarni oladi. β deny ( verb + noun ) Ex: Katie denied the accusation. β deny ( verb + that clause ) Ex: Katie denied (that) she was a shoplifter. β deny ( verb + ing ) Ex: Katie denied stealing the chocolate biscuits. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 136- bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 22 $$$ @@ TOPIC VOCABULARY IN CONTRAST @@ $$ Economic - iqtisodiy $ economical - tejamkor $$ Receipt - kvitantsiya , qabul/tasdiq hujjati $ bill - banknota , hisob varag'i $$ Make - yaratmoq , yasamoq $ brand - tamg'alamoq , belgi quymoq $$ Bargain - savdolashuv $ sale - savdo-sotiq $$ Discount - chegirma $ offer - ma'lum pul miqdorini to'lashni taklif qilmoq $$ Price - mahsulot narxini ustiga yozib qo'ymoq $ cost - tannarx , qiymat $$ Change - mayda pul $ cash - naqt pul $$ Wealth - mol-mulk , boylik $ fortune - boylik , ko'p miqdordagi $$ Till - kassa $ checkout - ro'yxatdan o'chirilish $$ Products - mahsulot $ goods - mol , tavar , yuk $$ Refund - pulni qaytarib bermoq $ exchange - xorijiy valyuta $$ Fake - qalbaki , soxta $ plastic - plastmassa Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 136- bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 22 $$$ @@ WORD FORMATION @@ $$ Accept - qabul qilmoq $ acceptance - qabul qilish $ accepting - qabul $ (un)acceptable - qabul qilinadigan $ (un)acceptably - ma'qul $$ Assist - yordamlashmoq $ assistance - yordam berish $ assistant - yordamchi $$ Day - kun $ daily - har kungi $ everyday - har kuni $$ Economy - iqtisodiyot $ economic - iqtisodiy $ (un)economical(ly) - iqtisodiy nuqtayi nazardan $ economics - iqtisodiyot fani $ economist - iqtisodchi $$ End - oxiri $ endless(ly) - cheksiz $ ending - tugatish $ unending - cheksiz $$ Expense - xarajat $ (in)expensive(ly) - arzon $ expenses -xarajatlar $$ Finance - mablag' $ financial(ly) - moliyaviy $ finances - moliya $$ Invest - sarmoya qo'ymoq , pul sarflamoq $ investment - investitsiya $ investor - pul qo'ygan kishi $$ Luxury - hashamat , dabdaba $ luxuries - to'kinlik $ luxurious(ly) - hashamatli $$ Pay - maosh $ paid - ijaraga olingan $ payment - to'lash $ payable - to'lanadigan $$ Poor - kambag'al $ poorly - achinarli holatda $ poverty - qashshoqlik $$ Real - haqiqiy $ unreal - haqiqiy emas $ really - haqiqatan $ realise - tasavvur qilmoq $ realisation - amalga oshirish $ reality - haqqoniy $ realistic (ally) - haqiqiy $$ Value - qiymat $ (in)valuable - qimmatbaho $ (in)valuably - bebaho $ valueless - foydasiz $ valuation - baholash $$ Wealth - boylik $ wealthy - badavlat Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 136-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 22 $$$ @@ PRASAL VERBS @@ $ bank on - ...ga bog'liq $ come across - tasodifan duch kelmoq $ come by - olishi qiyin bo'lgan narsani olmoq $ come into - ...ga o'tmoq $ do without - ...siz yashamoq $ get by - pulni bir amallab yetqazmoq $ get through - tugatmoq $ give away - tekinga bermoq , yashirmoqchi bo'lgan narsani oshkor etmoq $ live on - bilan tirikchilik qilmoq $ look round - ko'rib chiqmoq ( biror bir joyni ) $ make out - kerakli ma'lumotni yozib qo'ymoq $ make up for - yaxshiroq narsa berib ovintirmoq $ put by - kelajak uchun pul jamg'armoq $ save up ( for ) - oz oz pul jamg'arib qo'ymoq Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 142-143-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 23 $$$ π₯ Relative clauses π₯ Relative clauses nimanidir , kimnidir haqida qo'shimcha ma'lumot berilganda yoki ma'lum bir shaxs , narsa bir biriga o'xshashligi haqida gapirganimizda ishlatamiz. Ular tez tez so'zlar orqali qo'llaniladi π₯ USE π₯ @ Which ( narsalar va hayvonlar uchun ) Ex: Did you see the film which was on TV last night ? @ Who ( odamlar , hayvonlar uchun biz ularni shaxsini bilishni hohlaganimizda ) Ex: Tom Davies , who is appearing in concert in Reading this week , is with me in the studio. @ When ( vaqt uchun ) Ex: Do you remember the day when we met ? @ Where ( joy uchun ) Ex: This is the place where they filmed Citizen Kane. @ Why ( sababni ko'rsatish uchun ) Ex: That's the reason why he's so popular. @ Whom ( relative clause da odamlar to'ldiruvchi vazifasida kelganda ) Ex: ls that the man whom we saw at the cinema yesterday ? @ Whose ( nimagadir ega bo'lish ) Ex: My next guest on the show is John Travolta , whose career goes back to the early seventies. π WATCH OUT π @ Relative olmoshlari ega vazifasida ( who , which , ) keldanda ulardan keyin yana boshqa ega kelmaydi Ex:β l admire Jude Law , who always works hard on his films. β l admire Jude Law , who he always works hard on his films. @ Whom ozgina rasmiy . Ingliz tilida who ni o'rniga whom norasmiy holatda ishlatiladi , relative clause da to'ldiruvchi vazifasida keladi. Biroq predlogdan keyin biz odatda whom ishlatamiz. Odatda norasmiy holatda predlog oxirida bog'lovchi qo'yiladi va who ishlatiladi. Ex:β ls that the man who we saw at the cinema yesterday ? β Charlie Chaplin was a comic genius to whom all comedians owe a great deal. β Charlie Chaplin was a comic genius who all comedians owe a great deal to. @ Where ning o'rniga predlog bila which ishlatiladi. Ozroq rasmiy holatda predlog oxirida bog'lovchini qo'yamiz. Ex:β The theatre where / in which l first acted is somewhere around here. β The theatre which l first acted in is somewhere around here. @ Biz bir xil narsa bilan when ni ishlatamiz Ex:β Do you know the year when / in which the first western was made ? β Do you know the year which the first western was made in ? π₯ Non-defining relative clauses π₯ Non-defining relatove clause da kimdir , nimadir haqida qo'shimcha ko'proq ma'lumot berilganida ishlatiladi. Relative clauses dan tashqari to'liq yasalgan gap π₯ USE π₯ Kimdir , nimadir haqida qo'shimcha ma'lumot berilganda Ex: Ray Watson , who starred in Bandits , is considering making a film based on the life of Einstein. π WATCH OUT π @ Qo'shimcha ma'lumot berishda ishlatilgan bog'lovchilar gapda vergul bilan ajratiladi Ex:β Megamonsters , which was filmed in New York , is a very disappointing film. @ Relative clause which so'zi olib tashlanganda yoki o'rniga boshqa so'z masalan that qo'llanilganida bu gap to'liq xato hisoblanadi Ex:β Megamonsters , was filmed in New York, is a very disappointing film. β Megamonsters , that was filmed in New York ,is a very disappointing film. @ Which to'liq gapning oxirida ishlatiladi Ex:β We finally got tickets for the concert , which was very lucky. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 142-143-bet B2 Unit 23 davomi π¦ π₯ Defining relative clauses π₯ Defining relative clauses bir guruh narsalar , odamlar haqida gapirganimizda ishlatiladi. Odatda relative clause dan tashqari to'liq gap yasalmaydi π₯ USE π₯ @ Bir guruh narsalar , odamlar haqida gapirganimizda ishlatamiz Ex: The book which l've read was the best of all. The one who is wearing a blue shirt is Justin Timberlake , isn't it ? π WATCH OUT π @ Defining relative clauses gapi vergul bilan ajratilmaydi Ex: This is the DVD which l told you about the other day. @ Biz relative clause o'niga that dan foydalansak bo'ladi Ex: This is the DVD that l told you about the other day. @ Biz which relative clause ni olib tashlagan holatda bog'lovchi o'rniga to'ldiruvchi qo'yiladi Ex: This is the DVD l told you about the other day. @ Eslatma: biz that o'rniga predlogdan foydalana olmaymiz , where yoki when ishlatamiz Ex:β The theatre where l first acted is somewhere around here. β The theatre where l first acted in is somewhere around here. β Do you know the year when the first western was made ? β Do you know the year when the first western was made in ? π₯ Participles π₯ β‘οΈ Hozirgi zamondagi sifatdosh oxiriga -ing qo'yiladi β‘οΈ Odatda o'tgan zamondagi sifatdosh oxiriga -ed , ko'p noto'g'ri fellar esa o'zagi o'zgaradi β‘οΈ Perfect sifatdoshlarining formasi Having + past participle ishlatiladi π₯ USE π₯
( present va perfect sifatdoshlari ) Ex: By appearing in that cigarette advert , he damaged his acting career. After playing / having played video games all morning , l was really tired. @ nimanidir sababi izohlanganda Ex: Being quite good looking , Ralph decided to make a career as a model. Having seen the film before , l knew what was going to happen. @ Bir xil vaqtdagi voqea-hodisalar haqida gapirganimizda ishlatamiz ( present sifatdoshida ) Ex: Waiting for the show to begin , l felt really nervous. @ Bazi relative clause o'rniga ishlatilganda Ex: Imagine being the person directing a big budget film! (= lmagine being the person who is directing a big budget film! ) @ o'tgan zamondagi voqea-hodisalar ketma-ket sodir bo'layotganini ifodalaganda Ex: Having finished my homework , l decided to go to the cinema. @ Passive formadan birini tanlab olinganida Ex: Made to wait , the actor began to get very annoyed. π WATCH OUT π @ Bu sifatdoshdan ehtiyot bo'ling , 2 gapda bir xil ega bo'ladi Ex:β Watching TV , l saw a news report about Hollywood. β Watching TV , a news report came on about Hollywood. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:06] π¦ 148-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 24 $$$ @@ TOPIC VOCABULARY IN CONTRAST @@ $$ Enjoy - rohatlanmoq $ entertain - ko'ngil ko'tarmoq $$ Play - spektakl , pyesa , drama sahna asari $ act - san'at , rol o'ynamoq $ star - yulduz , bosh rolni o'ynamoq $$ Audition - aktyor , qo'shiqchining kichik chiqishi $ rehearsal - repetitsiya $$ Rehearse - mashq qilmoq $ practise - mashq qilmoq ( amaliy ) $$ Scene - ko'rinish , sahna $ scenery - manzara , peyzaj $ stage - sahna ( teatrda o'ynash joyi ) $$ Band - musiqachilar guruhi $ orchestra - orkestr $ group - guruh ( tabaqa ) $$ Review - qaytadan ko'rib chiqish $ criticism - tahlil $$ Ticket - chipta , bilet $ fee - haq , badal $$ Novel - roman $ fiction - fantastik asar $$ Comic - kulgili $ cartoon - multifilm $ comedian - komik $$ Watch - ko'rmoq ( tomosha qilmoq ) $ see - ko'rmoq ( ko'rish qobiliyat ega bo'lmoq ) $ look - qaramoq ( nazar tashlamoq ) $$ Listen - eshitmoq ( radiodan va boshqa narsalardan eshitish ) $ hear - eshitmoq ( quloq solmoq ) Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:49] π¦ 148-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 24 $$$ @@ PRASAL VERBS @@ $ come (a)round - yana sodir bo'lmoq $ count on - ga ishonmoq $ drop off - uxlab qolmoq $ drown out - biror-bir kishining gapini eshitmaslik uchun yoki boshqalarni eshitishni xoxlamasligi uchun undanda baland ovozda gapirmoq $ fall for - yolg'onga ishonmoq $ get along (with) - yaxshi chiqishmoq $ go down (as) - sifatida esda qolmoq $ grow on - yoqtira boshlamoq $ let down - kimnidir hafa qilmoq $ name after - nomini bermoq $ put on - ushlab turmoq ( rol o'ynamoq ) $ show off - o'zini ko'rsatmoq , ko'z ko'z qilmoq $ take after - o'xshamoq ( harakteri jihatdan ) $ take off - tez mashhur bo'lmoq Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:49] π¦ 148-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 24 $$$ @@ WORD FORMATION @@ $$ Act - ijro etmoq $ (in)active(ly) - aktiv $ acting - rol o'ynash $ actor - aktyor $ actress - aktrisa $ action - muhim voqea-hodisa $ (in)activity - aktivlik , faollik $$ Amuse - kuldirmoq $ (un)amusing(ly) - kuldiradigan , kulgili $ amusement - xursandchilik $$ Bore - zeriktirmoq $ boring(ly) - zerikarli $ bored - zerrikkan $ boredom - zerikish $$ Converse - suhbatlashmoq $ conversation - suhbat $$ Current - shu kungi $ currently - hozirgi kunda $$ Entertain - ko'ngil ko'tarmoq $ entertaining - ko'ngil ochar $ entertainment - o'yin-kulgi $ entertainer - qiziqchi $$ Excite - hayajonlantirmoq $ (un)exciting - hayajonli $ excited(ly) - xursand bo'lgan $ excitement - xursanfchilik $$ Fame - mashhurlik $ (in)famous(ly) - mashhur taniqli $$ Involve - jalb etmoq $ (un)involved - jalb qilingan $ involvement - jalb qilish $$ Perform - ijro etmoq $ performing - sahna $ performance - spektakl , tomosha $ performer - ijro etuvchi $$ Popular - mashhur $ unpopular - ommaviy bo'lmagan $ popularly - xalq orasida $ popularity - mashhurlik $$ Say - aytmoq $ saying - maqol $$ Suggest - taklifvqilmoq $ suggested - taklif $ suggestive(ly) - eslatuvchi , yodga soluvchi $ suggestion - taklif , taqdim $$ Vary - farq qilmoq $ (in)variable - o'zgaruvchan $ (in)variably - hamisha $ varying - turli $ varied - har xil $ various(ly) - xilma-xil $ variation - tur , xil $ variety - xilma-xillik Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:49] π¦ 154-155-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 25 $$$ π₯ Unreal past π₯ Odatda o'tgan zamondagi vaqt nazarda tutilmaydi. Bazi gaplarda , bazi fellarda yoki so'z birikmalarida biz o'tgan , hozirgi va kelasi zamondan umumiy holatda ishlatamiz. Bu gaplarni o'z ichiga oladi π β‘οΈ Tuzilishi β‘οΈ A second conditional Ex: l'd buy that top if l had more cash on me. β‘οΈ Tuzilishi β‘οΈ Suppose /what if / imagine Ex: l know it's probably not going to happen but suppose / imagine l become a famous super model! I know it's probably not going to happen but what if l became a famous super model ? β‘οΈ Tuzilishi β‘οΈ Would rather + you/he/she/we/they Ex: l'd rather you didnβt come with me to the fashion show tomorrow. β‘οΈ Tuzilishi β‘οΈ It's (high/about) time Ex: lt's ( high / about ) time that hats came back in fashion. β‘οΈ Tuzilishi β‘οΈ Polite questions Ex: Did you want me to send you our new catalogue when it comes out ? β‘οΈ Tuzilishi β‘οΈ Wish / if only Ex: lf only / l wish l had something to wear tonight. π WATCH OUT π Suppose / what if va imagine hozirgi zamonda ishlatiladi. Hozirgi zamonda sodir bo'ladigan voqea-hodisa ko'proq o'xshaydi. Ozgina o'tgan zamonda sodir bo'ladigan voqea-hodisaga o'xshaydi Ex:β What if you are accepted into art college ? ( sodir bo'shiga ko'proq o'xshaydi ) β what if you were accepted into art college ? ( sodir bo'lishiga kamroq o'xshaydi ) π₯ Wish π₯ Wish / if only tuzilishi , ishlatilishi bilan farq qiladi , biz aniq hohlaganimizni ifodalanishiga bog'liq π₯ USE π₯ @ Wish hozir , kelasi yoki umumiy biror narsa haqida ifodalanganda @ $ wish / if only + past simple continuous $ Ex: l wesh l was studying history of fashion instead of biology! @ Wishes o'tmishni ifodalanganda @ $ wish/if only + past perfect simple/continuous $ Ex: lf only l'd known Burton's was having a sale last week. @ Boshqa odamlarni tanqid qilinganida yoki hozirgi holati haqida shikoyat qilinganida , umumiy kelajakda ishlatiladi @ $ wish / if only + would $ Ex: lf only Henry would get a haircut! @ Farazdagi qobiliyatini ifodalanganda yoki hozirgi , kelajakdagi , umumiy holat ruxsat berilganda @ $ Wish / if only + could $ Ex: l wish l could fit into these jeans. @ rasmiy holatdagi hohishni ifodalanganda @ $ Wish + full infinitive $ Ex: l wish to try on this ball gown. π WATCH OUT π @ Odatda gapirganimizda if only / l wish / l would ishlatmaymiz Ex:β lf only / l wish l had enough money to buy these shoes. β lf only / l wish l could afford these shoes. β lf only / l wish l would have enough money to buy these shoes. @ Kelajakdagi xohish ifodalash uchun hope dan foydalanadi Ex:β l hope l will have enough money to buy these shoes next week. β l hope to have enough money to buy these shoes next week. β l wish l will have enough money to buy these shoes next week. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:49] π¦ 154-155-bet B2 Unit 25 davomi π¦ π₯ Although / though / even though π₯ Although , though va even though taqqoslashni ifodalanganda ishlatiladi. Even though ko'proq although va though ga qaraganda urg'u berishada ishlatiladi π₯ Tuzilishi π₯ Although / Though / Even though + subject + verb , subject + verb Ex: Although / Though / Even though l wore a hat , l got sunburn. π₯ Tuzilishi π₯ Subject + verb , although / though / even though + subject + verb Ex: l got sunburn , although / though / even though l wore a hot. π WATCH OUT π Though gap oxirida keladi Ex:β l wore a hat . I got sunburn , though. π₯ ln spite of / despite π₯ In spite of va despite taqqoslashni ifodalanganda ishlatiladi. Ular aniq bir xil narsa va bir xil gramatik tuzilishiga ega β‘οΈ Tuzilishi β‘οΈ In spite of / despite + ing form , subject + verb Ex: ln spite of / Despite wearing a hat , l got sunburn. β‘οΈ Tuzilishi β‘οΈ In spite of / despite + the fact (that) + subject + verb , subject + verb Ex: ln spite of / Despite the fact (that) l wore a hat , l got sunburn. β‘οΈ Tuzilishi β‘οΈ In spite of / despite + noun , subject + verb Ex: In spite of / Despite my hat , l got sunburn. π WATCH OUT π @ Biz gapning o'rtasida in spite of / despite ni ishlatamiz Ex: l got sunburn in spite of / despite wearing a hot. @ Biz shuningdek perfect ga ing qo'shib , voqea-hosining natijasi aniq ko'rsatilganda foydalanamiz Ex:β l got sunburn in spite of / despite having worn a hat. @ In spite of / despite bilan ing shaklida , asosiy felning egasi shuningdek holatga feliga ing qo'yilgan holatda yasalmaydi Ex:β My sunburn was terrible in spite of / despite wearing a hat. ( = My sunburn wore a hat! ) π₯ However/nevertheless π₯ However va nevertheless taqqoslashni ifodalanganda ishlatiladi. Rasmiy holatda however ishlatiladi. Ko'proq rasmiy holatda nevertheless ishlatilishi to'g'ri keladi Ex: The fashion show was expensive to put on. However / Nevertheless , it did make a profit. The fashion show was expensive to put on. It did make a profit , however / nevertheless. The fashion show was expensive to put on. It did , however / nevertheless , make a profit. π₯ While / whereas π₯ While va whereas dalillar yoki g'oyalar ikkalasini farqini taqqoslanganda ishlatiladi π₯ Tuzilishi π₯ While / whereas + subject + verb , subject + verb Ex: While / whereas jeans are worn by both men and women , blouses are worn only by women. π₯ Tuzilishi π₯ Subject + verb , while / whereas + subject + verb Ex: Blouses are worn only by women , while / whereas jeans are worn by both men and women. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:49] π¦ 160-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 26 $$$ @@ TOPIC VOCABULARY IN CONTRAST @@ $$ Put on - kiyib olmoq $ wear - kiyib yurish $$ Costume - kostyum ( film yoki rol o'ynash uchun kiyiladigan ) $ suit - kostyum $$ Dye - bo'yamoq ( suyuqliq ) $ paint - bo'yamoq ( qalam bilan ) $$ Fit - mos , loyiq ( narsaning o'lchamiga nisbatan ) $ suit - mos , loyiq ( kiyimga nisbatan ) $ match - $$ Cloth - mato $ clothing - kiyim $$ Blouse - bluza $ top - eng yuqori $$ Design - proyekt $ manufacture - ishlab chiqarmoq $$ Current - muomalada bo'lgan $ new - yangi ( endi kelgan ) $ modern - zamonaviy ( talablarga javob beradigan ) $$ Look - qaramoq ( nazar tashlamoq ) $ appearance - tashqi ko'rinish $$ Supply - ta'minlamoq $ produce - ishlab chiqarmoq $$ Glimpse - odamning sharpasi $ glance - nazar tashlamoq $$ Average - o'rtacha $ everyday - har kuni Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:49] π¦ 160-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 26 $$$ @@ WORD FORMATION @@ $$ Advertise - reklama qilmoq , e'lon qilmoq $ advertisement - reklama , e'lon $ ad(vert) - reklama , e'lon $ advertising - e'lon qilmoq $ advertiser - reklama/ e'lon qiluvchi shaxs $$ Attract - jalb qilmoq $ (un)attractive(ly) - jozibador $ attraction - sayyohlik joy $$ Beauty - chiroylilik $ beautiful(ly) - chiroyli $$ Decide - hal qilmoq $ decision - qaror $ (in)decisive(ly) - hal qiluvchi $ undecided - beqaror $$ Desire - kuchli xohish $ (un)desirable - istalgan , tilangan $$ Enthuse - qoyil qoldirmoq $ (un)enthusiastic(ally) - g'ayrat bilan , ishtiyoq bilan $ enthusiasm - ishtiyoq , tashabbus , g'ayrat $ enthusiast - g'ayrat bilan ishlaydigan odam , tashabbuskor $$ Expect - kutmoq , umid qilmoq $ (un)expected(ly) -kutilmoqda $ expectation -taxmin $ expectancy - davomiyligi $$ Fashion - moda $ (un)fashionable - zamonaviy $ (un)fashionably - moda $$ like - yoqtirmoq $ alike - o'xshash $ dislike - yoqtirmaslik $ unlike - o'xshamagan $ likeness - o'xshashlik $ (un)likeable - $ liking - yaxshi ko'rish $$ Produce - ishlab chiqarmoq $ product - mahsulot $ producer - ishlab chiqaruvchi $ production - ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulot $ (un)productive(ly) - unumdorlik , mahsuldorlik $$ Similar - o'xshash $ dissimilar(ly) - o'xshamaydigan $ similarity - o'xshashlik $$ Style - moda $ (un)stylish(ly) - modadagi $ stylist - $ stylishness - $$ Succeed - muvaffaqiyat $ succees - omad $ (un)succeessful(ly) -muvaffaqiyatli , omadli $$ Use - foydalanmoq $ usage - foydalanish , qo'llash $ useful(ly) - foydali $ useless(ly) - foydasiz $ user - foydalanuvchi $ (un)usable - foydalanish Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:49] π¦ 160-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 26 $$$ @@ PRASAL VERBS @@ $ catch on - mashxur bo'lmoq $ do away with - ... dan xalos bo'lmoq $ draw up - yaratmoq , tuzatmoq $ dress up - bezanmoq $ go over - takrorlamoq $ grow out of - ...dan chiqqan , o'sgan $ hand down - meros qoldirmoq $ line up - qator qilmoq $ pop in(to) - birrovga ( tezda ) kirib chiqmoq $ show (a)round - atrofni ko'rsatmoq $ take off - yechmoq ( kiyimga nisbatan ) $ tear up - yirtib tashlamoq $ try on - kiyib ko'rmoq $ wear out - kiyilib yaroqsiz holatga kelmoq Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:49] π¦ 166-167-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 27 $$$ π₯ Inkor ravishiga oid inversiya so'zlari va so'z birikmalari π₯ Biz inkor ravishiga oid inversiya so'zlari va so'z birikmalari gap boshida kelishiga e'tibor berishmiz kerak , ega va fel o'rni almatirib qo'yiladi. Bu so'roq shaklidagi gapga o'xshaydi lekin so'roq gap hisoblanmaydi. Ozgina rasmiy holatdagi inversiya va bu holat odatda suhbatlashganda ishlatilmaydi Form Negative adverbial word/prase + question form Ex: No sooner had l acceoted the job than they told me l had to work weekends. π₯ Inkor ravishga oid π₯ β‘οΈ Never β‘οΈ Ex: Never have l worked so hard in all my life. β‘οΈ Rarely β‘οΈ Ex: Rarely have l worked so hard in all my life. β‘οΈ Seldom β‘οΈ Ex: Seldom have l worked so hard in all my life. β‘οΈ No sooner ( ... than ) β‘οΈ Ex: No sooner had Matt started work than he resigned. β‘οΈ Hardly ( ... when ) β‘οΈ Ex: Hardly had Matt started work when he resigned. β‘οΈ Not only ( ... but also/too ) β‘οΈ Ex: Not only were you late for work , but you had also forgotten the report. β‘οΈ Under no β‘οΈ circumstances Ex: Under no circumstances are employees allowed to leave the building wirhout permission. β‘οΈ At no time / point β‘οΈ Ex: At no time / point was l told what the job involved. β‘οΈ Little β‘οΈ Ex: Little did l realise that l would become managing director just two years later. β‘οΈ Not until β‘οΈ Ex: Not until the next day did l hear that l had got the job. β‘οΈ Only β‘οΈ Ex: Only at the end of the interview did l think l had a chance of getting the job. π WATCH OUT π @ Little bilan ( realise , know , suspect vahokazo ) felga qaramay ishlatiladi va ma'nolari 'l did not realise / etc at all bo'ladi Ex:β Little did l know how thongs were going to turn out. (= l did not know at all how things were going to turn out.) @ Until va only bilan ishlatilmaydi , ehtiyot bo'ling fellar o'rni almashtirilgan bo'ladi Ex:β Not until l had finished my homework was l allowed to go out. β Not until had l finished my homework l was allowed to go out. β Only when l had finished my homework was l allowed to go out. β Only when had l finished my homework l was allowed to go out. π₯ other inversiya uchraganda π₯ π₯ USE π₯ @ Qisqa javoblarda va other o'xshash tuzilgan so , neitherva nor ishlatiladi Ex:'l'm a plumber.' 'Really ? So am l!' My sister doesn't like getting ready for work , and neither do l / nor do l. @ As , so va such dan keyin Ex: The manager was nervous about the director's visit , as were the rest of the staff. So late was it that there was no one in the office. Such a hot day was it that no one wanted to work. @ Conditional gaplarida Ex: Were our staff better trained , we might make a large profit . (= if our staff were better trained ... ) Had l know about the vacancy , l would have applied. (= if l had known ...) π WATCH OUT π Eslatma so am/do/have l darak gapdagi rozi bo'lganida , Neither/Nor am/do/havel esa inkor gapdagi inkor qilishda ishlatiladi Ex: β l really like my job. So do l β l really don't like my job. Neither do l / Nor do l. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:49] π¦ 166-167- bet B2 Unit 27 davomi π¦ π₯ Poossessive 's va s' π₯ Biz poossessive 's va s' ko'rsatishda ishlatamiz π₯ USE π₯ @ Biz 's bilan birgalikda otlarga ishlatamiz , nomlanishi va noto'g'ri ko'plikda oxiri -s bilan tugamasa ishlatamiz Ex: That's the manager's car , over there. We are still waiting for Sarah's decision about who to take on. I think that women's rights should be protected by law. @ Biz hozirgi noto'g'ri otlar ko'pligiga oxiridagi -s ga tutuq belgisi qo'yiladi Ex: The worker's pay was increased by ten percent. @ Biz 's va s' ni bazida vaqtni ifodalanganda ishlatamiz Ex: After an hour's wait , l finally got to see the manager. I'll be at the factory in about ten minutes' time. @ Biz odatda 's va s' odamlar ( yoki guruhdan tashkil topgan odamlar ) va hayvonlarga nisbatan ishlatamiz , boshqa narsalar uchun , biz odatda the/my vahokazo bilan ishlatamiz Ex: ls this John's briefcase ? We held a meeting to discuss the company's finances. The vet had a close look at the cat's paw. The technician had a close look at the back of my computer.( not...at my computer's back ) π WATCH OUT π @ Birlikdagi nomlar oxirida -s , bazi odamlar 's va bazi odamlar nomi oxirida tutuq belgisi qo'yiladi. Ularni ikkalasi ham to'g'riliga qaramay ko'proq umumiy 's ishlatiladi Ex:β The report is on Charles's computer in the office. β The report is on Charles' computer in the office @ Oxiri -s bilan tugaydiga ko'plikdagi nomlarga biz tutuq belgisini qo'shamiz , bazi ko'plik shaklariga ham Ex:β The Smiths' business eventually closed down. @ So'z birikmalari , possessive 's va s' to'liq so'z birikma oxiriga qo'yiladi Ex:β Tom , Dick and Harry's office is around gere somewhere. β Tom's , Dick's and Harry's office is around here somewhere. β The President of France's visit to England will be good for business. β The President's of France visit to England will be good for business. π₯ Possessive aniqlovchilar va olmoshlar π₯ β‘οΈ Tuzilishi β‘οΈ @ possessive aniqlovchilar ( my , your , his , its , our , their ) gacha ot va possessive ko'rsatiladi. Ex: l'm really excited about my new job. Are you looking forward to meeting your new boss ? @ Possessive olmoshlar ( mine , your , his , her , ours , yours , theirs ) ot o'rnida ishlatiladi Ex: My new job is great . How about yours ? (=...your job ) Our business is doing quite well , but l hear Simon and Julie are having problems with tbeirs. (=...their business ) @ Possessive olmoshlar dan keyin possessive ni ko'rsatish uchun ishlatiladi Ex: She's a colleague of mine. (=...one of my colleagues ) Are they customers of yours ? π WATCH OUT π @ Possessive olmosh o'rniga umumiy hatolardan o'zini chetga oldigan possessive aniqlovchilar yoki aniqlovchi o'rniga olmosh ishlatiladi Ex:β I donβt really get on so well with my boss. β l donβt really get on so well with mine boss. β l know your job is dangerous , but did Frank and Jenny tell you about theirs ? β l know your job is dangerous , but did Frank and Jenny tell you about their ? @ Eslatma bu possessive olmoshlar uchun tutuq belgisi qo'yilmasdan ishlatiladi Ex:β l know your job is dangerous , but did Frank and Jenny tell you about their's ? @ O'rtasi chalkashliklar ( possessive aniqlovchilar tashqari tutuq belgisi ) va ( qisqartirish uchun masalan it is yoki it has tutuq belgisi bilan ifodalanganda ) Ex:β Our company is hoping to increase its share of the market. β Our company is hoping to increase it's share of the market. Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 14:49] π¦ 172-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 28 $$$ @@ PRASAL VERBS @@ $ back out - fikrdan qaytarmoq $ bring out - yangi maxsulotni ishlab chiqarishni boshlamoq $ close down - ishlashdan to'xtamoq , yopilib ketmoq ( kompaniyaga nisbatan ) $ see thought (to) - biror bir yoqimsiz narsani oxiriga yetkazmoq $ see to - bilan ish ko'rish $ set to - biror bir ishni bilan zavq boshlamoq $ set out - maqsadga erishish uchun ish boshlamoq $ set up - biznes yoki ish boshlash $ slow down - sekinlashtirmoq $ speed up - tezladhtirmoq $ stand in for - biror kishining o'rniga ishlash $ take on - ish boshlamoq , qabul qilmoq $ take over - biror bir biznesni boshlamoq $ turn down -taklifni rad etmoq Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 15:48] π¦ 172-bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 28 $$$ @@ TOPIC VOCABULARY IN CONTRAST @@ $$ Employer - ish beruvchi $ employee - xizmatchi $ staff - xodim $$ Job - ish , kasb $ work - ish ( jismoniy / aqliy mehnat qilmoq ) $ career - kasb ( karyera ) $$ Earn - pul ishlab topmoq $ win - g'alaba qozonmoq $ gain - qo'lga kiritmoq , erishmoq $$ Raise - o'stirmoq $ rise - o'sish $$ Wage(s) - ish haqi , maosh $ salary - maosh , oylik $ pay - haq , maosh $$ Commute - uydan ishgacha uzoq yo'l yurmoq $ deliver - tashimoq $$ Retire - nafaqaga yoki iste'foga chiqmoq $ resign - mavqeini yo'qotmoq , bo'shamoq $$ fire - ishdan bo'shatmoq $ sack - ishdan haydamoq $ make redundant - $$ Overtime - qo'shimcha ish vaqti $ promotion - rag'batlantirish $ pension - pensiya , nafaqa $$ Company - kompaniya $ firm - firma (kichgina) $ business - tijorat , savdo korxona $$ Union - ittifoq , uyushma $ charity - xayriya tashkiloti Abayev Iskandar, [04.06.20 15:48] π¦ 172- bet π¦ $$$ B2 Unit 28 $$$ @@ WORD FORMATION @@ $$ Add - qo'shmoq $ added - qo'shilgan $ addition - qo'shish $ additional(ly) - qo'shimcha $$ Apply - murojaat qilmoq $ (in)applicable - ishlatsa bo'ladigan $ applied - amaliy $ applicant - ariza beruvchi shaxs $ application - ariza $$ Commerce - savdo-sotiq $ commercial(ly) - savdo-sotiqqa oid $$ Dedicate - xabardor qilmoq $ dedicated - sodiq $ dedication - sodiqlik $$ Effect - natija $ (in)effective(ly) - samarali $$ Employ - ish bermoq $ (un)employed - ish $ (un)employable - $ (un)employment - bandlik $ employer - ish beruvchi $ employee - xizmatchi $$ Help - yordam $ (un)helpful(ly) - foydali $ helpless(ly) - nochor $ helping - madad , yordam $ helper - yordamchi $$ Industry - sanoat $ industrial(ly) - sanoatlashgan $ industrious(ly) - mehnatsevar $$ Machine - mashina $ machinery - mexanizm $$ Manage - boshqarmoq $ managing - rahbarlik qiluvchi $ management - boshqaruv $ manager - menejer $$ Meet - uchramoq $ met - uchrashdi $ meeting - uchrashuv $$ Profession - kasb $ (un)professional(ly) - professional $$ Qualify - biror faoliyatga tayyorlamoq $ (un)qualified - malaka $ qualifying - mutaxassislik darajasini belgilovchi $ qualification - malaka $$ Responsible - javobgar $ irresponsible - javobgarlikni his qilmaydigan $ (ir)responsibly - $ (ir)responsibility - javobgarlik $$ Supervise - kuzatmoq $ supervision - rahbarlik qilmoq $ supervisor - rahbar $$ Work - ish $ working - ishchi $ (un)workable - o'z xarajatini o'zi ko'taradigan $ worker - ishchi $ works - fabrika Download 107.34 Kb. 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