ALEXANDER FLEMING (1881 – 1955) ALEXANDER FLEMING Sir Alexander Fleming was born at Lochfield near Darvel in Ayrshire, Scotland on August 6th, 1881. He attended Louden Moor School, Darvel School, and Kilmarnock Academy before moving to London where he attended the Polytechnic. He spent four years in a shipping office before entering St. Mary’s Medical School, London University. He qualified with distinction in 1906 and began research at St. Mary’s under Sir Almroth Wright, a pioneer in vaccine therapy. He gained M.B., B.S., (London), with Gold Medal in 1908, and became a lecturer at St. Mary’s until 1914. He served throughout World War I as a captain in the Army Medical Corps, being mentioned in dispatches, and in 1918 he returned to St.Mary’s. He was elected Professor of the School in 1928 and Emeritus Professor of Bacteriology, University of London in 1948. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1943 and knighted in 1944. ALEXANDER FLEMING Fleming had a genius for technical ingenuity and original observation. His work on wound infection and lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme found in tears and saliva, guaranteed him a place in the history of bacteriology. But it was his discovery of penicillin in 1928, which started the antibiotic revolution, that sealed his lasting reputation. Fleming was recognized for that achievement in 1945, when he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Australian pathologist Howard Walter Florey and German-born British biochemist Ernst Boris Chain, both of whom isolated and purified penicillin. - Fleming was the seventh of eight children of a Scottish hill farmer (third of four children from the farmer’s second wife). His country upbringing in southwestern Scotland sharpened his capacities for observation and appreciation of the natural world at an early age. He began his elementary schooling at Loudoun Moor and then moved on to a larger school at Darvel before enrolling in Kilmarnock Academy in 1894. In 1895 he moved to London to live with his elder brother Thomas (who worked as an oculist) and completed his basic education at Regent Street Polytechnic.
Education And Early Career - After working as a London shipping clerk, Fleming began his medical studies at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School in 1901, funded by a scholarship and a legacy from his uncle. There he won the 1908 gold medal as top medical student at the University of London. At first he planned to become a surgeon, but a temporary position in the laboratories of the Inoculation Department at St. Mary’s Hospital convinced him that his future lay in the new field of bacteriology. There he came under the influence of bacteriologist and immunologist Sir Almroth Edward Wright, whose ideas of vaccine therapy seemed to offer a revolutionary direction in medical treatment.
Education And Early Career - Between 1909 and 1914 Fleming established a successful private practice as a venereologist, and in 1915 he married Sarah Marion McElroy, an Irish nurse. Fleming’s son, Robert, born in 1924, followed his father into medicine. Fleming was one of the first doctors in Britain to administer arsphenamine (Salvarsan), a drug effective against syphilis that was discovered by German scientist Paul Ehrlich in 1910. During World War I, Fleming had a commission in the Royal Army Medical Corps and worked as a bacteriologist studying wound infections in a laboratory that Wright had set up in a military hospital housed in a casino in Boulogne, France.
- There he demonstrated that the use of strong antiseptics on wounds did more harm than good and recommended that the wounds simply be kept clean with a mild saline solution. Fleming returned to St. Mary’s after the war and was promoted to assistant director of the Inoculation Department. Years later, in 1946, he succeeded Wright as principal of the department, which was renamed the Wright-Fleming Institute.
Education And Early Career - Early in his medical life, Fleming became interested in the natural bacterial action of the blood and in antiseptics. He was able to continue his studies throughout his military career and on demobilization he settled to work on antibacterial substances which would not be toxic to animal tissues. In 1921, he discovered in «tissues and secretions» an important bacteriolytic substance which he named Lysozyme. About this time, he devised sensitivity titration methods and assays in human blood and other body fluids, which he subsequently used for the titration of penicillin. In 1928, while working on influenza virus, he observed that mold had developed accidently on a staphylococcus culture plate and that the mold had created a bacteria-free circle around itself. He was inspired to further experiment and he found that a mold culture prevented growth of staphylococci, even when diluted 800 times. He named the active substance penicillin.
Education And Early Career - On September 3, 1928, shortly after his appointment as professor of bacteriology, Fleming noticed that a culture plate of Staphylococcus aureus he had been working on had become contaminated by a fungus. A mold, later identified as Penicillium notatum (now classified as P. chrysogenum), had inhibited the growth of the bacteria. He at first called the substance “mould juice” and then “penicillin,” after the mold that produced it. Fleming decided to investigate further, because he thought that he had found an enzyme more potent than lysozyme. In fact, it was not an enzyme but an antibiotic—one of the first to be discovered. By the time Fleming had established that, he was interested in penicillin for itself.
Education And Early Career - Very much the lone researcher with an eye for the unusual, Fleming had the freedom to pursue anything that interested him. Although that approach was ideal for taking advantage of a chance observation, the therapeutic development of penicillin required multidisciplinary teamwork. Fleming, working with two young researchers, failed to stabilize and purify penicillin. However, he did point out that penicillin had clinical potential, both as a topical antiseptic and as an injectable antibiotic, if it could be isolated and purified.
Work - Among microorganisms, life is a constant battle for survival. Alexander Fleming became interested in this. He used to leave bowls with bacteria cultures standing by his worktable. In 1928 he saw that in addition to bacteria, a mold fungus had begun to grow in a bowl and that the bacteria's growth had been impeded in the vicinity of the mold. He concluded that the mold contained a substance that was effective against bacteria. The substance was given the name penicillin and became the basis for medication to treat bacterial infections.
Scientific Journals - Fleming, a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons (England), 1909, and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (London), 1944, has gained many awards. They include Hunterian Professor (1919), Arris and Gale Lecturer (1929) and Honorary Gold Medal (1946) of the Royal College of Surgeons; Williams Julius Mickle Fellowship, University of London (1942); Charles Mickle Fellowship, University of Toronto (1944); John Scott Medal, City Guild of Philadelphia (1944); Cameron Prize, University of Edinburgh (1945); Moxon Medal, Royal College of Physicians (1945); Cutter Lecturer, Harvard University (1945); Albert Gold Medal, Royal Society of Arts (1946); Gold Medal, Royal Society of Medicine (1947); Medal for Merit, U.S.A. (1947); and the Grand Cross of Alphonse X the Wise, Spain (1948).
Prizes - Nominated on 32 occasions for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943, by Rudolph Peters, Physiology or Medicine 1944, by E Whitehead, Physiology or Medicine 1944, by Ivan Wallin , Physiology or Medicine 1945, by J Duguid, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by Reginald Heathcote, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by Ralph Picken, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by W Tytler, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by George Whipple, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by R Lockhart, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by Walter Cannon, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by Stuart Mudd, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by Th Madsen, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by Alfred Richards, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by W Bradley, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by Carl Schmidt, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by John Stokes, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by George Minot.
Prizes Physiology or Medicine 1945, by Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by Corneille Heymans, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by Isaac Starr, Physiology or Medicine 1945, by Göran Liljestrand, Physiology or Medicine 1946, by H Staub, Physiology or Medicine 1946, by Th Madsen, Physiology or Medicine 1946, by F D´Hollander, Physiology or Medicine 1946, by Richard Bruynoghe, Physiology or Medicine 1946, by Joseph Bigger, Physiology or Medicine 1946, by R Appelmans, Physiology or Medicine 1946, by A Lacquet, Physiology or Medicine 1946, by Phillip Miller, Physiology or Medicine 1946, by Dallas Phemister, Physiology or Medicine 1946, by Walter Palmer, Physiology or Medicine 1952, by A Ponsold. - Submitted 2 nominations, for the Nobel Prize in: Physiology or Medicine 1947, nominee: Edward Dodds, Physiology or Medicine 1948, nominee: Edward Dodds.
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