Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic
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Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic (the Barents Sea, the White Sea, the Kara Sea) Ninth century 870
–890 The travel of Otar, a Viking from the Norwegian province of Hologaland (now Helgeland), who discovered the way to the White Sea. The story of this journey was recorded from his own words by the English King, Alfred the Great. 9th –10th century The beginning of the Russian advance to the north and northeast and their appearance on the shores of the White Sea and the Barents Sea. Tenth century 920
The Viking Eirik Bloodaxe sailed in the mouth of the Northern Dvina (it was called “Vina” in the sagas). 965
The son of Eirik Bloodaxe, the Viking Harald Grey Cloak made a trip to the mouth of the Northern Dvina. Eleventh century 11th century The people of Novgorod, coming out of the White Sea, won Biarmia, the country located on the Pechora River and the Northern Dvina. 1026 The mouth of the Northern Dvina was visited by the Viking Torer Dog, who first engaged in peaceful trade but ended up plundering the temple of Iomala (supposedly located on the site of the current Kholmogory). Twelfth century 12th century ( first
half) The mention in the annals of the Terskiy Shore (the White Sea Throat), among Novgorod ’s possessions. 1110 or 1130 The archbishop of Novgorod, John, founded a monastery of the Archangel Michael (at the mouth of the Northern Dvina), at which there was a settlement, an early precursor of the port and the city of Arkhangelsk. Thirteenth century 1222
Ivar Gacon, a warrior of the King of Norway from the Gulf, sailed at the mouth of the Northern Dvina. On the way back his ship was wrecked at the entrance to the White Sea. Fourteenth century 1302, 1320, 1323, 1349 The Belomorskiye armed forces performed sea voyages from the White Sea around the Kola Peninsula to Norway. Fifteenth century 1411 The sea campaign of the people from Dvina and Ustyug to Northern Norway, headed by Posadnik (governor of medieval Russian city-state, appointed by prince or elected by citizens) Yakov Stepanovich. 1412 The sea raid of Russian armed forces from the Dvina land to Northern Norway. 1419 The Norwegians sent to the White Sea a squad, which plundered and ravaged the villages in the deltas of the Varzuga, the Onega, and the Northern Dvina. During the repulse of the attack two Norwegian ships were captured. The first voyage of the White Sea industrialists to Novaya Zemlya. (continued) # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 I.S. Zonn et al., The Western Arctic Seas Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia of Seas, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25582-8 475
1427 The White Sea is depicted as the Gulf of the Arctic Ocean on the map of Claudius Klavusa. 1435 The monk Zosima founded the Solovetsky Monastery on the Solovetsky Islands. 1445 The attack of the Norwegian troops from the sea at the mouth of the Northern Dvina. 1491 In Varzuga, a large village of the Pomors, the temple of Nicholas of Myra (popularly called Nicholas Pomor, the patron saint of seafarers) was built. 1494
The voyage of the Moscow Ambassadors D. Zaitsev and D. Grek from Denmark around the Scandinavian Peninsula to the White Sea. 1496 The voyage of Moscow Ambassador G. Istoma on four ladyas (boats) from Novgorod to Copenhagen via Velikiy Ustyug, the White Sea and the Arctic Ocean around the Scandinavian Peninsula to the City of Trondheim (Norway), as a result of which the navigation (as de fined by Academician B. A. Rybakova) description “Sailing in the Arctic Ocean” was made. The sea campaign of the people from Dvina and Ustyug to Northern Norway under the command of the governors of Moscow Ivan Lyapun and Peter Ushatyy. 1497
The voyage of the diplomats from Moscow, Dmitry Zaitsev and mates, from Copenhagen to the mouth of the Northern Dvina. 1500 –1501
The voyage of the envoys of Ivan III, Tretyak Dalmatov, and Yuri Manuylov Grek, from the Northern Dvina to Denmark. Sixteenth century 1517
The farmers of Antonevo-Siysk Monastery in the lower reaches of the Northern Dvina, Terentiy and Grigoriy Tsivil ёvs, Fedor and Nazar Timofeyevs made a routine trip to the Ob on their kocha (boat). The map by S.Gerbershteyn was printed. It was the first to include the Solovki (Solovetsky Islands). 1532
The Bavarian scientist Jacob Ziegler compiled the “Eighth Map, Containing the Skandinavsky Peninsula and the Most Powerful Kingdom of Norway, Sweden, Gothia, Finland, as well as the Area Inhabited by the Lapps. ” 1550
The construction of the Kola stockade town. 1553
The first English expedition went into the Arctic Ocean to search for the Northeast Passage to India. The expedition consisted of three ships under the command of H. Willoughby. Around the coast of Norway the squad was divided. H. Willoughby with two ships went to the shores of the islands of Novaya Zemlya, but he died at the Murmansk coast. The commander of the third vessel, Edward Bonaventure, Richard Chancellor, passing along the Murmansk coast entered the White Sea and reached the mouth of the Northern Dvina River, arriving at Arkhangelsk. Then he went to Moscow, where he met with the Tsar of Russia, Ivan Vasilyevich IV the Terrible. 1554
The agreement on the trade of the Moscow State with England, through the White Sea, was signed.
1555 The
first Russian pilot assistance at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River was set up. The English merchant Richard Gray built in Kholmogory a rope manufactory, which became the first Russian factory. 1556 According to the materials of the English navigator, the first among the Western Arctic explorers, S. Barrow, a map of the Barents Sea was compiled. The “Society of Merchants and Prospectors” organized an expedition in London, headed by R. Chensler, visiting the White Sea for the second time. The Englishman Stephen Burrough, on a small ship Searchthrift, searching for the Northeast Passage to China and India, arrived in Kholmogory, where he wintered. 1555
–1557 The magnetic variation at the mouth of the Pechora River, the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Vaygach Island and in the village of Kholmogory was de fined.
1557 The English merchant and captain A. Jenkinson came to Novye Kholmogory. 1564 A Danish expedition tried to go to China via the Arctic from Iceland, went to the Novaya Zemlya, but had to return due to the heavy ice. The description of it was given by Dietmar Blefken, a member of the expedition. 1565 The Dutch established a trading station in Kola. The Dutchman Oliver Brunel performed a voyage from Kola to Kholmogory, on a Russian ship. (continued) 476
Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 1569 –1594
G. Mercator ’s map, which depicts the White Sea, but neither the Onega Bay nor the Kanin Nos Peninsula, was published. 1570
The Dutch merchant Simon Van Salingen went through all the bays and harbors of the White Sea coast and conducted the first hydrographic surveys in Murman (between the Kola Bay and Svyatoy Nos). The beginning of the construction of ships in the Vologda Region for the White Sea and Baltic Sea under the direction of the Moscow Tsar Ivan IV. 1572 The
first buildings of the Pomors appeared at the confluence of the Osetrovka and the Taz Rivers.
1576 The Russian vessel under the direction of O. Brunel went from the Pechora Delta to the Ob via the Yugorskiy Shar. 1577
The first Dutch vessel came to the mouth of the Northern Dvina. 1578 A fortress was built in Kem. 1580 A British expedition of two small vessels, George (40 t) and William (20 t), under the command of Arthur Pet and Charles Jackman, got into the Kara Sea (the first British to do that). The ship William vanished on the way back. The description of this voyage was found in 1875 in the Ice Harbor on the Novaya Zemlya, in the form of a manuscript. 1583 Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible issued a special charter ordering the magistrates Peter Naschokov and Nikifor Zaleshanin to find a port city “at the Dvina River,” near the Archangel Monastery, 42 versts (an old Russian measure of distance equal to 3500 feet or 1.067 km) from the White Sea. 1584 The voyage of the Dutch O. Brunel to the Novaya Zemlya. His ship was wrecked in the Sangeyskiy Shar (Pechora). The Dutch Simon Van Salingen arrived at Kola as a diplomatic representative of the Danish King Frederick II, whom he promised to compile a sea map. The
first Russian commercial Port of Novye Kholmogory was built (Novokholmogory – the future Arkhangelsk). 1585 According to the Tsar ’s decree, Arkhangelsk became the only city where foreigners could buy goods from the interior regions of the country. 1587 Frencis Cherry, an agent of the British trading company in Moscow, said that “there is the Warm Sea behind the Ob. ” 1590
–1592 The attack of the Swedish armed forces at Pomorje and Kola. Kola was burnt down. 1591 “Navigation Guidelines” by the Dutchman Luke Wagener was compiled, based on the data of the Pomorian survey of the White and Barents Seas. The Dutch merchant Simon Van Salingen published his essay “On the Lopii Land,” in which he described his journey in the White Sea in the 1570s. 1594 The
first Dutch expedition of W. Barents with the objective of finding a sea route to the Pacific Ocean through the Arctic waters. The expedition of two ships under his command reached the west coast of Novaya Zemlya. Five hundred kilometer of its coastline, Admiralteystva Island and a group of small islands of Oranskiye were mapped for the first time. The Dutch merchant ship Swan, under the command of Cornelis Nay, came into the Kara Sea (they called it the New North Sea then). 1595
The Tyavzinsky Agreement between Sweden and Russia was signed. Under the agreement, Sweden took the obligation not to attack the Kola stockade; the collection of tribute from the Lapps was prohibited until the final demarcation of areas in Lapland. The second Dutch expedition of W. Barents, who performed the duties of Chief Navigator and Captain of one of the seven ships. The expedition managed to reach the Strait of Yugorskiy Shar and get to the Kara Sea for a short distance. The first description of Vaygach Island was given. 1596
–1597 The third Dutch expedition of W. Barents, which reached Spitsbergen Island, where the traces of frequent visits of Russian sailors to the Archipelago were discovered, as well as the Archipelago of Novaya Zemlya, where in the Ice Harbor of the Kara Sea, on the west coast of the North Island of Novaya Zemlya W. Barents wintered and later died. The map of the Barents Sea from the North Cape to the Novaya Zemlya, composed by the Dutchman Gerrit de Veer, a member of the expedition of W. Barents to Novaya Zemlya, was published. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 477
1598 The map of the Arctic countries by W. Barents was published in Amsterdam. The book by Gerrit de Veer Voyages of Barents was published (translated into Russian in 1936). 1599 The Duma scribe (a government of ficial in Russia in the fourteenth–seventeenth centuries) Vlasyev brought to Arkhangelsk two ships with the crew (navigators, sailors, masters), built by the order of Tsar Boris Godunov at the shipyards of Lubeck in Germany. 16th century (at the end) The appearance of the first Pomorian handwritten navigation directions. The first “Big Plans” “around the Muscovy, to all the surrounding states” were represented in the Razryadny Prikaz, with the scale of about 1:1,850,000. The Atlas of J. Van Keulen was published in Dutch in Amsterdam, it was known as the “See- torch.
” The atlas shows the first map of the White Sea, compiled from the words of the Russian Pomorians. It was used until the middle of the eighteenth century. From this map in 1701 in Moscow A. Schonebeck etched the first maps of the White Sea in Russian. Seventeenth century 1601
The Dutch Simon Van Salingen made a map of Scandinavia. 1602
The first Russian shipyard was founded in Arkhangelsk. 1604 The
first vessel from Hamburg arrived at the mouth of the Northern Dvina. 1607
Mangazeysky service class people came to the mouth of the Yenisei. 1608
–1609 The expedition equipped by the East India Company, led by G. Hudson, which had the objective of finding a sea passage to China, reached the Novaya Zemlya. 1609 A map of the north of Russia and Siberia, which featured the deltas of the Yenisei, Pyasina, and the coast of the Gydan Peninsula, was compiled in Moscow. 1610
A group of traders from Dvina, headed by Kondratiy Kurochkin and Osip Shepunov sailed on kochas to the mouths of the Yenisei and Pyasina. 1612 The Dutch merchant Isaac Massa described the Russian march to the coast of Taymyr in 1605. 1613 Great Britain announced Spitsbergen (Svalbard) its own territory, giving it the name of “The New Earth of King James. ” The marine campaign of Shestak Ivanov from Mezen who sailed from Mangazeya to Arkhangelsk. The units of Polish-Lithuanian invaders came to Kolmogory (Kholmogory), stayed there for 3 days, and then left for the Korelskiy Monastery of St. Nicholas (now the territory of Severomorsk). The country ’s first Pilot Service was organized in Arkhangelsk. 1616 –1619
Archers from Mangazeya surveyed the coastline between the rivers of Kara and Yenisei. 1619
The decree of Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich banning the “Mangazeysky voyage (from Pomorje to Mangazeya) under penalty of death. ” The Yenisei Province was created. 1627 The book To the Big Draft, which included “The Sea Rivers, Painting the Shore of the Arctic Ocean
” was compiled in Moscow. 1629
Erofei Khabarov Taymyr from Ustyug made a trip from Mangazeya to Taimyr. 1651
–1652 The expedition to search for silver ore on the Novaya Zemlya, headed by Roman Neplyuev. 1653 The royal decree allowing the farmer from the Arkhangelsk Province I. Khobarov pilot to Arkhangelsk and take to sea “trade ships of different lands,” which was the beginning of the creation of the sea pilot service in Russia. 1667
The Tobolsk governor P. Godunov ordered to stop sailing to Mangazeya through the Gulfs of Ob and Taz. 1671 Ivan Neklyudov sailed to the Novaya Zemlya in order to search for silver ores. 1672 The second attempt of Ivan Neklyudov to reach the Novaya Zemlya in order to search for silver ores. 1676
The voyage of the English captain John Wood to the Novaya Zemlya. 1686
The tradesman from Turukhansk Ivan Tolstoukhov tried to sail on three kochas from the Yenisei River along the western coast of Taymyr in order to reach the mouth of the Lena. He died near Faddey Island. (continued) 478 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 1690 The expedition ship of Rodion Ivanov was wrecked at the Sharapovy Koshki Islands off the west coast of the Yamal Peninsula. The wintering of 15 manufacturers, four of which survived, including R. Ivanov, who gave a description of the Sharapovy Koshki Islands. 1693 The
first trip to Arkhangelsk and the voyage of Russian Tsar Peter I in the White Sea on the 12-gun-boat Svyatoy Petr (Saint Peter). The first Russian “new manner” marine vessel – the 12-gun ship Apostol Pavel (St. Paul), with the length of 26.2 m, the width of 6.7 m excluding the sheathing, was laid in Arkhangelsk, thus initiating state shipbuilding in Russia. F.M. Apraksin accompanied Peter I to Arkhangelsk, was appointed Voivode of Dvinsk and Governor of Arkhangelsk, and supervised the construction of the first merchant ship in Solombala. Peter I founded the first Russian state-owned enterprise “Solombalskaya Shipyard.” Peter I visited Kholmogory. 1694 The ship, ordered by Peter I with the assistance of the Dutch cartographer N. Witsen, was delivered to Arkhangelsk. The second trip to Arkhangelsk and a voyage of Peter I in the White Sea with a group of three ships. The first map of the Solovetsky Islands was presumably compiled at this time. Peter I participated in the ceremonial launching of the first Russian merchant ship Apostol Pavel. Eighteenth century 18th century, the beginning The first in the northern seas beacon building – a wooden tower was built on Mudyug Island in the White Sea. 1701
The Novodvinsk fortress was laid on the island of Linsky Priluk in the Berezov mouth of the Northern Dvina. The engraver from Holland Adriaan Schoonebeek etched: “The Draft of the River of Dvina or Arkhangelskaya, ” “The Dimensional Map, Starting from the Narrow Aisle Between the Russian and White Seas, ” and “The Dimensional Map from Pyalitsa Even to Kovada According to the Best Test. ” A failed attempt of the Swedish squadron of Vice-Admiral Sheblat (seven two-mast ships) to make a landing at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River near Novodvinskaya fortress with the objective to destroy Arkhangelsk, its shipyards, and ships. The squadron was met by the fire of the battery under Colonel Zhivotovsky. Two ships were sunk. 1702 Vice-Admiral K.I. Kryuys was sent by Peter I to Arkhangelsk, where he led the construction of the ships and forti fications in Arkhangelsk. He was the creator of the military port. The Russian squadron under his command took the Noteburg fortress. The third trip of Peter I to Arkhangelsk and founding the Novodvinskaya fortress according to his directions. Peter I ordered to lay in Solombala two small frigates Svyatoy Dukh (Holy Spirit) and Kuryer (Courier), which were launched in the presence of the Tsar. From Arkhangelsk the frigates came to the Nyukhcha pier, Karelia at the White Sea, and then they were dragged 160 miles to Lake Onega. 1703
–1704 The creation of marine animal and whale hunting company of Duke Menshikov and the Sha firov brothers. 1705 The
first warning marks (“pilot-barrels”) were set in the fairway of the Northern Dvina River. 1711
The Dutch traveler and painter Bruin published the book Cornelia de Bruin ’s Journey Through Muscovy, 1701, 1708. 1714
F.S. Saltytkov, a well-known figure of the Petrine Era, presented to Tsar Peter I the project “On the Search for the Free Marine Path from the Dvina River, even to the Amur Mouth and China.
” Peter I approved of the proposal of F.S. Saltykov concerning the feasibility of the development of the northern border regions of Russia. 1715
The termination of the military shipbuilding in Arkhangelsk. 1720
–1721 Setting up the expedition with the participation of P. Chichagov, a land surveyor and Miller, a merchant, with the objective to find a marine pass from the Ob mouth to the east. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 479
1722 By a decree of Peter I all the foreign trade was relocated from Arkhangelsk to the banks of the Neva in St.-Petersburg. 1723
–1724 The foundation of the “Kola whaling” company. 1723
–1725 Trade voyages of the Bazhenins ’ galiot from Arkhangelsk to the Pechora, headed by the helmsman Andrei Shnyarov. 1727 Three vessels of “Kola whaling” first hunted the whale in the waters of Spitsbergen (Svalbard). The French astronomer Ludwig (Luis) De L ’Isle de la Croyère (De L’Isle Nikolay Iosifovich), who was invited to Russia by St.-Petersburg Academy of Sciences, started the cartographic work in the Arkhangelogorodskaya Province, which lasted for 3 years. He determined the coordinates of Arkhangelsk. Due to the imperfection of the instruments and methods of calculating of that time, the longitude was determined with an accuracy of 2
. The publication of the decree for permission to conduct foreign trade through Arkhangelsk. 1727
–1798 A number of inspections and marine reconnaissance inventory of the White Sea were made by the sailors of the Russian fleet Deoper, Kazakov, Bestuzhev, Belyaev, M. Nemtinov, Grigorkov, Domozhirov, Yarovtsev, I. Fedorov, Tokmachev. 1729
A handwritten copy of the map of the Solovetsky Islands was made from the original, composed by an anonymous inventory and being the first known Russian map of the White Sea. The map showed the outlines of Solovetsky and Anzer Islands, the settlement of the Solovetsky Monastery and, also, presented a rare coastal survey. Download 0.66 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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