Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic
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motor sailing ship Fram, which sailed along the northern coast of Siberia and then drifted in the ice of the Arctic Ocean (from the New Siberian Islands to the north of the Greenland Sea). The N.A.E. crossed the Kara Sea from west to east, having discovered the islands of Sverdrup, Scott Gagsen, Mona, the Nordenskjöld Archipelago, and others. The ship Blencathra (the former warship Newport, then renamed Pandora and later on – St. Anna), under the steering of Captain J. Wiggins, went in the Kara Sea to the mouth of the Yenisei. 1894
The Committee on the Construction of the Siberian Railway funded a special hydrographic expedition, under the leadership of A.I. Vilkitsky, with the objective to explore the mouths of the rivers of Ob and Yenisei and the southern part of the Kara Sea, which carried out inventories of the Yenisei and the Ob deltas, the Kara Sea and the sounding at the entrance to the Yenisei Gulf, having compiled the Atlas of the Yenisei from Yeniseisk to the sea. The Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte made a trip to the North, visiting Arkhangelsk, the Kola Peninsula, the Norwegian coast, Christiania (Oslo), Stockholm and Helsingfors (Helsinki), and then prepared a report for Emperor Alexander III, which proved the economic feasibility of the construction of railways to the North and suggested setting up a military port in the harbor of St. Catherine (Ekaterininskaya) in Murman. The report received no response. The son of Alexander III, Nicholas II also stayed completely indifferent to the project. Frederick Jackson, who led the British expedition to the Franz Josef Land, the ship Windward when entering Port Arkhangelsk for additional provision took with him a log hut and the Russian carpenter Varakin. In 1899, Jackson ’s book A Thousand Days in the Arctic was published. (continued) 490 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic As a result of severe storms on the way from Murman to Arkhangelsk and other White Sea coast destinatons 34 Pomor vessels, returning from fishing, were crashed. The death toll constituted 52 people. The Committee to assist the Pomors of the Russian North was formed in St.-Petersburg, with a charitable purpose. 1894 –1895
Fridtjof Nansen wintered on one of the islands of the Franz Josef Land (Jackson Island). 1894
–1897 The head of the British Polar Expedition F. Jackson explored the western and northwestern parts of the Franz Josef Land on the ship Windward. 1895
The governor of Arkhangelsk A.P. Engelgardt paid an tour to the Kola Peninsula with the orientation objective. Due to his initiatives and motions, a telegraph line was installed in Murman, the steamship line was extended, the insurance of ships was introduced and new navigational aids were installed on the banks. Engelhardt supervised the construction of the City of Alexandrovsk, greatly assisted in the relocation to Murman and the construction of the Murmansk Biological Station. A marine hydrometeorological station (one of the first in the northwest of Russia) was set up on Cape St. Nose, on the border of the Barents and White Seas. The transition of the ships Lieutenant Ovtsyn and Lieutenant Skuratov, carrying the hydrographic expedition of A.I. Vilkitskiy, from the Yenisei to the Ob via the Kara Sea. The research by N.M. Knipovich “The State of Marine Fisheries and Animal Industries of the Arkhangelsk Province ” was published in St.-Petersburg. 1896
Bottle mail was applied to study the currents along the Siberian coast of the Arctic Ocean. Having crossed the Franz Josef Land Archipelago on foot, Fridtjof Nansen met the British explorer Jackson at Cape Flora. The return of Fridtjof Nansen and then his arrival home in Norway, on Fram. The first part of “Brief Historical Sketch of Hydrography of the Russian Seas. The North Sea, the White Sea ” was published in St.-Petersburg. The Northern Committee was established under the Committee on the Assistance to the Russian North Pomors. It included Academics B.B. Golitsyn, F.I. Chernyshev, M.A. Rykachev, and hydrograph M.E. Zhdanko et al. N.M. Knipovich was appointed Secretary of the N.C. 1897 N.M. Knipovich published “Project of Scientific and Field Research of the Murmansk Coast.” The expedition to the North Pole of the Swedish engineer S. Andrée on the balloon Eagle set off from Spitsbergen. On behalf of the Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte, Vice Admiral Makarov followed the sea route through the Kara Sea to the mouths of the Ob and Yenisei to determine the feasibility of its use for a regular steamer. Sailing of Vice Admiral Makarov on the ship Ioann Kronshtadtskiy with a caravan of ships from Murmansk to the island of Spitsbergen and via the Kara Sea to the Yenisei River to study the polar navigation conditions. The vessel Blencathra, as a member of the English trade expedition of Popham, sailed to the Yenisei under the steering of Captain J.Wiggins. The research by N.M. Knipovich “On Fishery and Marine Animal Hunting in the Arkhangelsk Province
” was published in St.-Petersburg. The narrow gauge railway Arkhangelsk-Vologda was opened on the left bank of the Northern Dvina (rebuilt in 1916). G.Y. Sedov (1877 –1914), a prominent polar explorer, the leader of the first Russian scientific expedition to the North Pole, made his first visit to Arkhangelsk. 1898
D.I. Mendeleev and S.O. Makarov filed to S.Yu. Witte the memorandum “On the Exploration of the Arctic Ocean during the Trial Voyage of Yermak. ” The American journalist W. Wellman on the ship Fridtjof wintered on Gal Island in the southeast of the Franz Josef Land. The Hydrographic Expedition on the Exploration of the Mouths of the Rivers of Ob and Yenisei and the Southern Part of the Kara Sea was reorganized into the Hydrographic Expedition of the Arctic Ocean (HEAO) and since then a lot of markings had been put on the shores of the Kara Sea to meet the needs of seafarers. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 491
Vice Admiral Makarov in the statement of sailing in the Kara Sea made an observation about “. . . the desirability of exploring and surveying the sea route to the Ob and Yenisei . . .” He offered primarily to conduct an inventory of the Yuorskiy Shar, Kara Strait, the islands of Belyy and Vilkitskogo, and the straits between them, all the southern and eastern shores of the Kara Sea, the gulfs of Ob and Yenisei. These proposals were taken into account while planning the hydrographic operations in the area. The ship Andrey Pervozvannyy was built in Germany, later it was renamed into the GISU (Hydrographic Ship) Murman and then Mgla (1932). 1898 –1904
The reconnaissance marine inventory of the Yugorskiy Shar Strait; part of the southern coast of the Kara Sea from the aforesaid strait to the Kara River; the western and northern shores of the Yamal Peninsula; the eastern, western, and northern shores of the Vaygach Island; the southeastern coast of the Pechora Bay, the Gulyaevskiye Koshki; and the mouth of the Indiga River were conducted under the leadership of A.I. Vilkitskiy, A.I. Varnek, F.K. Drizhenko, I.S. Sergeyev, N.V. Morozov, P.A. Brovtsyn, and V.V. Akhmatov et al. 1899 The opening of the port in the City of Aleksandrovsk (now Polyarnyi). The cruiser Svetlana, attended the opening, representing the Baltic Fleet. The icebreaker Yermak, built for Russia, was launched in Newcastle, England. The Marine Biological Station was relocated from the Solovetsky Islands to Ekaterininskaya Harbor of the Kola Bay. The first campaign of S.O. Makarov on the icebreaker Yermak to the Arctic. A number of standard oceanographic sections in the North-European seas, including the meridian 33 0 30
E (from the Kola Bay to the north) in the Barents Sea, were established at the Conference on the Sea Exploration in Stockholm, Sweden. The Italian expedition on the ship Stella Polare (with a crew of Norwegians), led by the Duke of Abruzzi, to the North Pole. They wintered in the Teplitz Bay off the western shore of Rudolf Island, from where they attempted to reach the North Pole on dogs. The polar party was headed by Captain Umberto Cagni. The attempt was unsuccessful. One of the supporting parties of three people died (later, in 1901, a monument was erected in their honor). Petermann Land had been proven not to exist. The expedition of the American Wellman went back on the ship Capella, having discovered three islands (of Bliss, Bryce and Alger) on their way. An entirely new map of the Ob-Yenisei district was compiled and the sailing directions for the Yenisei Gulf and the Gulf of Ob were published, based on the research of the Hydrographic Expedition, led by A.I. Vilkitskiy. “Data for the Study of the Gulf of Ob and the Yenisei Gulf, Collected in 1894, 1895 and 1896 by the Hydrographic Expedition under the Command of Lieutenant Colonel A.Vilkitskiy. Sailing Data ” were published in St.-Petersburg. K.M. Deryugin traveled in the White Sea and in Lapland, took part in the operations of the White Sea Biological Station of St.-Petersburg Society of Naturalists. The Solovetsky Biological Station of St.-Petersburg Society of Naturalists was relocated from the territory of the Solovetsky Monastery to the Ekaterininskaya Harbor of the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea. The Merchant Shipping School was opened in Arkhangelsk. 1899
–1901 The Russian-Swedish expedition with the objective to measure the degree on Spitsbergen, initiated by the Stockholm Academy of Sciences. 1900
The Arctic expedition of 1900 –1903, led by the Russian geologist and polar explorer Baron E.V. Toll, embarked on the steam brigantine Dawn to depart from Aleksandrovsk-on-Murom. The hydrological unit was headed by A.V. Kolchak. The Italian expedition of Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi on Stella Polare returned to Norway. The wooden single mast yacht Mechta (40 t) carrying on board the expedition of the artist A.A. Borisov, was captured in the ice in the Kara Sea off the coast of the Novaya Zemlya and abandoned by the crew. The new lighthouses of Intsy and Chesmensky, as well as a number of small lighthouse lights were set in operation in the White Sea. (continued) 492 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 1900 –1903
Conducting the Russian Arctic Expedition, led by the polar geologist, Baron E.V. Toll. Twentieth Century 1901 Norwegian explorer of polar regions Roald Amundsen surveyed the Barents Sea on board of a small ship called Gjøa. Afterwards the extensive materials acquired by Amundsen were processed by F. Nansen. S.O. Makarov sailed to the Arctic for the second time on the Yermak icebreaker. 1901
–1902 American expedition funded by an American industrialist W. Ziegler, under E. Baldwin who took part in W. Wellman ’s expedition in 1898, spent winter on Alger Island, the Franz Josef Land Archipelago. 1902
Marine Biology Research Centre in Yekaterininskaya Harbor of the Kola Peninsula (the Barents Sea) was renamed into Murmansk Biology Research Centre. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) was founded. The Russian Geographical Society expedition to the Kolguyev Island. Hydrography Expedition for the Arctic Ocean under A.I. Varnek worked in the Kara Sea on the Pakhtusov steamship. Navigation classes in Arkhangelsk were shut down. Fish processing of fice was established in Arkhangelsk. Work of the Arkhangelsk Department of the Emperor ’s Navigation Society was resumed. 1903
Hydrography Expedition went to the Barents Sea on the Russian ship Bakan. Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi reported on the Italian expedition to the northern part of the Barents Sea. Navy Navigation Corps Colonel M.A. Klykov published “Materials for sailing directions in the Arctic Ocean, Kara Sea and Novaya Zemlya. ” 1903
–1905 A. Fiala led American expedition funded by W. Ziegler aiming to reach the North Pole on the America vessel. They spent winter in the Teplits Bay on the Rudolf Island, on the Alger Island, on the Flora Cape of Northbrook Island. They had not reached the Pole. 1904 F. Nansen ’s work “On Bathymetrical Features of the Northern Arctic Seas” was published. V.A. Rusanov left Arkhangelsk for his first expedition to the Novaya Zemlya on board of the Olga Konstantinovna steamship. Commercial Port Bureau was established in Arkhangelsk. Count K.G. Tolstoy was appointed head of the Bureau. 1905 The Speci fic Surveying of the Murmansk coast was established under captain II rank A.M. Bukhteyev (nine of ficers and one vessel). Norway achieved full independence (ended the union with Sweden upon agreement with Stockholm). British trawlers came to the Barents Sea. Ministry of Transportation expedition navigated river vessels via the Kara Sea to the Yenisey and carried cargoes for the Trans-Siberian railway. L.L. Breitfuss ’s work “Marine Hunting in the White Sea and the Arctic Ocean” was published in St.-Petersburg. 1905
–1914 First detailed survey of the Murmansk coastal waters was performed under A.M. Bukhteyev (1905 –1912) and F.K. Drizhenko (1912–1914). 1906 N.M. Knipovich ’s book Basics of Hydrology of the European Part of the Arctic Ocean was published and became one of the key works on the Barents Sea. Battleships Tsesarevich and Slava, and the Bogatyr cruiser came into the Kola Bay. Hydrography survey of the Murmansk coast was performed sailing on board of the craft Bakan. Commercial and industrial circles of Siberia had meeting in Irkutsk and resolved that “commercial and industrial importance of the Kara Route for the state was indisputable.” Fishery Museum was opened in Arkhangelsk. K.F. Tiander ’s work “Scandinavians’ Trip to the White Sea” was published in St.-Petersburg. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 493
1907 American journalist W. Wellman unsuccessfully repeated S.A. Andrée ’s attempt to reach the North Pole on an airship starting from the Virgo Bay, Spitsbergen. Head of the Murmansk Scienti fic and Hunting Expedition of the Academy of Sciences L.L. Breitfuss published an article “On European Russian Borders in the Arctic Ocean” in the “Russian Navigation” magazine. Norwegian industrialist Brakme visited the northwestern part of the Kara Sea on the Severn ship. The Belgica vessel of the Duke of Orléans ’s expedition passed through the Matochkin Shar Strait to the Kara Sea and drifted in its southern part captured by ice, then it was carried to the Barents Sea via the Karskiye Vorota Strait. Expedition under G.Y. Sedov left Arkhangelsk on board of the Olga steamship towards the Krestovaya Guba Bay (by the western coast of the Novaya Zemlya). Old Severo-Dvinskiy lightboat was replaced with a new one. 1908 Russian naval activist De Ger ’s expedition to Spitsbergen and French officer Candiotti’s expedition to the Novaya Zemlya. V.A. Rusanov ’s second visit to Novaya Zemlya as part of the French expedition on board of the Jacques Cartier. They crossed the northern island from the Krestovaya Guba Bay to the Neznayemy Bay on the Kara Sea side. Aid to Pomors Committee closed down. Arkhangelsk Research Society of the Russian North was established instead. Arkhangelsk commercial port received newly built icebreaker Lebedin. 1909
W. Wellman attempted to reach the North Pole on an airship starting from the Virgo Bay, Spitsbergen, and again unsuccessfully. Motor-sailing schooner Aleksandr Kovalskiy began its work on surveying the Kola Gulf. Hydrographer A.V. Kolchak ’s work “Ice in the Kara and East Siberian Seas” was published. First mareograph was set up on the Popov Island (Kem ’ Roadstead, the White Sea). The observations allowed to publish “Annual information of tides in the White Sea” in 1911. N.V. Morozov ’s work “Navigation Book, or the White Sea Pomors’ Sailing Directions” was published. 1910 Main Of
fice of Land Farming and Management expedition under V.A. Rusanov worked on Novaya Zemlya and sailed on board of the Dmitry Solunskiy vessel around the northern island. Norwegian Sigurd Scott Hansen visited St.-Petersburg as head of Norwegian ship owners who were going to establish a joint-stock company to provide transport connections between Vardø (Norway) and Turukhansk on Yenisei (Russia). The motor sailing vessel Dmitry Solunskiy left Arkhangelsk (displacement of 180 tonnes) and carried expedition under V.A. Rusanov to Novaya Zemlya. Pomorskiy boathouse formal opening took place in Solombala. It was used to build and repair sea and river light wooden vessels. There is Solombala shipyard nowadays. 1911
Russian State Duma endorsed the act on construction of four radio stations on the Kara and White Seas (in Arkhangelsk) coasts and on placing navigation signs in the Kara Sea. An expedition left Arkhangelsk to the Kara Sea on the Pakhtusov steamship to choose radio stations construction sites (in the Matochkin Shar Strait, Karskiye Vorota (Kara Gate), by the Maare-Sale Cape on the Yamal Peninsula). “Siberian Joint-Stock Company” was established in Norway funded by Norway, Russia, and Britain, to develop trade on the Northern Sea Route. V.A. Rusanov ’s expedition sailed around the southern island of Novaya Zemlya on the Polyarnaya vessel. Hydrographer and land surveyor N.N. Matusevich was appointed Head of the Speci fic Surveying of the White Sea and kept the of fice for 20 years. An expedition under Arkhangelsk Fishery Museum Director V.F. Drzhevetskiy left Arkhangelsk on the sail ship Jacques Cartier and headed towards Spitsbergen. The aim of the expedition was to explore black coal reserves on the Archipelago and to reclaim them for Russia. However, the vessel did not reach the island as a severe storm stranded it on the Norway coast. The expedition fellows returned to Arkhangelsk. (continued) 494
Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 1912 Trading Company of Grumant, Agafelov and Co partnership was established by merchants from Arkhangelsk and St.-Petersburg. The Gerkules schooner under V.A. Rusanov left Arkhangelsk Port heading towards Spitsbergen and further to the east. German arctic expedition project aimed to explore the Taymyr Peninsula. In order to train participants of the future expedition, another expedition under the command of the Imperial German Navy lieutenant H. Schröder-Stranz went to Spitsbergen on the Norwegian motor sailing vessel Herzog Ernst. Most of the fellows died during the travel. F. Nansen ’s expedition went to Spitsbergen on the Veslemøy. The motor sailing boat Gerkules of V.A. Rusanov ’s expedition passed via the Matochkin Shar Strait into the Kara Sea. They left there a telegram to be sent to St.-Petersburg, saying that they would proceed towards the northern end of Novaya Zemlya. Nothing is known about the expedition since. Jonas Lied from Norway founded “The Siberian Steamship, Manufacturing and Trading Company Limited. ” The Norwegian vessel Tulla hired by the “Siberian Joint-Stock Company” attempted to reach the Yenisei via the Kara Sea and failed. Russian steamship Obnovka sank in the Northern Dvina River, 115 people died. Lieutenant G.L. Brusilov ’s expedition left Arkhangelsk on the Svyataya Anna schooner that was later on locked by the polar ice by the western coast of the Yamal Peninsula. Surveying of the White Sea was newly commenced under the Captain II rank N.N. Matusevich. The first Russian expedition to the North Pole under the command of G.Y. Sedov left from the Sobornaya Wharf (nowadays Krasnaya Wharf) in Arkhangelsk on board of the Svyatoy muchenik Foka vessel. Most of the crew were sailors from Arkhangelsk. Hydrometeorological Of fice was established on the European part of Russia sea coast on the Commercial Ports Department of the Ministry of Industry and Trade ’s initiative. It headquartered in Arkhangelsk. 1912
–1913 The Svyatoy Foka ship spent winter in a bay by the northwestern coast of the Guker (Hooker) Island. G.Y. Sedov named the bay Tikhaya. Wooden steam schooner Svyataya Anna under the command of Lieutenant G.L. Brusilov drifted in the Kara Sea from the Yamal Peninsula coast northwards. In 1914 the ship with the crew (apart from two people) disappeared on high latitudes. 1912 –1914
G.Y. Sedov ’s expedition to the Arctic on the seal hunting ship Svyatoy Foka. 1913 Expedition under the command of R.L. Samoylovich arrived to Spitsbergen on the steamship Mariya and boat Grumant. Hydrography Expedition for the Arctic Ocean commenced on its fourth voyage from Vladivostok on the Taymyr (Captain II rank B.A. Vil ’kitskiy) and Vaygach (Senior Lieutenant P.A. Novopashenny). The Nikolay II Land (now Severnaya Zemlya, or Northern Land Archipelago) and a few islands had been discovered in the course of the travel. The expedition returned to Vladivostok. The
“Siberian Joint-Stock Company” organized an expedition on the cargo steamship Correct. F. Nansen and two passengers (former Secretary of the Russian Embassy in Norway I.G. Loris- Download 0.66 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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