Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic
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hydrological sections of the whole southeastern part of the sea. Expedition aboard the Malygin steam icebreaker hired by the Floating Sea Research Institute included research group of L.A. Zenkevich, V.K. Soldatov, and S.A. Zernov among others. They worked in the Novozemelskiy area of the Barents Sea and the southern part of the Kara Sea performing hydrology surveys in the Ob ’–Yenisei area. N.V. Rose made first ice forecast report in the Kara Sea. Soviet expedition under N.A. Begichev in search of R. Amundsen ’s fellows (P. Tessem and P. Knutsen). The Council of Labour and Defence adopted a resolution on port construction in the Yenisei River mouth being included into the State construction program. The Council of Labour and Defence adopted a resolution “On organising an expedition to Siberia via the Kara Sea. ” Seven million Roubles of gold were allocated to fund the expedition. The Council of Labour and Defence resolved to purchase vessels for the Kara expedition from abroad.
The Speci fic Ob’-Yenisei Hydrography Division staked out, surveyed, and measured the Yenisei Gulf and the Obskaya Guba Bay. They also discovered the Oleniy Island. The Kara (Siberian) expedition took place (it was organized on V.I. Lenin ’s initiative). A division of three steam icebreakers (Vladimir Rusanov, Georgiy Sedov, Aleksandr Sibiryakov) and four transports with barges of the first commodities exchange expedition commenced on its voyage from Arkhangelsk. The division joined the foreign division of five
steamships purchased in Britain. The expedition was accompanied by the Lenin icebreaker. The foreign division arrived to Ust –Yeniseisk, the Arkhangelsk division – to Novy Port in the Obskaya Guba. In 40 days (22 of them on the roadstead), bread and goods for export were delivered to Arkhangelsk. “The White Sea ice sailing directions” by General of the Navy Navigation Corps N.V. Morozov was published. Council of People ’s Commissars of RSFSR signed a decree allowing foreign commercial vessels to enter Arkhangelsk and other ports. Council of People ’s Commissars of RSFSR signed a decree “On Protecting Fish and Beast Lands in the Arctic and the White Sea. ” Specialized icebreaker Milner from Norway for the Arkhangelsk Port perished by the Lumbovskiye Islands in the White Sea. 1922
It was resolved that the Naval forces of the Northern Sea would be dissolved. Flagman ship of the Naval forces of the Northern Sea Yaroslavna left Arkhangelsk, visited Iokanga, Murmansk, crossed the Barents Sea, and reached Novaya Zemlya. Authority for providing safe navigation in the Kara Sea and in the Siberian rivers mouths (short name in Russian – Ubekosibir’) was established basing on the Ob’-Yenisei Hydrography Division. The first interdepartmental meeting on the Northern Sea Route resolved, among other things, to deal with sailing directions and the Kara Sea Route maps publishing. Hunting expedition of the Northern Sea Route Committee on the Agnessa schooner led by industrialist D. Wardroper visited the area between the Yenisei Gulf and the Obskaya Guba Bay, mapped the island to the north from the Yavay Peninsula and named it Agnessa (later the Shokalskiy Island). The hydrography vessel Metel ’ sailed from Petrograd (St.-Petersburg) to the Kara Sea under K.K. Neupokoyev. The second commodity exchange Kara expedition led by M.V. Nikolayev. The hydrography vessel Varshava sailed from Arkhangelsk to the Ob ’ River. American magazine National Geographic published “The Arctic as an Air Route of the Future
” article by V. Stefansson. Materials based on the East Siberian Sea sailing directions by K.K. Neupokoyev were published. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 501
V.V. Shuleykin, a prominent oceanologist in the future, sailed aboard the Pakhtusov ship in the White Sea. First Soviet research vessel Persey was built. Expedition led by K.M. Deryugin on board of the Murman ship performed hydrography works in the White Sea. The icebreaker Skuratov (former Minto, then Ivan Susanin, then Leitenant Dreyer) sank in the Chosha Bay. 1922
–1933 Hydrographers of the Authority for providing safe navigation in the Kara Sea and in the Siberian rivers mouths surveyed the Obskaya Guba Bay, the Bely and Shokalskiy Islands, Malygin Strait, Tazovskaya Guba Bay, Yenisei Gulf with the Oleniy, Sibiryakov, Neupokoyev, Vil ’kitskiy islands, coasts eastwards from the Dvukh Medvedey Cape, Kamennyye Islands, and Severo-vostochnyye Islands in detail. They also performed magnetic, gravimetric, hydrologic, and meteorological observations. 1923 Speci
fic Northern hydrography division was formed. Hydrographer and geodesist N.V. Rose built magnetic observatory (the first one in the Russian North) by the eastern entrance to the Matochkin Shar Strait. Regular observations of absolute values of geomagnetic fields, magnetic dip and declination were performed from 15 September 1923. State Oceanographic Institute expedition on Persey (USSR) and Norwegian expedition led by Thor Iversen on the Blaafjeld visited the Franz Josef Land. The Novy Port (New Port) construction at the Ob ’ River was finished. Two large steel lighters keels were laid down at the Baltiyskiy factory. The lighters were meant for the Kara expedition. Central Union of Consumer Cooperatives organized the Third commodity exchange Kara expedition. Expedition vessel Persey sailed on its first voyage in the White Sea on the route Arkhangelsk –Mezen’–Kandalaksha–Arkhangelsk. Over the course of 18 years Persey performed about 100 passages in the norhern seas. She perished on the Murmansk roadstead in 1941. 1923
–1924 B.A. Vil
’kitskiy became head of the Soviet commodity exchange Kara expeditions to the Ob’ and Yenisei Rivers mouths. 1924 The Northern hydrography expedition led by N.N. Matusevich was established basing on the Speci fic Northern hydrography division. That year the expedition performed reconnaissance survey in the Pechora River mouth and the Matochkin Shar Strait. Hydroplane was used for the research for the first time. The
“Aeroarctic” international society was established to study the Arctic regions using aeronautic vessels. Famous polar explorer F. Nansen became its first President. Aviators B.G. Chukhnovskiy and M.S. Babushkin flying the twin-engine monoplane “Yu-20” performed ice survey from the air along the eastern coast of the Novaya Zemlya for the Kara expedition vessels. It was the first time when aviation was used to explore ice conditions in the Arctic. During the spring ice drift the Agnessa schooner was crushed by ice and sank in the lower course of the Yenisei. V.Yu. Vize published his work “On Surface Currents in the Kara Sea” where he analyzed peculiarities of the schooner Svyataya Anna ice drift (G.L. Brusilov ’s expedition of 1912
–1914), and predicted the presence of unknown land in the sea. In 1929, they discovered there an island and named it after V.Yu. Vize. Fourth Kara expedition. Large amounts of Siberian timber exported abroad for the first time. Sea expedition of the Russian Hydrology Institute surveyed ice distribution and tidal currents in the Kara Sea on the Nord ship and steam icebreaker Malygin. Hydrography Department of USSR published “Sailing Directions for the Yenisei Gulf and the Yenisei River up to Ust-Yeniseisk Port ” in Leningrad (St.-Petersburg). The “Directions” was the first work ever composed for sailing in the area. It was written by Head of the Authority for providing safe navigation in the Kara Sea and in the Siberian rivers mouths, hydrographer N.F. Timofeyevskiy. (continued) 502
Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic Systemic hydrography surveys commenced in the north (the White Sea, the Murmansk coast, and the Novaya Zemlya coast). They surveyed the White Sea Gorlo (Throat) Strait among other areas under N.N. Matusevich ’s guidance. He also superwised the “Currents Atlas” composition. The book ran into several editions. Scienti fic and Fishing Herring expedition in the White Sea. Speci fic practice division of the White Sea Naval Forces (the Avrora cruiser and training vessel Komsomolets) sailed in the training voyage around Scandinavia to Murmansk and Arkhangelsk. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People ’s Commissars of RSFSR issued a resolution “On the Arctic Ocean Islands Administration” defining the Novaya Zemlya, Vaygach, Kolguyev Islands and their populations as administered by Arkhangelsk Governorate executive committee. Commercial Navy school in Arkhangelsk became the Arkhangelsk Sea Ways Training College.
1925 Spitsbergen was of ficially proclaimed a part of Norway and became its administrative subdivision Svalbard. The Svalbard Act of 17 July 1925 no. 11 was endorsed by the royal resolution and came into effect.
Murmansk Biology Centre became an independent scienti fic institution (a research laboratory). The
“Murmansk Coast Sailing Directions” and M.I. Tikhiy’s book Murman Fish of Commercial Value were published. British expedition under F. Worsley visited the Franz Josef Land aboard the sailing ship Island. They discovered a small island Tom. The Council of People ’s Commissars resolved to proclaim the Krasnoy Armii, Matochkin Shar, Vil ’kitskogo, Shokalskiy, Yugorskiy Shar, and Karskiye Vorota Straits the USSR territorial waters. Ice Of
fice was established by the Matochkin Shar Strait to inform sailors on the ice conditions in the Kara Sea and the straits at Novaya Zemlya via radio. The Authorities for providing safe navigation in various seas met in Leningrad and approved the program of hydrography works in the Barents and Kara Seas. Expedition of the Research Institute on the North Studies led by R.L. Samoylovich visited the northern island of Novaya Zemlya on board of the Elding ship, and surveyed geography of the eastern coast where a few new bays and inlets were found. Fifth Soviet Kara expedition led by M.V. Nikolayev. Well-known American international lawyer David Miller published an article “Political Rights in the Arctic ” in the United States Department of State. K.M. Deryugin ’s work “Survey of the Barents and White Seas, and of Novaya Zemlya. 1912 –1924” was published in Arkhangelsk. Research Institute on the North Studies was established. V.V. Shuleykin ’s work “White Sea Tides Hydrodynamics” was published. 1925
–1926 North hydrography expedition studied currents in the White Sea Gorlo (Throat) Strait and published “Tidal Currents Atlas for the White Sea Throat Strait.” 1925 –1934
North hydrography expedition surveyed the Murmansk coast from the Vayda Bay (Rybachy Peninsula) to the Svyatoy Nos Cape in detail, but without ship sounding from the Rynda Guba Bay. Then only selected sea surveying was performed in detail until 1941. 1926
N.M. Knipovich ’s work “Key to the Fishes of the Barents, White and Kara Seas” was published among works of the Research Institute on the North Studies. Hydrography expedition on the steamship Sever under hydrographer V.N. Dmitriyev proceeded with mapping of the Khalmyer Bay (Gydanskaya Bay). N.A. Begichev found remains of Norwegian sailor P. Tessem, fellow of R. Amundsen ’s polar expedition, on the continental coast across from the Dikson Island. R. Amundsen was buried there as well later. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 503
Central Executive Committee Presidium of USSR resolved to rename the Zemlya Nikolaya II Archipelago into Severnaya Zemlya. Central Executive Committee Presidium and the Council of People ’s Commissars issued a resolution “On proclaiming lands and islands of the Arctic Ocean territories of USSR.” The resolution proclaimed establishment of the Soviet arctic sector located between meridians 32 0 04 ’35”E and 168 0 48
Regular synoptic of fice catering for the Kara expeditions commenced its activities in the Novy Port. The sixth Soviet commodity exchange expedition led by N.I. Yevgenov. The steam icebreaker Georgiy Sedov provided passage for the expedition through the Matochkin Shar Strait. In Leningrad, Hydrography Department of USSR published “Obskaya Guba Sailing Directions ” by Head of the Authority for providing safe navigation in the Kara Sea and in the Siberian rivers mouths, hydrographer N.F. Timofeyevskiy. 1926 –1938
Northern hydrography expedition performed hydrography surveys (triangulation, topography survey, measuring) in the Severnaya Dvina River mouth, the White Sea Throat, Mezenskiy Gulf, Onezhskiy Gulf, Kandalaksha Gulf, on the Karelia coast, Terskiy coast, Summer (Letniy) coast, and Winter (Zimniy) coast. They also explored the Severnyye Koshki Islands. Geodetic control grid was created over the whole White Sea coast excluding the Onezhskiy Gulf. 1927
The Zarnitsa vessel of the Research Institute on the North Studies performed oceanography surveys in the northern latitudes of the Barents Sea near the Franz Josef Land. The Floating Sea Research Institute fellows on the Persey performed oceanography works all over the southwestern part of the Kara Sea. The seventh Soviet Kara expedition was led by N.I. Yevgenov. Ice observation and forecast Of fice was established under V.A. Snezhinskiy at the White Sea and in the Severnaya Dvina mouth. 1928 Umberto Nobile ’s airship Italia left Milan, reached Spitsbergen and in 2 weeks reached the North Pole. It crashed on the way back approximately 90 km from Spitsbergen. A Soviet amateur radio operator Nikolay Schmidt from Arkhangelsk Oblast received SOS signal from the crashed airship Italia. Norwegian polar explorer R. Amundsen perished in the Barents Sea on the Latham plane when searching for Umberto Nobile ’s expedition (Italy). Several vessels (including Krasin and Georgiy Sedov) visited the Franz Josef Land searching for fellows of the expedition of the Italia airship. A.V. Kolchak ’s work “Ices of the Kara and Siberian Seas” was translated into English and published by the American Geographical Society. Governmental Committee on the Arctic was established to promote research in the USSR polar territories. The Ob ’ group of the Authority for providing safe navigation in the Kara Sea and in the Siberian rivers mouths went on a hydrography expedition to map the Obskaya Guba on board of the Messner schooner. The eighth Soviet Kara expedition was led by N.I. Yevgenov. K.M. Deryugin published “The White Sea Fauna and habitat conditions there.” The Council of Labour and Defence resolved to establish Northern Sea Route Committee ( “Komseverput’”) Stock Company aimed to provide for the Northern Sea Route systemic use, catering for all the necessary facilities, and ensuring it becoming the artery of commercial relations between Siberia and Europe. M.M. Litvinov informed the Politburo about Great Britain Naval Service vessels often entering the Soviet territorial waters and covering British fishermen illegally fishing in the Barents and even White Seas. Arkhangelsk Sea Ways Training College became Sea Training College. (continued) 504 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 1929 The Council of People ’s Commissars of USSR resolved to establish committee on unification of research works on the northern seas. Member of the Academy of Sciences N.M. Knipovich was appointed head of the committee. However, the Committee had not commenced on any activities. The Floating Sea Research Institute and Murmansk biology centre united and became State Oceanography Institute which existed until 1934. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People ’s Commissars of RSFSR issued a resolution “On the Arctic Ocean Islands Administration.” Scienti fic research of the Arctic regions became commercially and economically important for the USSR. According to the Soviet Government resolution, an expedition on the Georgiy Sedov icebreaker built a permanent research center on the Hooker Island in the Tikhaya Bay (Franz Josef Land). Expedition on the Georgiy Sedov erected a memorial on the Rudolf Island in the Teplitz Bay to honor three fellows of the Italian expedition that sailed on the Stella Polare. They perished in 1900. The ninth Soviet Kara expedition under N.I. Yevgenov was accompanied by the Krasin icebreaker. Icebreakers started to provide passage for the Kara expeditions annually. First Soviet expedition to high latitudes commenced from Arkhangelsk on board of the steam icebreaker Georgiy Sedov (Captain V.I. Voronin) towards Franz-Josef Land. The expedition was organized by the Arctic Institute and led by O.Yu. Schmidt. V.V. Timonov ’s work “On questions of hydrology regime of the White Sea Throat” was published. 1929 –1931
G.L. Travin traveled alone in the Arctic by bicycle, going along the Arctic Ocean coast, visiting some islands. He went from west to east from the Kola Peninsula to the Dezhnev Cape on Chukotka. 1929
–1935 L.V. Antonov performed ice conditions observations in the Kara and Laptev Seas aboard the Krasin icebreaker. 1930
With N.N. Zubov ’s participation, the first bathymetric maps of the Barents Sea (1:2,000,000) was compiled. Norwegian vessel Bratvang was the first to explore the Victoria Island in the west of the Barents Sea. Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences establishing had begun: Khibiny Mountain Centre of the USSR Academy of Sciences – Kola Centre of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1934) – Kola Department of the the USSR Academy of Sciences (1949) – Kola Science Centre the USSR Academy of Sciences (1988). Nowadays, the following institutions are parts of the Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Geology, Mountains, Polar Geophysics, Murmansk Marine Biology Institutes; I.V. Tananaev Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and Mineral Raw Materials, N.A. Avrorin Botanical Garden and Institute of Polar and Alpine Botany, Institute for Issues of Industrial Ecology on the North, Economy Issues Institute, Institute for Informatics and Mathematical Modelling of Technological Processes, Centre for Physical and Technical Problems of Energy Development in the North, and Centre for Humanitarian Problems in the Barents Region. Leningrad Oblast executive committee resolved to establish Lapland Nature Reserve as part of the forestry and hunting economy system. From 1985, it became Lapland Biosphere Reserve according to the UNESCO certi ficate. Polar expedition led by O.Yu. Schmidt and V.Yu. Vize commenced to the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago on the steam icebreaker Georgiy Sedov. Attempts to acclimatize Kamchatka crabs at the Murman Bay. Norwegian scienti fic expedition led by G.H. Horn visited the Franz Josef Land Archipelago. Georgiy Sedov visited the Franz Josef Land again. The expedition had been to the Northbrook, Bell, MacKlintok, and Alger Islands, and explored their flora, fauna, and geology. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 505
Complex sea expedition on the steam icebreaker Georgiy Sedov was led to Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya by O.Yu. Schmidt (Head), V.Yu. Vize (Research Advisor), and V.I. Voronin (Captain). They discovered the Vize and Isachenko Islands, Sedov Archipelago, and explored the northern part of the Kara Sea. They also carried the expedition led by G.A. Ushakov to the Domashniy Island coast and delivered materials for the first arctic research center on the Severnaya Zemlya. The
first “Kara Sea and Novaya Zemlya Islands Sailing Directions” was published under N.I. Yevgenov ’s guidance basing on the Northern hydrography expedition results. The Northern Sea Route Committee ( “Komsevmorput’”) expedition on board of the Messner schooner founded a factory by the Yuribey River mouth, in the apex of the Gydanskaya Bay. It triggered annual visits of trade vessels to the bay. Steam icebreaker Malygin provided passage for some vessels of the Kara expedition from Yenisei around the Zhelaniya Cape. Steamship Anastas Mikoyan surveyed and measured the Gydanskaya Bay. The sailing-motor ship Belukha went from Arkhangelsk to the Western Taymyr coast to get to the Lena River. It came back without reaching its goal. The expedition led by G.A. Ushakov to the Severnaya Zemlya built a radiostation on the Domashniy Island (Severnaya Zemlya). The tenth Soviet Kara expedition. The Kara Sea Route economic exploitation began. German minesweeper Capella sank by the Kaninskiy coast. “Belomorstroy” was established on I.V. Stalin’s initiative to construct the White Sea – Baltic Sea Canal. The Research Institute on the North Studies became the All-Soviet Arctic Research Institute. Download 0.66 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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