Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic
part from hydrography works, it performed hydrology sections in the gulf
Download 0.66 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
|
Minin schooner. Apart from hydrography works, it performed hydrology sections in the gulf. 1936 –1944
Novella “Two Captains” by V.A. Kaverin was published in two parts. The story is based on the tragic voyage of G.L. Brusilov ’s expedition (Captain Tatarinov’s in the book) that disappeared in the North aboard the Svyataya Anna (Svyataya Mariya schooner in the book). In 1955, same-name fiction film was produced (directed by V.Ya. Vengerov), and TV series (6 parts) directed by E.E. Karelov in 1976. 1937 Participants of the North Pole-1 expedition (I.D. Papanin, E.K. Fedorov, P.P. Shirshov, E.T. Krenkel ’) arrived to Murmansk aboard the Yermak icebreaker. V.K. Yesipov ’s work “Commercially Important Fishes of the Barents Sea” was published. Northern Military Flotilla became Northern Fleet in accordance with the order of the People ’s Committee for Defence. German cruiser Köln visited the Barents Sea “to protect fishery.” (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 511
Soviet navigators accompanied two German transport vessels via the Kara Sea to the Ob ’ and
Yenisei ports. The AARI expedition sailed aboard Nerpa to the northwestern part of the Kara Sea under K.A. Gomoyunov. Icebreaker Yermak performed ice conditions observations in the Barents and Kara Seas. Hydrography expedition aboard the Georgiy Sedov icebreaker went to the northeastern part of the Kara Sea. B.G. Ostrovskiy ’s book White Sea was published in Arkhangelsk. Airplanes for the high-latitude expedition “North Pole-1” flew from Moscow to Arkhangelsk. Administration of the Plant No 402 construction in Molotovsk was transferred from the People
’s Commissariat for Defence Industry to the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) due to failure to meet the deadline. 1938 The People ’s Commissar for the USSR Navy P.A. Smirnov arrived to Polyarny to thoroughly inspect the Northern Fleet by I.V. Stalin ’s order. Regular hydrology and meteorology support is now provided for the Northern Fleet. Participants of the XVIII International Geological Congress visited gulfs and bays at the Novaya Zemlya aboard the Vologda steamship. First patrol oceanography expedition went to the Barents and Kara Seas aboard the Murmanets ship. Expedition on the Papanin vessel worked in the Kara Sea near Taymyr. First spring ice patrol went to the Kara Sea on the Nerpa, and then another ice patrol went to the northeastern part of the Kara Sea, Barents Sea, and Vil ’kitskiy Strait on the Murmansk and Litke vessels. The White Sea Biological Station of Moscow State University was set up on the Karelia coast of the Kandalaksha Gulf. The Sudostroy settlement near Arkhangelsk became Molotovsk Town (from 1957 Severodvinsk). The town ’s shipbuilding plant was assigned Number 402, nowadays it is called Northern Machine-Building Enterprise OJSC. 1938
–1940 Hydrography expedition led by V.A. Radziyevskiy went to the Nordenskjold Archipelago aboard the hydrography vessel Toros. 1939
The Politburo adopted the resolution “On Constructing Naval Base Vayenga (now Severomorsk) at the Northern Theatre of Operations. ” The Politburo adopted the resolution “On Reinforcing the State Border Defence in Murmansk Oblast.
” German ocean liner Bremen (third in the world) brought the American dry cargo ship City of Flint as a prize of war to the Murmansk Port wharf without notice. N.G. Kuznetsov declared the necessity of having a Northern Fleet base at the Yokanga, at the gulf eastward of the Kola Gulf. Icebreaker I. Stalin led by Captain M.P. Belousov went from Murmansk to the Greenland Sea to free the Georgiy Sedov steam icebreaker from ice as she was completing her historic drift at the Laptev Sea. People ’s Commissar of the Navy N.G. Kuznetsov sent a note “On Operational Value of the Spitsbergen and Bear Islands (Svalbard Archipelago) ” to the Head of the Council of the People ’s Commissars V.M. Molotov. In accordance with the resolution by the Supreme Soviet of the People ’s Economy, the Kolchak Island in the Taymyr Gulf of the Kara Sea was renamed after S.I. Rastorguyev, sailor of the Russian polar expedition of the Academy of Sciences 1900 –1903. N.N. Zubov performed preseasonal ice conditions reconnaissance from the plane in the Kara Sea. During the navigation season the icebreaker Yermak led by V.P. Meleshko performed extensive hydrology works in the Vil ’kitskiy Strait. Soviet hunting vessel Murmanets went on a hydrography expedition in the Kara Sea. Strategic ice conditions reconnaissance began being regularly performed in the Soviet Arctic Seas. (continued) 512 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic The Politburo obliged the Arkhangelsk Oblast Committee to immediately allocate 1,000 workers in order to quickly finish coastal batteries construction on the Morzhovets Island in the White Sea Gorlo (Throat) Strait and by the Lodeynoye settlement on the western coast of the Kola Peninsula. The Politburo adopted a resolution “On proclaiming the White Sea Throat a restricted area to foreign vessels. ” Resolution of the Council of the People ’s Commissars “On the working mode in the Kola Gulf
” closed entrance to the gulf for any foreign vessels. 1940
The German liner Bremen spent almost the whole autumn at the Murmansk wharf. The steam icebreaker G. Sedov completed her drift in the Arctic that began on 23 October 1937 and lasted for 812 days. The I. Stalin icebreaker and G. Sedov steam icebreaker arrived to Murmansk. The G. Sedov (Captain K.S. Badigin) was awarded the Order of Lenin for her heroic drift in the Arctic Ocean and the Greenland Sea ice, and the I. Stalin (Captain M.P. Belousov) received the same award for providing passage for G. Sedov on her way out of the Arctic. The hunting boat Murmanets was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. Fifteen members of the crew were awarded titles of Heroes of the Soviet Union for accomplishing the research program in the most dif ficult weather conditions of the Arctic and for their courage. The Winter War ended and the USSR and Finland signed a peace treaty. Finland ceded a part of the Karelian Isthmus, an area near Alakurtti town (westward of Kandalaksha), western parts of the Rybachiy, and Sredniy Peninsulas in the Barents Sea to the USSR. The Soviet divisions left the Petsamo Province (Pechenga). The Dekabrist (D-1) submarine perished while performing a military training task in the Motovskiy Gulf area. The Shch-423 submarine under Captain-Lieutenant A.M. Bystrov sailed the Northern Sea Route from Polyarny to Vladivostok as part of the Special Operations Expedition No 10 for the first time in the Arctic sailing history. German cruiser Komet went on an intelligence voyage to the Paci fic Ocean via the Arctic Ocean seas along the Northern Sea Route. She was disguised as the Soviet vessels Semyon Dezhnyov and Dunay while sailing. Expedition led by V.I. Vorobyov aboard the Sedov performed extensive measurement works near the Izvestiy TsIK Islands and the Kirov Islands. Polar research center was set up on the Pravda Island. Hydrography expedition led by S.G. Karandashev went to the Minin Skerries where they discovered several new islands, bays, and straits (the Podkova, Pestsovy, Krugly, Kravkova, and other islands). V.I. Vorobyov ’s work “The Kara Sea” was published in Moscow. The White Sea Navy base was established in Arkhangelsk. The Severodvinsk, Severomorsk, and Yokanga Navy bases were being constructed. 1941 The Yokanga Navy base construction was of ficially approved. Two British submarines Tiger moored at Polyarny to patrol the Barents Sea. “Hydrology guide of the USSR seas. The Barents Sea” was published. Polar centers at the Franz Josef Land stopped their operations due to the Great Patriotic War outbreak. Landing operation was performed by ships of the Northern Fleet in the Zapadnaya Litsa Guba Bay. Hydrography vessel Akademik Shokal ’skiy (Ice Patrol №16) surveyed the ice conditions in the southwestern part of the Barents Sea and nearing the Novaya Zemlya straits. Northern Division of the White Sea Military Flotilla was formed by orders of the Northern Fleet Commander, Rear Admiral A.G. Golovko. It was meant to defend the Kara Sea and the Novaya Zemlya straits. The steam icebreaker Sadko ran ashore onto an unknown shallow in the Kara Sea. She stayed a float for 2 days and sank. The Lenin icebreaker rescued the crew. A convoy of the I. Stalin and Lenin icebreakers and the Bureya transport sailed from Murmansk to the Kara Sea protected by the Kuybyshev, Uritskiy, and Engels destroyers. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 513
First polar convoy of seven transports escorted by the SRK-22 guard ship sailed from Arkhangelsk to the Kara Sea. Thereby they began transferring cargo vessels to the Arctic to provide for transportation needs in the North. Great Patriotic War had begun (22 June). Martial law was proclaimed in the Arkhangelsk Oblast by order of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Military navigation service was established at the White Sea Military Flotilla. There were eight sites located in Arkhangelsk, Yokanga, Kandalaksha, Kem ’, Belomorsk, Mezen’, Onega, and Shoyna. The USA President F.D. Roosevelt signed a bill on adding the USSR to the “Act to Further Promote the Defense of the United States ” (so called Lend-Lease Act). Trilateral meeting of the USSR, the USA, and Britain took place in Moscow. A protocol on delivering aid totalling one billion US Dollars to the USSR as envisaged by the “Lend-Lease Act ” was signed at the end of the meeting. First of Arctic Convoys by which the Western Allies supplied material aid to the Soviet Union (seven transports, code name Dervish or PQ-1) arrived to Arkhangelsk. First “homebound” allies convoy sailed from Arkhangelsk to Britain (QP-1) carrying timber and ore as means of the USSR credit payments to Britain. The Lomonosov schooner perished in Arkhangelsk. State Committee on Defence of the USSR adopted a special resolution on Arkhangelsk Port. In the autumn the motor ship Spartak sailed from Kandalaksha to Arkhangelsk carrying over 2,500 people to take part in defense forti fications construction. She was barred by ice when approaching Arkhangelsk. People were getting ill, food supplies running out. The icebreaker Lenin came to the rescue. British minelayer Adventure arrived to Arkhangelsk carrying 200 magnetic mines and 1,000 depth bombs. Military transport HMS Queen of Canada delivered 1,953 Soviet miners and their family members evacuated from Spitsbergen to Arkhangelsk. I.V. Stalin suggested W. Churchill that “20–25 divisions to be landed in Arkhangelsk” as means of active aid. On order by the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route, Arkhangelsk Sea Agency of Murmansk Arctic Steamship Company became Arkhangelsk Sea Arctic Company. While sailing towards Umba from Arkhangelsk, the Pomorye vessel built at the Admiralteyskiy Plant in Leningrad tripped a mine of the Soviet defense mine field 2 miles from the Bolshoy Sedlovaty Island. Only two people of 34 crew members and 30 passengers managed to survive. Thirty- five transports, 40 trawlers, and about 80 motor boats proceeded from the Kola Gulf to the White Sea without escort, one by one. The ships were rescued from the German aviation attacks and served for transportation in the North. Three German destroyers wrecked the watch ship Passat and rescue craft RT-67, and damaged the RT-32 rescue craft southeastward of Teriberka settlement, in the White Sea. Four destroyers wrecked the Meridian vessel northeastward of Teriberka. 1941
–1943 Hydrographers of the Northern Fleet took part in providing navigation and hydrography support for passage along the ice routes in the White Sea and the Severnaya Dvina River. 1941
–1944 Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (PINRO) was evacuated from Murmansk to Arkhangelsk. 1942
The Baku leader and the Raz ’yaryonny and Razumny destroyers sailed from Vladivostok to Murmansk via the Arctic to reinforce the Northern Fleet. They covered 7,360 miles in 762 sailing hours during the voyage, average speed of 9.6 knots. Icebreakers helped them to pass 1,000 miles through the ice. The Hydrography Service of the Northern Fleet personnel took part in supporting a landing operation westward of the Pikshuyev Cape between the Zapadnaya Litsa Guba Bay and Titovka Guba Bay. First allied convoy PQ-7 arrived in Murmansk from Iceland. (continued) 514 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic The K-21 submarine under the Hero of the Soviet Union, Captain II rank N.A. Lunin ’s command attacked the German battleship Tirpitz. A German submarine attacked the marine airdrome and meteorological station in the Malyye Karmakuly and Belushya Guba settlements (Novaya Zemlya), and wrecked the Krestyanin steamship that was sailing from Naryan-Mar. At the entrance to the Yugorskiy Shar Strait, a German submarine destroyed a small convoy of three tugs and two barges carrying workers for the Naryan-Mar Port and prisoners from Norilskstroy to work at the NKVD site № 300. British cruiser Edinburgh was wrecked in the Barents Sea when she was carrying Soviet gold (465 bars, or 5,535.6 kg of highest purity gold) to the UK. Soviet steamship Kiyev, part of the QP-10 British convoy, was torpedoed and sank in the Barents Sea approaching the Medvezhiy Island (some suppose she had 4.5 tonnes of gold aboard, in payment for the lend-lease). Soviet hydrography vessel Yakutiya encountered a Nazi submarine by the Wardroper Island (by the Meduz Cape, in the Khmyznikov Strait, northern part of the Minin Skerries, according to another source). German submarine U-601 sank the Soviet cargo (timber) steamship Kuybyshev near the Vil ’kitskiy Island when entering the Yenisei Gulf. All of the crew died. It was resolved to establish a Navy base at the Novaya Zemlya as part of the White Sea Military Flotilla. Commanders of the German Kriegsmarine group “North” proposed a heavy cruisers (the Admiral Scheer and Lützow) operation project in the Kara Sea. German heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer went on raid to the Dikson Island. She encountered the Soviet steam icebreaker A. Sibiryakov by the Belukha Island (Kara Sea) and sank her. The Admiral Scheer then shot the Dezhnev (SKR-19) steam icebreaker and the Revolyutsioner steamship in the Dikson Port. Hydrography vessel Murmanets (Ice Patrol №18) surveyed ice conditions by the western coasts of the Novaya Zemlya and in the Kara Sea in summer. The very first group of German polar explorers landed on the Kara Sea islands. Hitler ’s Kriegsmarine began the Wunderland Operation in the Kara Sea. The Soviet Friedrich Engels went on her first voyage in the high Artic latitudes from the USA to the Dikson Port. The Severodvinsk Port construction began southwestward of Arkhangelsk. Northern hydrography expedition commenced on the hydrography works aiming to ensure navigational safety of the allied convoys heading to Arkhangelsk along the Arctic ice edge by the western coast of the Novaya Zemlya Islands and Kaninskiy coast. Full-scale hydrography works had been performed at the convoy formation sites, anchor moorings, and escort vessels bases. The icebreaker Iosif Stalin had been damaged during the German bombings of the Arkhangelsk Port. That made accepting military convoys from Britain more dif ficult.
I.V. Stalin severely criticized I.D. Papanin who was responsible for the convoys acceptance. Hydrography vessel Murmanets (Ice Patrol №18) took part in rescuing 147 sailors of the PQ-17 convoy wrecked vessels. In order to provide regular shippings of imported defense cargoes, a temporary railway line was put in operation: from Isakogorka Station to Ekonomiya Port with ice crossing over the Severnaya Dvina River. In spring and summer a ferry (scow) railway crossing was in place. I.D. Papanin, commissary of the State Defence Committee of USSR on the marine shippings in the North, was in charge of the works. Hydrography vessel Ivan Papanin left Arkhangelsk to perform works in the Kara Sea. 1942 –1943
A submarine division of the Paci fic Fleet sailed via two oceans and nine seas to the Arctic to join the Northern Fleet where it was assigned to. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 515
1943 British cruiser Belfast that was taking part in escorting the northern convoys arrived to Murmansk. Soviet submarine S-101 (Commander Captain-Lieutenant Y.N. Tro fimov) torpedoed and sank the German submarine minelayer U-639 (Commander Oberlieutenant W. Wichmann) in the Kara Sea. The German U-255 submarine crew established a filler point for reconnaissance hydroplanes at the northeastern coast of the Novaya Zemlya, sank the sailing motor hydrography boat Akademik Shokal ’skiy 10 miles from the Spory Navolok Cape (Novaya Zemlya). Twelve people of her crew died. The German U-302 submarine sank the Soviet cargo steamship Dikson southeastward of the Mona Islands. The German submarine U-601 caused damage to the Soviet Arctic Convoy VA-18, sinking the transport Arkhangelsk (15 people died) and the escort minesweeper T-896 northwestward of the Nansen Island, Nordenskjold Archipelago. Using the secret airdrome on the northern island of the Novaya Zemlya, German hydroplanes BV-138 performed reconnaissance in the Kara Sea and on several occasions flew to the Nordenskjold Archipelago. German submarine U-703 sank the Soviet cargo steamship S. Kirov near the Izvestiy TsIK Islands. Some of the crew died, 27 people were rescued. German submarine U-960 torpedoed the minesweeper TShch-42 from the VA-18 convoy escort by the Arctic Institute Islands. The crew were killed. The Krasin icebreaker provided passage for military vessels and transports in the White Sea during the winter navigation season. W. Averell Harriman, USA Ambassador to the USSR, visited the Arkhangelsk Port and greatly praised its work on lend-lease cargo reception. 1944 Light cruiser of the US Navy, Milwaukee was transferred to the Soviet Union (Northern Fleet of the Navy). She was considered as a substitute for the light cruiser Emanuele Filiberto Duca d ’Aosta when dividing the Italian Fleet. She was renamed Murmansk and became the first cruiser of the Northern Fleet. The Northern Fleet gained 10 British ships as reparations. There were eight destroyers plus one as spare parts, and the battleship Arkhangelsk (former HMS Royal Sovereign). The so-called Stalin ’s tenth blow began in the Pechenga Area (Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive). Soviet Army crossed the Norway border and liberated the Kirkenes Port at the Barents Sea. The Pechenga (Petsamo –Kirkenes) area was fully liberated. Nine Soviet torpedo cutters of the Northern Fleet attacked German convoy near Vardø, northern Norway. Two transports, two destroyers, three minesweepers, and six escorting ships were sunk as the result. During the Petsamo –Kirkenes Offensive, the Northern Fleet hydrographers provided landing at the southern coast of the Malaya Volokovaya Guba, at the site between the Pikshuyev Cape and Mogilny Island, at the Liinakhamari Port, and at the site between Pechenga and Kirkenes. The landing operations were successful. Memorial to submarine sailors – heroes fallen fighting for their country – was erected in Polyarny. Military actions on the Kola Peninsula resulted in crushing defeat of the German divisions. Three Nazi submarines tried to fight through the Vil’kitskiy Strait to reach the Soviet Port Nordvik but failed. German submarine U-957 torpedoed the SKR-29 Brilliant that was one of the VD-1 Convoy escorting ships near the Kravkova Island, 70 miles westward of the Middendorff Bay, the Kara Sea. Almost all of the crew died. A group of German submarines Greif came to the Kara Sea. Nazi landing party occupied the Soviet polar station “Sterligova Cape” (Mikhaylov Peninsula, near the Minin Skerries). (continued) 516
Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic Soviet minesweepers T-116 and BO-206 sank the German submarine U-362 near the Mona Islands.
Near the Belukha Island, the German submarine U-957 wrecked the Soviet sailing motor hydrography vessel Nord that was ensuring safe navigation providing lighthouses maintenance. Eighteen people died, two were taken prisoner. Soviet Arctic convoy BD-5 was destroyed in the Kara Sea near the Bely Island. It was carrying cargoes for polar research centers, winterers ’ families, and aviators of the Kara aviation base from Arkhangelsk to the Dikson Island. German submarine U-365 torpedoed the Marina Raskova transport, then the minesweepers T-118 and T-114. 373 people died. Polar wireless station was constructed on the Vaygach Island, by the eastern entrance to the Download 0.66 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
|