Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic
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Karskiye Vorota Strait. Polar wireless station was constructed by the eastern entrance to the Yugorskiy Shar Strait in the Maare-Sale, western coast of Taymyr. Soviet minesweeper AM-120 fought a German submarine near the Kravkova Island. The minesweeper was sunk, some of the crew died. The State Defence Committee of USSR adopted a resolution “On Measures to Reinforce Defence of the Marine Lanes and Communications near the Novaya Zemlya and in the Kara Sea.
” Kara Navy Base was established on the Dikson Island. The Kapitan Belousov icebreaker provided passage for Soviet and allied convoy vessels through ices of the White Sea. The Murmansk cruiser (former Milwaukee, USA) led an operation on escorting the White Sea group of the RA-61 Convoy (15 transports and 2 tankers). Arkhangelsk Sea Training College became Arkhangelsk Navy School. British aircrafts were on purpose relocated to an airdrome near Arkhangelsk. They attacked the German raider battleship Tirpitz then located in Tromsø (Norway) and sank her. Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of USSR established medal “For the Soviet Arctic Defence.” 1945
The Soviet destroyer Karl Liebknecht wrecked the German submarine U-286 by the entrance to the Kola Gulf. All of the crew (51 people) died. The JW-66 Convoy entered the Kola Gulf. The last allied convoy arrived from Britain, which comprised of 26 transports and 19 military vessels. Sixteen submarine chasers arrived with the convoy as part of the USA lend-lease and were included in the USSR Northern Fleet. Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of USSR established the Pechengskiy area on the Petsamo region territory ceded by Finland to the USSR in accordance with the Moscow Armistice of 1944 signed by Great Britain and USSR on one side and Finland on the other. The Pechengskiy area was included into the Murmansk oblast by the same decree. Marine Biology Centre (Karelian-Finnish, from 1956 Petrozavodsk, University station) opened in Gridino Village, Karelian shore. It was there until 1950. The Great Patriotic War ended (9 May). A.G. Golovko, Commander of the Northern Fleet, signed an order to abolish system of domestic convoys in the Barents Sea and transferring ships and fleet divisions to peace status. Six meters high, tetrahedral obelisk to honor the port of ficers fallen in battles was erected in front of the Murmansk port Administration building. There are 83 names on the memorial tablet. The White Sea and Kola Navy defense areas were established. 1946 The Northern Fleet Museum opened. The White Sea –Baltic Sea Canal was opened to navigation after restoration. N.A. Dmitriyev ’s work “Herring Biology and Fishing in the White Sea” was published. 1947 The USSR Government adopted a plan on powerful icebreakers design and construction to ensure navigation in the Arctic. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 517
1948 A new
fishery area (Norwegian Trench) was explored in the Barents Sea. Expedition on board of the Fyodor Litke icebreaker performed hydrography works in the Kara Sea, studied the Taymyr ice massive formation processes. A.P. Okladnikov ’s work “Russian Polar Sailors of XVII century by the Taymyr Coasts” was published. V.Yu. Vize ’s book Seas of the Soviet Arctic was published by the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route publishing house. E.F. Guryanova ’s work “White Sea and its Fauna” was published. 1949
The Murmansk cruiser of the Northern Fleet was given back to the USA where it was demolished. The research vessel Persey-2 went on her first voyage. 1950 In accordance with instruction №259r of 11 January 1950 by the USSR Council of Ministers, Murmansk Higher Marine School (MHMS) was founded to prepare engineers for the USSR fishery fleets. Institution names were MHMS in 1950–1969; Murmansk Higher Engineering Marine School (MHEMS) in 1969 –1975; Lenin Komsomol Murmansk Higher Engineering Marine School in 1975 –1992; Murmansk State Fishing Fleet Academy (MSFFA) in 1992
–1996; and Murmansk State Technical University from 1996 to now. “Atlas of the Arctic Ocean” was published. The Navy Headquarters published the “Sea Atlas.” The fourth volume of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia was published. There was an article on the White Sea. 1951 The Norwegian Storting resolved to transfer the Spitsbergen Archipelago and the Bear and Jan Mayen Islands defense task to the Commanders of the NATO sea region. 1953
First fishery maps of the Barents Sea were published. The GKS-V hydrostat dived for the first time for research purposes in the Barents Sea. The second volume of the “Sea Atlas” was published. Arkhangelsk Sea Arctic Steamship company was joined with the Murmansk Sea Arctic Steamship company (based in Murmansk). 1954 Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a resolution “On establishing Northern nuclear test site on the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago ” (from 1992 Central Nuclear Test Site of the Russian Federation). 1955 First nuclear test was performed on the test site near the Chyornaya Guba Bay southwest of the Southern Island of the Novaya Zemlya. Nuclear warhead with explosive yield of 20 kg was tested 12 m deep. Members of the Academy of Sciences N.N. Semyonov, Y.K. Fyodorov, S.A. Khristianovich, M.A. Sadovskiy, and Admiral S.G. Gorshkov were present during the explosion. First thermonuclear explosion in the atmosphere was performed from Tu-16 airplane on the Novaya Zemlya. Expedition aboard the Fyodor Litke icebreaker for the first time sailed around the Franz Josef Land from the Kara Sea side and reached 82 0 21 ’N which was a record for freely sailing vessels.
The B-67 submarine fired a ballistic missile in the White Sea for the first time in the world. 1956 World
’s first nuclear icebreaker, the Lenin was laid on the Admiralteyskiy yard shipways in Leningrad. Soviet ichthyologists began naturalizing salmon by the Murmansk region coasts. Minister for Fishery of the USSR A.A. Ishkov visited Norway. They exchanged opinions on fishery research cooperation prospects for the first time. Norwegian Minister of Fisheries Nils K. Lysø visited Murmansk. M.I. Belov ’s work “Sailing in the Arctic from the Ancient Times to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century. The Northern Sea Route Exploration History ” was published. (continued) 518
Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 1957 The USSR Government and the Royal Norwegian Government signed an agreement on marine borders between the countries in the Varangerfjord. The USSR Council of Ministers adopted a resolution to establish historical titles for the White Sea waters (southward of the line between the Svyatoy Nos Cape and the Kanin Nos Cape), Chosha and Baydarata Bays waters, Penzhinskaya Guba Bay (northward of the line connecting Yuzhniy Ostrovok by the Povorotny Cape with the Dal ’niy Cape), proclaiming the water areas historically belonging to the USSR. The S-146 submarine fired P-5 missile (NATO codename SS-N-3C Shaddock) in the White Sea.
1957 –1958
The Third International Polar Year (International Geophysical Year). 1958
The first Soviet nuclear submarine K-3 (Leninskiy Komsomol) was given to the Northern Fleet and based in the Zapadnaya Litsa, Malaya Lopatka Bay. Norwegian research vessel Johan Hjort visited Murmansk carrying scientists from the Institute of Marine Research in Bergen. The Severyanka submarine began its exploration and research of fishery. Sea trials of the first Soviet nuclear submarine K-3 (later Leninskiy Komsomol) were completed in the White Sea. 1959 World
’s first nuclear icebreaker, the Lenin was launched in Leningrad. Expedition of the ice and hydrology patrol went to the Kara Sea aboard the Tors vessel. USSR deposited nuclear waste for the first time. Radioactive waters were drained to the White Sea after the nuclear submarine K-3 trials. 1960
A Soviet fighter shot down the reconnaissance RB-47 Stratojet of the USA Air Force near the Kola Peninsula above the Barents Sea. Four members of the crew died, two were taken prisoner. A ballistic missile was fired by a submarine of the Northern Fleet underwater for the first time. V.V. Kuznetsov ’s fundamental monograph White Sea and Biological Traits of its Flora and Fauna was published. 1960
–1964 Attempt to naturalize the red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus, Kamchatka crab) by the Murmansk region coasts. They planted 232 breeders, 158 individuals of various ages (2 –7 years old), about 10 thousand one-year-olds and underyearlings, as well as 1,560 thousand larvae. 1961
Torpedoes exploded in the forward compartment of the B-37 submarine moored in Polyarny. The
fierce explosion also destroyed the S-350 submarine moored next to the B-37. A total of 122 people were killed. The S-80 submarine of the Northern Fleet sank in the Barents Sea, reasons unknown, 68 people died. She was recovered in 1968 and lifted in 1969. The Leningrad Radiation Hygiene Research Institute began monitoring of the whole Soviet coast in the Arctic. 1962 N.S. Khrushchev visited Murmansk, Severomorsk, and Gremikha post, where he presented the Orders of Lenin and Gold Star medals for Heroes of the Soviet Union to leaders of the Leninskiy Komsomol nuclear submarine voyage to the North Pole. The 69th brigade of the Northern Fleet submarines went to Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Chairman of the Council of Ministers N.S. Khrushchev visited Arkhangelsk. He was accompanied by Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR D.F. Ustinov, Defense Minister of the Soviet Union and Marshal R.Y. Malinovskiy, and Chief of the Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Navy and Army General A.A. Yepishev. They visited the Lenin Woodworking Plant and went on a sightseeing tour of the city (the program included living quarters and public amenities buildings sites). 1963
A nuclear submarine under Captain II rank Y.A. Sysoyev sailed under ice and emerged in the North Pole geographic spot. Northern Department of the Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (PINRO) was established in Arkhangelsk. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 519
1964 The mixed navigation vessel Baltiyskiy-18 sailed 5,540 km via seas, rivers, and lakes from Murmansk to Baku in 15 days for the first time in the world, thus establishing new cargo transportation method by water. A memorial to honor the prominent polar explorer N.A. Begichev was erected in the Dikson settlement. The Professor Dobrynin research vessel sailed from Gelendzhik to Arkhangelsk via the Volga –Don Canal to take part in the White Sea expedition “History and Present Processes of Geological Evolution of the Oceans and Seas Coastal Areas. ” 1965 Annual international research on de fining productivity of new generations (0-group) of the main commercially valued fish species of the Barents and Norway Seas began. Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Nerpa” Shipyard opened in Snezhnegorsk town of the Murmansk region. The Northern Fleet was presented with the Order of the Red Banner in accordance with the decree by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Memorial for the world- first icebreaker Yermak was unveiled on the façade of the Murmansk Oblast Museum of Regional Studies. On 1 March 1899 the ship commenced on her first voyage. Renowned Captains P.A. Ponomaryov, V.I. Voronin, and M.Y. Sorokin commanded the Yermak each in his time. Picture of the color glass pieces joins the granite pedestal where one of the anchors of the icebreaker (3 tonnes, plus 5 m chain) is placed. Inscription on the bronze board reads: “To “Grandfather” of the icebreaker fleet of the Order of Lenin, Yermak icebreaker. ” The American icebreaker Northwind crossed the Kara Sea and entered the Vil ’kitskiy Strait where her propeller screw broke down. 1966 For the
first time in the history of the Soviet Navy, the K-133 submarine under the Hero of the Soviet Union Captain L.N. Stolyarov ’s command sailed from the Northern Fleet base to the Paci
fic Fleet base around the South America via the Drake Passage. The voyage took place from 2 February to 26 March. The submarine sailed 146 miles in 21 h and 58 min on the surface and 19,899 miles in 1,264 h underwater. Soviet military historian and arctic explorer I. Sendik ’s book Fleets Military Actions in the Arctic was published in Moscow. 1967 The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union L.I. Brezhnev and member of the Politburo, Chairman of the Council of Ministers A.N. Kosygin visited the Northern Fleet presented with the Red Banner Order. By Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Northern Sea Steamship company was presented with the Order of Lenin for supporting progress of sea transport development and in connection with the 100 year old foundation anniversary. 1968
First experimental tidal power station was constructed in the Kislaya Guba Bay, in the northern part of the Kola Peninsula. 1968 –1970
Quantitative benthos survey was performed in the Barents Sea. 1969
Soviet divers recovered pieces of the Persey research vessel from the bottom of the Eyna Bay (Motovskiy Gulf of the Barents Sea). M.I. Belov ’s book The Northern Sea Route Exploration History was published. In the Barents Sea, at the entrance to the White Sea, the Soviet nuclear submarine K-19 collided with the American submarine Gato supposedly on a reconnaissance mission. There were no fatalities. 1970
Diesel-electric ship Gizhiga went on her experimental voyage in November –December, with the Lenin icebreaker providing passage in the Kara Sea and the Kapitan Belousov icebreaker – in rivers, to prove possibility of winter navigation. Book Soviet Arctic. Seas and Islands of the Arctic Ocean was published in Moscow by the “Nauka” publishing house. 1971
Two diesel-electric ships Gizhiga and Lena went on an experimental voyage leaving Dudinka on 25 December and returned to Murmansk successfully. (continued) 520
Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 1972 Fore body and deck-house rails from the S-51 submarine were placed in Gremikha settlement (now Ostrovskiy). Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (PINRO) experimental center for technological research was opened. Hydrography Department of the Navy published “Sailing Directios for the Kara Sea,” parts I and II. Sea and river transport terminal opened in the center of Arkhangelsk. 1973
Agreement on polar bears protection was signed by Denmark, Norway, USSR, the USA, and Canada in Oslo, Norway. Dvinskiy State Wildlife Sanctuary was established in the Severnaya Dvina River mouth. 1974
Marine Biology Centre of Leningrad University was opened on the Sredniy Island of the Keretskiy Archipelago. 1974 –1975
Fifty muskoxen were carried from the USA to the Taymyr Peninsula and the Wrangel Island for naturalization. 1975 The Arktika nuclear icebreaker built on the Ordzhonikidze Baltiyskiy Plant was commissioned. A monument was erected in front of the sailors recreation center in Murmansk to honor military cooperation of the anti-Hitler coalition countries. A memorial was unveiled in front of the sailors intervoyage recreation center in Murmansk to honor fishermen and trawlers perished in the Great Patriotic War. The memorial is an obelisk enclosed with anchors and chains. Speakers embedded in the obelisk base play sounds of the sea, seagulls cries, striking of bells, and melody of “Farewell, rocky mountains” song. There are two stelas with 26 granite boards attached to them in front of the obelisk. There are silhouettes of the ships and 32 names of the perished trawlers on the boards. The Kingdom of Norway Government and the USSR Government signed an agreement on fishery cooperation. Special Soviet-Norwegian Committee (now Mixed Russian-Norwegian Committee) was established to ensure the goals of the agreement were reached. The world ’s most powerful icebreaker Arktika (Leonid Brezhnev in 1982–1987) went on trials to the Kara Sea. 1976
Fire broke out aboard the nuclear submarine K-47 when she was 40 m deep coming back from the Barents Sea. Eight people died. Reactors were stopped. The submarine returned to the base under own steam. Military airplane TU-16 K led by Major A. Uspenskiy crashed in the White Sea. 1977 The Arktika nuclear icebreaker became the first surface ship to reach the North Pole. She sailed there from Murmansk in 14 days. Norway resolved to establish 200 mile fishery protection zone around Spitsbergen. In its regime, the zone was identical to the Norway Economy Zone regime. Soviet Union began fishing for northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) in the Barents Sea on recommendation of the Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (PINRO). I.A. Kozlov and V.S. Shlomin ’s book Northern Fleet Presented with the Red Banner Order was published. Y.N. Nevesskiy, V.S. Medvedev, V.V. Kalinenko ’s work White Sea: sediment generation and evolution in Holocene was published in Moscow. Arkhangelsk commercial port became a port of all-year-round navigation. 1978 Soviet Fleet began sailing almost all-year-round on the Murmansk – Dudinka line to provide cargo transportation for Norilsk plant. 1979 –1987
The nuclear submarine Parche (SSN-683), USA, went on seven reconnaissance voyages in the Barents Sea. 1979 Taymyr State Wildlife Sanctuary was established. The Otto Schmidt research vessel sailed on her first research voyage to the Kara Sea to perform survey on the “Kara Experiment” program which lasted until 1994. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 521
1980 One of the volumes of the “Ocean Atlas. The Arctic Ocean” was published. Museum of the Murmansk Higher Engineering Marine School (now Murmansk State Technical University) history opened for visits. A memorial honoring soldiers of the 12th brigade of marine infantry (one of the most famous divisions that fought in the Murmansk Region and on the Rybachiy Peninsula) was unveiled in Murmansk. 1982 Commercial oil in flow was opened at the Peschanoozyornoye field on the Kolguyev Island. A.D. Dobrovol ’skiy and B.S. Zalogin’s book Seas of the USSR was published by “Mysl’” publishing house in Moscow. Veteran Organization of the White Sea Military Flotilla was established. 1983
Murmansk gas field was discovered in the Barents Sea. The Professor Shtokman research vessel sailed on her tenth voyage to the Barents and Kara Seas as part of the “Arctic” and “Akvaneft” projects to survey depths and sea bottoms, lithodynamics processes and gas-biochemical fields of the benthic environment. The Arkhangelsk City was presented with the Order of Lenin by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for great contribution to sea fleet development, reclamation of the northern regions of the country, service of the working people of the city during the Great Patriotic War, advances in agricultural and cultural construction and in connection with the city ’s 400 years anniversary. 1984 Fire broke out on the nuclear submarine K-131 in the Barents Sea (Norway Sea, according to other sources). Fourteen people died. The submarine was tugged to her base. The Professor Shtokman research vessel sailed on her voyage to the Barents and Kara Seas as part of the “Arctic” and “Akvaneft” projects to survey depths and sea bottoms, lithodynamics processes, sediments formation and shelf evolution, and to evaluate possible oil and gas fields
in the areas. The ship also began monitoring of the radioactive contamination in the Kara Sea. Northern hydrography expedition on the Semyon Dezhnyov research vessel performed oceanography survey (109 one-time stations) and observations on the 20-day autonomous buoy station in the central part of the Kara Sea. By Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Arkhangelsk Commercial Port was presented with the Order of the Patriotic War (First Class) for service during the Great Patriotic War, for supplying the Soviet Army and Navy. International Fishery Day was established by resolution on the International Conference of Fishworkers and Support Groups that took place in Rome. 1985
Hero City title was awarded to Murmansk along with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Flag was displayed on the nuclear icebreaker Rossiya as she was launched from the Baltiyskiy Download 0.66 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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