Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic
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1930
–1931 G.A. Ushakov and his fellows undertook several sledge trips over the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago. 1931
Icebreaker Aleksandr Sibiryakov carried a large group of Soviet miners and polar explorers to Spitsbergen. First commercial soils map of 13 areas of the Barents Sea was composed under M.V. Klyonova ’s guidance. The American submarine Nautilus failed to reach the North Pole and came to Spitsbergen. Swedish-Norwegian expedition on board of the Quest ship visited the western part of Franz Josef Land. Steamship Lomonosov (former Eclipse) delivered a hut for magnetic observations to the Tikhaya Bay. First touristic voyage of Soviet steam icebreaker Malygin to the Arctic. Soviet hunting vessels began visiting Franz Josef Land to hunt walruses. The eleventh Soviet Kara expedition under N.I. Yevgenov. The sailing-motor ship Belukha attempted another voyage from Arkhangelsk to the Western Taymyr coast to reach the Lena River, again unsuccessfully. The White Sea methodology center of the Hydrography Institute was established at the Malaya Pirya Guba Bay, near the Umba village on the Kola coast, Kandalaksha Bay, on the K.M. Deryugin ’s initiative. It existed until 1938. The Council of Labour and Defence of USSR approved the project of the White Sea – the Baltic Sea Canal construction. G.A. Migalkin ’s work “Hydrography Seas Research in 1915–1922, part 1, the White Sea and Murmansk coast ” was published. I.V. Stalin sent a suggestion note “On Northern Coast Defence” to the Politburo. Airship Graf Zeppelin flew over Arkhangelsk and cross-navigated the Western Arctic. 1931 –1932
Motor boats Nydoyamo and Avral wintered in the southern part of the Gydanskaya Bay. During the time the expedition performed course surveys. (continued) 506
Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 1932 In connection with International Polar Year celebrations the second meteorological station on the Franz Josef Land was set up on the Rudolf Island. K.M. Deryugin purchased the sailing motor schooner Kayra for use at the White Sea methodology center. At a scienti fic meeting by the Karelia Research Institute K.M. Deryugin was insisting on setting up a research center at the Onezhskaya Guba Bay of the White Sea. Special Expedition for Underwater Works (short name in Russian – EPRON) took part in rescuing the German steamship Westa. The Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route was established at the Council of People ’s Commissars. From 25 June 1933 Hydrography Department of the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route was established as part of the Directorate. The Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route was meant to provide sea passage from the White Sea to the Bering Strait, facilitate it with everything needed, maintain it accurately, and ensure safe navigation along the route.
Steamship Aleksandr Sibiryakov was the first icebreaker in the Arctic navigation history to sail from Arkhangelsk to Vladivostok (full Northern Sea Route) in one navigation season. O.Yu. Schmidt was the Head of the expedition, V.I. Voronin was the Captain. “Atlas of ice conditions, compression and diverging in the northern part of the White Sea and the White Sea Gorlo (Throat), as well as near the Morzhovets Island ” by A.K. Burke was published. An integrated team of scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences led by its President A.P. Karpinskiy arrived to Arkhangelsk to perform various research activities in the Pechora Basin, on the Vaygach Island, on the Novaya Zemlya and in other areas of the region. In December of the same year Bureau on The North Region Research was established, in 1935 it became Northern Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The Council of People ’s Commissars resolved to organize an expedition to follow the Northern Sea Route from Arkhangelsk to Vladivostok to study geography and navigation conditions of seas at Siberian coasts. According to the Second International Polar Year program the sailing motor boat N. Knipovich turned around the Franz Josef Land Archipelago, performed oceanography research in the Barents Sea, and planted the USSR state flag on the Victoria Island. People
’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of USSR resolved to establish a Consulate on Spitsbergen. Expedition led by R.L. Samoylovich on the Vladimir Rusanov steam icebreaker discovered the Izvestiy TsIK Islands in the Kara Sea. Hydrography Department organized an expedition to the northeastern part of the Kara Sea on board of the steam icebreaker Taymyr. The expedition was led by A.M. Lavrov and V.V. Shuleykin. They surveyed the Severnaya Zemlya Islands and the Taymyr Peninsula according to the Second International Polar Year program. Oeanography works were performed in the shallow part of the Kara Sea in front of the Obskiy and Yeniseiskiy Gulfs, aboard the Albatros motor vessel. She ran ashore at the Bely Island on her way back and so perished. The Persey ship of the Floating Sea Research Institute worked in the southwestern part of the Kara Sea. The N-3 airplane (Commander L.M. Portsel) crashed and sank at the entrance to the Beluzhya Guba Bay. The plane was performing ice reconnaissance for the Kara expedition vessels. Three people died by drowning (L.M. Portsel, Z. Dalfone, and Ruchyov). Three others (among them M.I. Shevelyov, famous Soviet polar aviator in the future) managed to survive. An Arctic research center was established on the Chelyuskin Cape by an expedition aboard the Vladimir Rusanov steam icebreaker. Arctic Institute expedition led by N.V. Pinegin visited the Franz Josef Land aboard the Malygin steam icebreaker. The twelfth Soviet Kara expedition led by M.I. Shevelyov. Sea expedition of the State Oceanographic Institute was led by N.N. Zubov aboard the N. Knipovich ship. They went around the Franz Josef Land Archipelago. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 507
1932 –1933
Second International Polar Year. Twenty people with I.D. Papanin in charge wintered in the Tikhaya Bay to mark the beginning of the Second International Polar Year. Soviet steam icebreaker Aleksandr Sibiryakov with the All-Soviet Arctic Institute expedition sailed from west to east via the Northern Sea Route in 65 days (Head O.Yu. Schmidt, Research Advisor V.Yu. Vize). They discovered the Bolshoy and Maly Islands of the Arctic Institute Islands group in the Kara Sea. 1933
The All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Council of People ’s Commissars added a point on the Victoria Island to the resolution “On the Arctic Ocean Islands Administration” of 10 November 1929. The State Oceanographic Institute and Central Fishery Research Institute joined into All-Soviet Fishery and Oceanography Research Institute. Murmansk Department of the State Oceanographic Institute (renamed to the North Fishery and Oceanography Institute) became the northern branch of the new Institute. Polar Committee team went to the Vaygach Island. First group of the Baltic Fleet vessels of two squadron destroyers, two watch ships and two submarines sailed from Leningrad to Murmansk via the White Sea – Baltic Sea Canal. North Military Flotilla, permanently based in Murmansk, was established. It marked the North Fleet creation. Party and Government Committee (K.Y. Voroshilov, S.M. Kirov, and I.V. Stalin) visited ships of the North Military Flotilla, sailed around the Kola Gulf aboard the steam tug Burevestnik and proposed base locations for the ships. Separate submarine division was formed, marking the North Fleet submerged forces creation. Steamship Chelyuskin (former Lena) commenced on its first and, as it appeared, last voyage from Murmansk Port – in a few months it sank in the Chukchi Sea. First in the world automated meteorological station was set up in the Tikhaya Bay (constructed by Prof. P.A. Molchanov. Soviet navigators accompanied German transport vessels via the Kara Sea to the Ob ’ and Yenisei ports. Soviet oceanologist V.A. Beryozkin ’s work “Tides, currents and waves of the Kara Sea” was published. Expedition on the Chelyuskin found the Uyedineniya Island 50 miles from the spot marked by E.H. Johannesen. Hydrography expedition was led by V.Yu. Vize on the Aleksandr Sibiryakov to the northern part of the Kara Sea. Expedition on the Aleksandr Sibiryakov discovered a group of islands named after the Arctic Institute southward of the Sibiryakov Island and the Izvestiy TsIK Islands. Western Taymyr expedition (Belukha, Stalinets, Gydayama) performed topography (detailed survey of the coast from the Mikhaylov Cape to the Little Diomede Island) and hydrology works in the Kara region of the Northern Sea Route. Hunting vessel Nerpa, the first hunting vessel to go up to the extreme north of the Kara Sea, sailed around the Vize Island and reached 80 0 08 0 N. The northern part of the Kara Sea map composed basing on 1930 –1932 expeditions results was published. Polar research center on the Bely Island commenced its work. Hydrology expedition on board of the Voronov ship (Head I.D. Protopopov) and on the Pakhtusov boat (Head M.M. Nikitin) performed observations in the Karskiye Vorota (Kara Gate) Strait. Estonian steamship Kannik that carried timber to Europe sank near the Bely Cape of the Vaygach Island. Timber had been rescued using forces of prisoners from a prisoner transport. Icebreakers began providing passage for cargo steamships heading to the Lena River mouth. Hydrographers of the Northern hydrography expedition for the first time performed theodolite measurements of coasts near Keret ’ and Knyazhaya Guba settlements on the White Sea. (continued) 508 Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic Speci fic hydrography team was formed to provide navigation and hydrography survey support to ensure ships passage from the Baltic Sea to the White Sea via the White Sea – the Baltic Sea Canal. The team successfully trawled the whole route with a stiff surveying drag. I.V. Stalin, S.M. Kirov, and K.Y. Voroshilov inspected the ready-built White Sea – Baltic Sea Canal from the Anokhin steamship. I.V. Stalin, S.M. Kirov, and K.Y. Voroshilov visited ships of the Special Operations Expedition No 1 (EON-1) during its voyage to the White Sea and later when forming North Military Flotilla on its base in the Sorokskaya Guba Bay (White Sea). They inspected all compartments of the Dekabrist submarine in detail. Voyage of 126 Soviet writers along the White Sea – the Baltic Sea Canal. The Defence Committee adopted “List of measures to ensure military vessels transfer from the Baltic to the White Sea. ” People ’s Commissar for Military and Navy K.Y. Voroshilov ordered to transfer certain ships from the Baltic Fleet to the White Sea. Special Operations Expedition No 1 (EON-1) and then No 2 (EON-2) were established to ful fill the order. Special Operations Expedition No 1 reformed into the North Military Flotilla. Bureau of the Polar Committee in the North (sometimes called Bureau of the Academy of Sciences in the North) was established. It was the first Soviet academic center in the Arkhangelsk North. 1934
The Council of Labour and Defence of USSR adopted a resolution “On developing naval bases and airdromes for the Northern Navy. ” Area of the Polyarny settlement was appointed the main operational base for the Northern Navy, while the Vayenga Guba – the rearward base and Murmansk – the repair base. On 17 February the People ’s Commissariat of Supplies of USSR consolidated North Fishery and Oceanography Institute with North Herring Expedition. As the result of reorganization of the marine research institutes (State Oceanographic Institute, Central Fishery Research Institute, All-Soviet Fishery and Oceanography Research Institute, North Fishery and Oceanography Institute) they created Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (PINRO). The Fyodor Litke icebreaker led by V.Yu. Vize sailed from Vladivostok to Murmansk within one navigation season for the first time in the Northern Sea Route navigation history. Soviet navigators accompanied a German transport vessel via the Kara Sea to the Ob ’ and
Yenisei ports. All-Soviet Arctic Institute went on a scienti fic and hunting expedition to the Novaya Zemlya on board of the Pomors boat Arctic. Steam icebreaker Sadko sailed the Arctic for the first time. Signi ficant scientific works were performed aboard the Yermak icebreaker providing passage for the Kara and Lena expeditions. Sea port was established on the Dikson Island. Half-ruined wooden post with “Gerkules, 1913” carving on it was found on Veyzel Island (one of the Mona Islands group, by the Taymyr coasts) by a hydrography expedition aboard the Stalinets schooner. The island was renamed after V.A. Rusanov ’s schooner, Gerkules. The Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) expedition under R.L. Samoylovich went to the northeastern part of the Kara Sea aboard the Georgiy Sedov. They surveyed the northern part of the Kara Sea, explored the Vize and Uyedineniya Islands in detail. They discharged many messenger buoys which had been recovered in a year mostly by the coasts of the Northern Norway and Iceland. A mark planted by the Eclipse crew in 1915 was found on the Uyedineniya Island. Polar research center was constructed on the Uyedineniya Island. Polar research center was constructed on the Leskina Cape, the Yenisei Gulf. Book
“Lost in the Ice. G.L. Brusilov’s Polar Expedition aboard the Hunting Schooner Svyataya Anna ” was published in Leningrad. Topographer M.I. Tsyganyuk found remains of clothes and equipment that belonged to V.A. Rusanov ’s expedition disappeared in 1912, on a small island among the Minina Skerries. (continued) Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 509
Book I.V. Stalin White Sea – Baltic Sea Canal was published. The authors dedicated it to XVII party congress. Editors: M. Gor ’kiy, L.L. Averbakh, S.G. Firin. After the Chelyuskin had perished in the Chukchi Sea, the Council of People ’s Commissars and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union adopted a resolution “On
Measures to be Taken to Develop the Northern Sea Route and Economy in the North. ” Among
other developments, it prescribed extension and modernization of the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk ports. 1934 –1935
First bottom fish commercial evaluation was performed with N.A. Maslov’s participation. Murmansk herring (Clupea harengus), haddock (Melanogrammus aegle finus), and rockfish (Sebastes) spawning sites were found. The first “Atlas of bottom-dwelling animals of the Barent Sea ” was composed. 1935 V.Yu. Vize ’s book History of the Soviet Arctic Exploration. Kara and Barents Seas was published. In accordance with the resolution by the Central Executive Committee of USSR, the USSR joined the Spitsbergen Treaty (Svalbard Treaty) signed in Paris in 1920. In accordance with the resolution by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People
’s Commissars of 20 July 1934, Hydrography Institute of the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route was established. The purpose of the institution was to prepare navigators, hydrography engineers, and oceanologists for work in the Arctic. First class graduated in 1938. First Soviet systemic oceanology survey of the Barents Sea southward of the 75
N was
performed under N.M. Knipovich ’s guidance (the Persey and Knipovich vessels). Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (PINRO) was named after the founder of commercial fishery explorations in the North, honorary member of the Academy of Sciences, N.M. Knipovich. The main base of the Northern Navy Flotilla – Polyarny settlement – was opened to operation. In accordance with the resolution by the Central Executive Committee of 27 June 1935, uniform geographical names were prescribed for the parts of the Arctic Ocean adjacent to the USSR coast, for the first time. Steamships Iskra and Vantsetti went along the Northern Sea Route from Murmansk to Vladivostok, Stalingrad and Anadyr ’ – from Vladivostok to Murmansk. The Council of People ’s Commissars of USSR resolved to establish Marine Biology Centre of the USSR Academy of Sciences at the Dalne-Zelenetskaya Guba Bay. Later on, it became Murmansk Marine Biological Institute. Passenger ship terminal opened in Murmansk. First Soviet high-latitude expedition was organized aboard the icebreaker Sadko under the famous Soviet explorer G.A. Ushakov. They prohibited Soviet hunting vessels to sail to the Franz Josef Land. Hydrography expedition aboard the Malygin went to the northeastern part of the Kara Sea and discovered an archipelago of seven small islands near the Isachenko Island. Hydrography works were performed on the skerries near the Khariton Laptev coast. The D-3 (Krasnogvardeyets) submarine went to the Novaya Zemlya and the Kara Sea. She perished in 1942. I.A. Kireyev ’s hydrology expedition sailed aboard the steamship Malygin to the northeastern part of the Kara Sea. V.I. Vorobyov ’s hydrography expedition worked in the Yenisei and Pyasinskiy Gulfs. A polar research center was constructed on the Russkiy Island. The Kirov Islands were discovered in the northeastern part of the Kara Sea. Icebreakers on duty started working all along the Northern Sea Route. Special Expedition for Underwater Works (short name in Russian – EPRON) lifted the steamship Proletariy in the Arkhangelsk Port. Steam icebreaker Vladimir Rusanov sailed from Arkhangelsk to the Indigirka River mouth and back within one navigation season. 1935
–1936 The Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) fishing expedition went to the Kara Sea and the Yamal Peninsula under V.N. Andreyev. (continued) 510
Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic 1936 The German cruiser Königsberg visited the Barents Sea “to protect fishery.” The high-latitude expedition on the Sadko icebreaker performed hydrography, oceanography, geology, and hydrology works. An aviation base intended for the North Pole expedition was established on the Rudolf Island. Gerrit de Veer ’s book The True and Perfect Description of Three Voyages by the Ships of Holland and Zeland was published in Russian (translated from Latin). The so-called Ice Patrol sea expeditions became regular. Expedition on the steam icebreaker Sadko went to the northwestern part of the Kara Sea and set up several integrated oceanography centers. V.Yu. Vize was the Research Advisor for the expedition. Expedition of the AARI aboard the Nerpa hunting vessel performed hydrology survey in the southern part of the Kara Sea, southward from the line Cape Zhelaniya – Dikson Island. The survey was led by K.A. Gomoyunov and provided valuable materials on distribution of temperatures, salinity, soils, currents, etc. in the Kara Sea. Sailing motor boats Professor Vize and Papanin performed hydrography and hydrology works in the very southwestern part of the Kara Sea. They discovered high water temperatures between the Vaygach Island and the Yamal Peninsula. Aleksandr Sibiryakov sailed to the Uyedineniya island and then to the Domashniy Island. In November, the steam icebreaker Aleksandr Sibiryakov crashed in the Guba Kamenka Bay by the southeastern end of the Novaya Zemlya southern island, at the entrance to the Karskiye Vorota Strait (from the east). The hunting vessels Kapitan Pospelov and Kapitan Voronin sailed from the Barents Sea to the Paci fic Ocean along the Siberian coasts for the first time. Hydrology expedition led by P.M. Tsetkin went to the Yugorskiy Shar Strait aboard the ships Polyarnik, Arktika, and Pakhtusov. Hydrology vessel Toros wintered in the Nordenskjold Archipelago. Integrated scienti fic, hunting and fishing expedition went to the lower course of the Ob’ River led by I.K. Yakimovich. B.A. Sergeyevskiy ’s work “Hydrography Survey in the South-Eastern Part of the Kara Sea. Ob ’–Yenisei Region” was published in Leningrad. The “Programme of Major Naval Shipbuilding” prescribed to “construct a major military shipyard in the Arkhangelsk area. It should be much bigger than the Andre Marti (South) Yard in the Nikolayev town, and of quite a modern type in technical sense – like the Amur “Komsomolskiy” Shipyard. ” Plant No 402, future Sevmash (Northern Machine-Building Enterprise), was founded in Molotovsk (now Severodvinsk). 1936
–1937 Hydrography expedition under N.N. Alekseyev worked at the Nordenskjold Archipelago aboard the motor boat Toros. They surveyed the continental coast across from the Nordenskjold Archipelago, as well as the Taymyr Island which appeared to be not one but a group of three islands (which also had been noted during the flights in 1932 and 1935). 1936 –1938
Hydrography expedition led by G.P. Kolesnikov worked in the Gydanskiy Gulf aboard the Download 0.66 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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