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Copyright © 2023 The Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original author and source are credited. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology Print ISSN: 2395-6011 | Online ISSN: 2395-602X (www.ijsrst.com) doi : https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST523103161 995 Attribute – Based Access Control for AWS Internet of Things- A Review Pragya Bharti 1 , Jeetendra Singh Yadav 2 1 M. Tech Research Scholar, Computer Science Engineering, Bhabha Engineering Research Institute Bhopal Bhabha University Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India 2 Assistant Professor, Computer Science Engineering, Bhabha Engineering Research Institute Bhopal Bhabha University Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article History: Accepted: 05 June 2023 Published: 20 June 2023 The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has presented significant security challenges, necessitating effective access control mechanisms. Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) has emerged as a promising approach for managing access to IoT resources in a flexible and fine-grained manner. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of ABAC for AWS Internet of Things, evaluating its implementation, effectiveness, and integration with other security features. The paper begins by outlining the fundamental principles and advantages of ABAC over traditional access control models. It then delves into the specific implementation of ABAC within the context of AWS IoT services, exploring the key components and mechanisms involved. Notably, the role of attributes, such as user attributes, resource attributes, and environmental attributes, in defining access policies is highlighted. Furthermore, the review investigates the integration of ABAC with other security features of AWS IoT, including Identity and Access Management (IAM), Security Groups, and AWS IoT Policies. It examines the interactions and dependencies between these components, providing insights into how ABAC can be effectively combined with existing security measures to enhance overall IoT security. The scalability, performance, and manageability aspects of ABAC for AWS IoT are also evaluated. The challenges and considerations in deploying ABAC in large- scale IoT environments are discussed, along with recommendations for optimizing performance and usability Additionally, the review identifies current research trends and future directions in ABAC for AWS IoT. Emphasis is placed on the need for standardized protocols, interoperability, and advanced analytics techniques to enable more sophisticated access control mechanisms for the expanding IoT ecosystem. Keywords : Attribute-Based Access Control, ABAC, AWS Internet of Things, IoT security, access control models. Publication Issue Volume 10, Issue 3 May-June-2023 Page Number 995-1009 International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 10 | Issue 3 Pragya Bharti et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. May-June-2023, 10 (3) : 995-1009 995 I. INTRODUCTION Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) is a security model that provides a flexible and dynamic approach to access control. It allows you to define access policies based on attributes associated with users, devices, or any other relevant entity. In the context of AWS Internet of Things (IoT), ABAC can be applied to control access to IoT resources, such as devices, data streams, and actions. AWS IoT provides a comprehensive platform for building and managing IoT applications. With ABAC, you can define fine- grained access policies that consider various attributes, such as device type, location, ownership, and device state. These attributes can be dynamically evaluated during runtime to determine whether a user or device should be granted access to a particular resource or perform a specific action[1] ABAC in AWS IoT is typically implemented using AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) policies and AWS IoT policies. IAM policies define access permissions for users and roles, while IoT policies are used to control access to IoT resources. By combining these policies with attribute-based conditions, you can create more flexible and context-aware access control rules. For example, you can create an access policy that allows only specific device types to publish data to an AWS IoT topic. This can be achieved by defining an attribute-based condition in the IoT policy associated with the topic, specifying the required device type attribute. Only devices that match the specified attribute value will be allowed to publish data to the topic[2]. By leveraging ABAC in AWS IoT, you can enhance the security and granularity of access control for your IoT infrastructure. It enables you to enforce access policies based on dynamic and contextual attributes, providing a more flexible and scalable approach to managing access to IoT resources. Industries of future with different types of communication is shown if figure 1. Figure 1 : Industries of the future with different types of communication [25] 1.1 Background of IoT and Access Control- The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnected network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and network connectivity. These devices collect and exchange data, enabling them to interact with each other and the broader digital ecosystem. IoT has gained significant popularity and has applications in various domains such as smart homes, industrial automation, healthcare, transportation, and more[3]. With the proliferation of IoT devices and the vast amount of data they generate, ensuring secure and controlled access to these devices and their associated resources is crucial. Access control plays a vital role in maintaining the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of IoT systems[4]. Traditional access control models, such as discretionary access control (DAC) and role-based access control (RBAC), have limitations when it comes to IoT environments. These models typically rely on static user roles or permissions, which may not adequately address the dynamic nature of IoT systems. Additionally, IoT devices often have diverse attributes that need to be considered for access control, such as device type, location, ownership, firmware version, and more[5] [6] . International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 10 | Issue 3 Pragya Bharti et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. May-June-2023, 10 (3) : 995-1009 996 Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) has emerged as a suitable access control model for IoT environments. ABAC allows access policies to be defined based on attributes associated with users, devices, and other relevant entities. These attributes can be dynamically evaluated during access evaluation, providing a more flexible and context- aware approach to access control. ABAC in IoT enables organizations to define fine-grained access policies that consider various attributes of IoT devices and users. This allows for more precise control over who can access IoT resources, perform actions, or access specific data streams. For example, access policies can be defined based on the device type, location, time of day, or even specific data patterns generated by the device[7] [8] . Implementing ABAC in IoT typically involves integrating access control mechanisms provided by IoT platforms or frameworks. Cloud service providers like AWS offer specific features and tools for managing access control in IoT deployments. These platforms often combine ABAC with other security measures such as encryption, authentication, and authorization mechanisms to ensure end-to-end security in IoT systems. By incorporating ABAC into IoT access control, organizations can enhance security, enforce data privacy, and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. The dynamic and contextual nature of ABAC allows for more flexible and scalable access control policies, making it well-suited for the complex and rapidly evolving IoT landscape[9] . 1.2 Significance of Attribute- Based Access Control (ABAC)- Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) offers several significant advantages and benefits in the context of access control for various systems, including IoT environments. Here are some key reasons why ABAC is significant: 1. Flexibility and Granularity: ABAC provides a flexible and granular approach to access control. It allows access policies to be defined based on attributes associated with users, devices, or any relevant entity. This flexibility enables organizations to define fine- grained access rules that consider specific attributes, such as device type, location, ownership, and more. This level of granularity allows for more precise control over access to resources and actions, improving security and reducing the risk of unauthorized access[10] . 2. Dynamic and Context-Aware Access Control: ABAC supports dynamic evaluation of attributes during access evaluation. This means that access decisions can be based on real-time information, such as the current state of a device or the contextual attributes of a user. For example, access to a specific IoT resource can be granted or denied based on attributes like the time of day, location, or the specific data patterns generated by the device. This context- aware access control enhances security and enables organizations to adapt access policies based on changing conditions or requirements. 3. Scalability and Adaptability: ABAC is highly scalable and adaptable to evolving environments. As the number of IoT devices and users grows, traditional access control models may become difficult to manage. ABAC can handle large-scale deployments by efficiently managing access policies based on attributes. It can easily accommodate new devices, users, or attributes without requiring significant changes to the access control infrastructure. This scalability and adaptability are crucial for managing complex IoT ecosystems with diverse entities and access requirements[11] . 4. Compliance and Policy Enforcement: ABAC facilitates compliance with regulations and policies. Access control policies can be aligned with regulatory requirements by incorporating specific attributes into the policies. For example, data privacy regulations may dictate that only users with specific attributes can access sensitive data streams. ABAC enables organizations to enforce such policies effectively by considering the relevant attributes during access evaluation. This helps organizations meet compliance International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 10 | Issue 3 Pragya Bharti et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. May-June-2023, 10 (3) : 995-1009 997 requirements and mitigate the risk of data breaches or unauthorized access. 5. Integration with Identity Management Systems: ABAC can be seamlessly integrated with existing identity management systems. It can leverage attributes from user directories, identity providers, or other sources to define access policies. This integration enables organizations to leverage their existing identity infrastructure while extending access control to include contextual attributes. It simplifies the management of access control by leveraging existing user and device attributes, reducing administrative overhead and ensuring consistency in access policies across the organization. Overall, ABAC offers a powerful and flexible approach to access control in various systems, including IoT. Its ability to define access policies based on attributes, support dynamic evaluation, and provide scalability and adaptability makes it a significant solution for managing access in complex and evolving environments[12]. 2. IoT and AWS- The combination of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Amazon Web Services (AWS) offers powerful capabilities for building, deploying, and managing IoT applications and infrastructure. AWS provides a comprehensive suite of services specifically designed to support IoT deployments. Here are some key aspects of IoT and AWS[13] : 1. IoT Device Management: AWS IoT Core is a fully managed service that enables secure and reliable communication between IoT devices and the AWS Cloud. It provides device management features such as device registration, provisioning, and remote management. AWS IoT Core also supports device authentication and secure communication protocols, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of IoT data. 2. Data Ingestion and Processing: AWS IoT services allow you to ingest and process massive amounts of IoT data. AWS IoT Core can securely ingest data from millions of devices, while services like AWS IoT Analytics and AWS IoT Events enable data processing, analytics, and real-time rule-based event detection. AWS IoT Analytics allows you to perform complex queries, run machine learning algorithms, and generate insights from IoT data. 3. Edge Computing and Greengrass: AWS IoT Greengrass extends AWS services to the edge devices, enabling local compute, messaging, and data caching capabilities. With Greengrass, you can run AWS Lambda functions on edge devices, process data locally, and communicate securely with AWS services. This enables reduced latency, offline operation, and edge intelligence in IoT deployments[14] . 4. Machine Learning for IoT: AWS offers machine learning services that can be integrated with IoT applications. AWS IoT Core integrates with Amazon Machine Learning and Amazon SageMaker, allowing you to build and deploy machine learning models for IoT use cases. This enables predictive analytics, anomaly detection, and intelligent decision-making at the edge or in the cloud. 2.1 Overview of Internet of Things (IoT)- The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical objects, devices, vehicles, and other items embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that enables them to collect and exchange data over the internet. These objects, often referred to as "smart" or "connected" devices, interact with each other and with the digital world, creating a seamless integration between the physical and digital realms. Here is an overview of the key aspects of the Internet of Things (IoT): 1. Connectivity: IoT devices are equipped with various connectivity options, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, and low-power wireless protocols such as Zigbee or LoRaWAN. These connections enable devices to communicate and share data with each other, cloud platforms, or centralized systems. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 10 | Issue 3 Pragya Bharti et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. May-June-2023, 10 (3) : 995-1009 998 2. Sensors and Actuators: IoT devices are equipped with sensors to collect data from the physical environment. These sensors can detect and measure various parameters such as temperature, humidity, light, motion, pressure, and more. Additionally, IoT devices often have actuators that allow them to take physical actions based on the data received. 3. Data Collection and Analytics: IoT generates vast amounts of data from connected devices. This data can be collected, processed, and analyzed to extract valuable insights and drive informed decision-making. Advanced analytics techniques such as machine learning and artificial intelligence are often employed to derive meaningful patterns, trends, and predictions from IoT data. 4. Automation and Control: IoT enables automation and control of physical processes and systems. By connecting and integrating devices, IoT allows for centralized monitoring, remote control, and automated responses based on predefined rules or real-time data. This automation improves efficiency, productivity, and operational effectiveness across various industries. 5. Applications and Use Cases: IoT has numerous applications across industries and domains. Some common use cases include smart homes and buildings, industrial automation and monitoring, agriculture and farming, healthcare monitoring, transportation and logistics, energy management, and environmental monitoring. IoT solutions can be tailored to specific needs and requirements, providing innovative solutions and improving quality of life. 6. Security and Privacy: As IoT involves the collection and sharing of sensitive data, security and privacy are crucial considerations. Protecting IoT devices and networks from unauthorized access, ensuring data encryption, implementing secure communication protocols, and following best practices for device authentication and access control are vital to maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of IoT systems. 7. Standardization and Interoperability: IoT devices and systems come from various manufacturers and operate on different platforms. Standardization and interoperability efforts aim to establish common protocols, frameworks, and communication standards that allow devices and platforms to work together seamlessly. This enables easy integration, scalability, and broader adoption of IoT solutions. The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to revolutionize industries, improve efficiency, and enable new business models. As technology advances and connectivity becomes more pervasive, the IoT ecosystem continues to grow and evolve, offering immense opportunities for innovation and digital transformation. 2.2 Introduction to AWS IoT Platform – The AWS IoT platform is a comprehensive set of services and tools provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that enables the building, deployment, and management of Internet of Things (IoT) applications and infrastructure. It offers a scalable, secure, and reliable foundation for connecting, managing, and analyzing IoT devices and the data they generate. Here's an introduction to the key components and features of the AWS IoT platform: 1. AWS IoT Core: AWS IoT Core is the central service of the AWS IoT platform. It provides secure and reliable connectivity between IoT devices and the cloud. IoT Core allows devices to securely connect and communicate with the cloud through various protocols such as MQTT, HTTP, and WebSockets. It handles device registration, message routing, and device shadowing, which enables persistent representation of device state for easier device management. 2. Device Management: AWS IoT Core offers device management capabilities, allowing you to register, provision, and manage IoT devices at scale. It provides mechanisms for secure device authentication and International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 10 | Issue 3 Pragya Bharti et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. May-June-2023, 10 (3) : 995-1009 999 authorization, ensuring that only authorized devices can connect and communicate with the cloud. Device management features also include over-the-air (OTA) updates, remote management, and device monitoring and diagnostics. 3. Rule Engine: The AWS IoT Core Rule Engine enables you to define rules and actions based on incoming IoT data. It allows you to create rules that evaluate incoming messages from devices and trigger actions such as invoking AWS Lambda functions, storing data in databases, or sending notifications via various AWS services. The Rule Engine provides a powerful mechanism for processing and acting upon IoT data in real time. 4. Device Shadows: Device Shadows are virtual representations of IoT devices' state and metadata. AWS IoT Core maintains a shadow for each device, allowing applications to read and update the desired and reported state of the device, even when the device is offline. Device Shadows provide a convenient way to synchronize device state and enable applications to interact with devices regardless of their online status. 5. Device SDKs and Integrations: AWS IoT Core provides software development kits (SDKs) for various programming languages to simplify device integration with the platform. These SDKs enable developers to connect devices, publish and subscribe to MQTT messages, and interact with other AWS services. Additionally, AWS IoT Core integrates with other AWS services such as AWS Lambda, Amazon S3, Amazon DynamoDB, and Amazon Kinesis, enabling seamless integration with the broader AWS ecosystem. 6. Security and Access Control: Security is a fundamental aspect of the AWS IoT platform. AWS IoT Core offers built-in security mechanisms, including device authentication and authorization using X.509 certificates, AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) policies, and fine-grained access control. It also supports encryption of data both at rest and in transit, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of IoT data. 7. Analytics and Integration: AWS IoT integrates with various AWS analytics services to enable advanced data processing and analysis. For example, AWS IoT Analytics provides capabilities for ingesting, storing, analyzing, and visualizing large volumes of IoT data. Integration with other AWS services like Amazon QuickSight and Amazon SageMaker enables advanced analytics, machine learning, and visualization of IoT data. The AWS IoT platform offers a comprehensive suite of services and tools that simplify the development, deployment, and management of IoT applications. With its scalability, security features, device management capabilities, and integration with other AWS services, the AWS IoT platform provides a robust foundation for building innovative and scalable IoT solutions. 2.3 Importance of Access Control Access in IoT – Access control is of paramount importance in IoT (Internet of Things) environments due to the following reasons: 1. Security: IoT devices are connected to networks and can exchange sensitive data. Implementing access control ensures that only authorized entities, such as devices, users, or services, can access and interact with the IoT system. By enforcing access control, organizations can prevent unauthorized access, data breaches, malicious activities, and potential damage to the IoT infrastructure. 2. Privacy: IoT devices often collect and process personal and sensitive data. Access control mechanisms play a critical role in safeguarding user privacy by ensuring that only authorized individuals or systems can access and utilize this data. Implementing access control policies aligned with privacy regulations helps protect individuals' data and maintain their trust in IoT systems. 3. Device Integrity: IoT ecosystems comprise a wide range of devices, including sensors, actuators, gateways, and controllers. Access control prevents International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 10 | Issue 3 Pragya Bharti et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. May-June-2023, 10 (3) : 995-1009 1000 unauthorized devices from joining the network or accessing critical resources, thus preserving the integrity of the IoT system. It helps protect against device tampering, unauthorized modifications, and the introduction of rogue devices that could disrupt operations or compromise data. 4. Resource Management: Access control enables efficient resource management in IoT environments. It ensures that resources, such as computational power, network bandwidth, or storage, are allocated appropriately and used by authorized entities. By enforcing access control policies, organizations can prevent resource exhaustion, optimize resource utilization, and maintain system performance and reliability. 5. Compliance: Access control is crucial for meeting regulatory compliance requirements. IoT systems often handle sensitive data subject to various regulations, such as data protection, privacy, and industry-specific standards. Implementing access control mechanisms allows organizations to enforce compliance with these regulations by defining and enforcing access policies that align with the applicable requirements. 6. Risk Mitigation: Access control helps mitigate security risks and vulnerabilities in IoT deployments. By enforcing strong authentication, authorization, and access policies, organizations can reduce the attack surface and limit potential avenues for exploitation. This helps protect against unauthorized access, data breaches, denial-of-service attacks, and other security threats that can compromise the IoT ecosystem. 7. Operational Efficiency: Access control mechanisms enhance operational efficiency in IoT environments. By defining and managing access rights and permissions, organizations can ensure that authorized entities have appropriate access to the necessary resources, data, or functionalities. This reduces the risk of unauthorized actions, streamlines operations, improves productivity, and simplifies system management. In summary, access control is essential in IoT environments to ensure security, privacy, device integrity, resource management, regulatory compliance, risk mitigation, and operational efficiency. By implementing robust access control mechanisms, organizations can establish a strong foundation for building secure and trustworthy IoT systems. 3. Access Control Models: Access control models are frameworks that define how access to resources is granted or denied within a system. Here are three commonly used access control models: 1. Discretionary Access Control (DAC): In DAC, access control decisions are based on the discretion of the resource owner. The resource owner has the authority to determine who can access their resources and what level of access they have. Access control lists (ACLs) or access control matrices are typically used to manage permissions. DAC is flexible but may lack centralized control and can lead to inconsistencies in access control across the system. 2. Mandatory Access Control (MAC): MAC is a more rigid access control model where access decisions are based on system-defined security labels or levels. The system administrator assigns labels to resources and users, and access decisions are determined by comparing the labels of users and resources based on predefined rules and policies. MAC provides a high level of control and security but can be complex to implement and administer. 3. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): RBAC assigns roles to users based on their responsibilities within an organization. Access permissions are then associated with these roles, and users are granted access based on their assigned roles. RBAC simplifies access control management by grouping users into roles and managing permissions at the role level rather than individually for each user. It provides scalability, International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 10 | Issue 3 Pragya Bharti et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. May-June-2023, 10 (3) : 995-1009 1001 easier administration, and improves consistency in access control. These access control models can be combined or extended to meet specific requirements in different systems. For example, Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) extends the access control decision-making process by considering various attributes associated with users, resources, and environmental conditions. It's important to note that the choice of access control model depends on the system's security requirements, the nature of the resources being protected, and the desired level of flexibility or control in access management. Different systems may employ different access control models or a combination of them to achieve an appropriate level of security and access management. 3.1 Traditional Access Control Model - The traditional access control model, also known as the non-discretionary access control model, is a basic form of access control that predates more advanced models like DAC, MAC, and RBAC. In this model, access control decisions are typically based on a user's identity or group membership, and access rights are defined by the system administrator. Here are the key characteristics of the traditional access control model: 1. User Identity: Access control decisions are primarily based on the identity of the user requesting access to a resource. Each user is assigned a unique identifier (e.g., username or user ID), and access rights are granted or denied based on this identity. 2. Access Rights: The system administrator defines access rights for users or groups of users. Access rights specify the actions that users can perform on specific resources, such as read, write, execute, or delete. 3. Centralized Control: The system administrator has centralized control over access control decisions and the assignment of access rights. They determine which users or groups have access to specific resources and what level of access they possess. 4. Lack of Granularity: The traditional access control model often lacks granularity in access control decisions. Access rights are typically assigned on a per-user or per-group basis, without considering the specific attributes or characteristics of the user or resource. 5. Limited Flexibility: The model offers limited flexibility in dynamically adjusting access control decisions. Access rights are typically static and remain unchanged until modified by the system administrator. 6. Security Risks: As access control decisions are primarily based on user identity, this model can be susceptible to security risks such as unauthorized access if user identities are compromised. The traditional access control model is relatively simple and straightforward to implement but may not provide the fine-grained control and flexibility required in more complex systems. It is commonly used in small-scale or legacy systems where a basic level of access control is sufficient, and centralized control is preferred. However, in more modern and sophisticated environments, other access control models like DAC, MAC, or RBAC are often employed to provide enhanced security, flexibility, and scalability. 3.2 Limitations of Traditional Models in IoT - The traditional access control models, such as discretionary access control (DAC), mandatory access control (MAC), and role-based access control (RBAC), have certain limitations when applied to IoT (Internet of Things) environments. Here are some key limitations: 1. Scalability: Traditional access control models may struggle to scale effectively in IoT deployments due to the large number of devices, users, and resources involved. IoT systems often consist of a massive number of interconnected devices, making it International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 10 | Issue 3 Pragya Bharti et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. May-June-2023, 10 (3) : 995-1009 1002 challenging to manage access control policies individually for each device or user. 2. Dynamic and Heterogeneous Environment: IoT environments are highly dynamic, with devices joining and leaving the network frequently. Traditional access control models typically rely on static access control decisions that do not adapt well to dynamic changes. Additionally, IoT ecosystems often involve diverse devices and technologies, making it difficult to enforce consistent access control policies across the entire system. 3. Resource Constraints: Many IoT devices have limited computational power, memory, and energy resources. Traditional access control models may introduce overhead in terms of processing and storage requirements, which can be impractical for resource- constrained IoT devices. 4. Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) Gap: Traditional access control models often lack the fine- grained and context-aware access control capabilities required in IoT. ABAC, which considers various attributes associated with users, devices, and environmental conditions, is better suited to handle complex access control scenarios in IoT. Traditional models may struggle to adequately handle attributes such as device capabilities, location, or environmental context. 5. Privacy and Data Sensitivity: IoT systems generate and handle vast amounts of sensitive data, including personal and private information. Traditional access control models may not provide sufficient granularity or privacy-aware access control mechanisms to protect sensitive data in IoT deployments. IoT-specific privacy regulations, such as General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), further emphasize the need for advanced access control mechanisms. 6. Interoperability Challenges: IoT ecosystems often involve devices and platforms from different manufacturers and vendors. Traditional access control models may lack interoperability standards and mechanisms, making it difficult to enforce consistent access control policies across heterogeneous IoT systems. 7. Cybersecurity Risks: IoT devices are susceptible to various security threats and vulnerabilities. Traditional access control models may not provide adequate protection against emerging IoT-specific threats, such as device spoofing, data tampering, or unauthorized access to critical IoT resources. To address these limitations, newer access control models and frameworks specifically designed for IoT, such as Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) or Context-Based Access Control (CBAC), are being developed. These models take into account the unique characteristics and requirements of IoT environments, providing more adaptive, scalable, and context-aware access control mechanisms. 3.3 Introduction to Attribute –Based Access Control (ABAC) – Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) is an access control model that grants or denies access to resources based on the attributes associated with the subjects (users or devices), objects (resources), and the environment. In ABAC, access control decisions are made by evaluating the attributes rather than relying solely on user identities or roles. It provides a more flexible and dynamic approach to access control, Download 269.75 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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