Deep eutectic solvent as effective catalyst for aminolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (pet) waste
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Bog'liqaminoliss 2016
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E Deep eutectic solvent as effective catalyst for aminolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste Rakesh M. Musale 1 • Sanjeev R. Shukla 1 Received: 7 September 2015 / Accepted: 18 April 2016 Ó Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology 2016 Abstract Aminolytic depolymerization of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottle waste was carried out by diethanolamine and ethanolamine using synthesized deep eutectic solvents, choline chloride.x ZnCl 2 and choline chloride.2 urea, as catalyst. The reaction parameters were optimized through variation in the time of aminolysis, catalyst concentration and the PET: amine ratio. Pure products N 1 ,N 1 ,N 4 ,N 4 -tetrakis (2-hydroxyethyl)-terephthalamide (THETA) and terephthalic acid (TPA), and bis (2-hydroxy ethylene) terephthalamide (BHETA) in yields 82, 83 and 95 % respectively, were obtained. These products were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Keywords PET waste Aminolysis Deep eutectic solvents Choline chloride.x ZnCl 2 Depolymerisation Introduction The rate at which poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste is produced is increasing day-by-day due to its extensive use in many fields such as textile fibers, disposable soft drink bottles, packaging as well as tapes and films. PET possesses excellent chemical stability, mechanical properties, inertness and it is nontoxic, light weight, transparent and mouldable. PET consumption in the world has exceeded 13 million tonnes, of which about 1.5 million tonnes are exclusively consumed by the packaging sector itself [ 1 ]. From the perspective of conservation of natural & Sanjeev R. Shukla srshukla19@gmail.com 1 Department of Fibres and Textile Processing Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology (University Under Section-3 of UGC Act 1956), Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India 123 Int J Plast Technol DOI 10.1007/s12588-016-9134-7 resources and safety of environment, chemical recycling is the only sustainable approach wherein the PET polymer can be cleaved certain reagents such as water (hydrolysis) [ 2 – 6 ], alcohols (alcoholysis) [ 7 , 8 ], amines (aminolysis) [ 9 – 14 ] and glycols (glycolysis) [ 15 – 17 ]. Aminolysis is one of the least studied processes for PET degradation although it has the advantage of giving very high yields of purified products with less severe conditions as compared to other chemical recycling processes. In particular, the aminolysis of PET is more thermodynamically favourable than alcoholysis [ 18 ]. The aminolysis of PET waste using various amines such as ethanolamine [ 9 ], diethanolamine [ 11 ], 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-amino-2-propanol [ 12 ] and 3-amino-1-propanol [ 13 ] have been reported. In all these cases sodium acetate was used as the depolymerization catalyst. Ethanolamine gave pure BHETA from PET bottle waste [ 9 ]. Diethanolamine gave pure products of N 1 ,N 1 ,N 4 ,N 4 -tetrakis (2- hydroxyethyl)-terephthalamide (THETA) and terephthalic acid (TPA) (13), whereas 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol produced (bis (1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl) terephthalamide) (BHMPTA) [ 12 ]. Pure bis (2-hydroxy propyl) terephthalamide (BHIPTA) was obtained using 1-amino-2-propanol [ 12 ] and bis-(3-hydroxy propyl) terephthalamide (BHPTA) using 3-amino-1-propanol [ 13 ]. In all these cases the yields were as high as 76–88 %. Other catalysts used were zinc acetate, potassium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium sulphate and acetic acid. Aminolysis products are having terminal reactive groups, which have been utilized in synthesis of polyurethanes [ 19 ], epoxy hardeners [ 19 ], unsaturated polyesters [ 20 ] and nonionic polymeric surfactants [ 21 ]. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are well known as an alternative to ionic liquids (ILs) and they not only have their characteristics similar to ILs, but also are cheaper, easy to synthesize, less toxic, and often biodegradable. DES includes simple eutectics made from a combination of quaternary ammonium salts, like choline chloride, with either hydrogen bond donors like urea or with Lewis acids like zinc chloride. Because of these properties they are applied in many fields, such as biocatalysis, extraction, carbon dioxide capture, biomedicals and material synthesis [ 22 ]. The DES made from choline chloride and ZnCl 2 has been utilized extensively as a Lewis acid catalyst as well as a reaction medium in carrying out Diels–Alder reactions [ 23 ], Fischer indole annulation [ 24 ], esterification of long chain carboxylic acid [ 25 ], O-acetylation of cellulose and monosaccharides [ 26 ] and protection of carbonyls [ 27 ]. Glycolysis of PET waste in the presence of DES zinc chloride/urea (monomer to give 82 % selectivity of the bis-2-(hydroxyethyl terephthalate) (BHET)) has been reported using deep eutectic solvent as catalyst [ 16 ]. We have found that the synergetic effect of cation and anion of ionic liquid catalyst could make the degradation conditions of PET milder [ 10 ]. The present communication reports the study on aminolytic depolymerization of PET bottle waste under reflux using the amines, diethanolamine and ethanolamine, in the presence of synthesized DES, choline chloride.x ZnCl 2 and choline chloride.2 urea. Int J Plast Technol 123 Materials and methods Materials Discarded PET bottles were obtained from local market and cut into small pieces of approximate size 5 9 5 mm after separating from the non-PET components such as labels and caps. These were boiled in 2 g/L of nonionic detergent solution for 1 h to remove any dirt present, washed thoroughly with water and then dried in an oven at 80 °C. Chemicals Zinc chloride, urea, choline chloride, diethanolamine and ethanolamine were of laboratory reagent grade, purchased from S.D. Fine Chemicals Ltd, India. Synthesis of deep eutectic solvent Choline chloride.x ZnCl 2 Choline chloride was mixed with ZnCl 2 in various ratios (1:1–1:3) and heated at 90 °C for 2–4 h until a clear, transparent and homogeneous liquid was obtained [ 23 ]. Choline chloride.2 urea Similarly, Choline chloride was mixed with urea at molar ratio of 1:2 at 90 °C for 2–4 h to obtain clear, transparent and homogeneous liquid as reported in literature [ 28 ]. Aminolysis of polyester waste Synthesis of N1,N1,N4,N4-tetrakis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalamide (THETA) The PET bottle waste flakes (3 g) were added into 50 ml round bottom flask containing with diethanolamine (9.85 g) at a molar ratio of 1: 6 (PET: amine) under reflux in the presence of the DES (Choline chloride. x ZnCl 2 or Choline chloride. 2 Urea) (1–8 % (w/w)) as catalyst for time period varying up to 30 min. At the end of the reaction, excess of methanol was added to the reaction mixture with stirring to form a single homogeneous solution. Ethyl acetate was then added with vigorous agitation to precipitate out the desired product. It was then filtered, recrystallized from water, dried in an oven and weighed to estimate the yield. Int J Plast Technol 123 Synthesis of terephthalic acid (TPA) The PET bottle waste flakes (3 g) were added into 50 ml round bottom flask containing with diethanolamine (9.85 g) at a molar ratio of 1:6 (PET: amine) under reflux in the presence of the DES (Choline chloride. x ZnCl 2 or Choline chloride. 2 Urea) (1–8 % (w/w)) as catalyst for time period varying up to 30 min. At the end of the reaction, excess of distilled water was added to the reaction mixture with vigorous agitation to make a homogeneous solution, which was subjected to acid hydrolysis using 25 % HCl solution to precipitate out the product. The product was then filtered, dried in an oven and weighed for estimating the yield. Synthesis of bis (2-hydroxy ethylene) terephthalamide (BHETA) The PET bottle waste flakes (3 g) were added into 50 ml round bottom flask containing with ethanolamine (5.73 g) at a molar ratio of 1: 6 (PET: amine) under reflux in the presence of the DES (Choline chloride. x ZnCl 2 or Choline chloride. 2 Urea) (1–8 % (w/w)) as catalyst for time period varying up to 30 min. At the end of the reaction, distilled water was added in excess to the reaction mixture with vigorous agitation to precipitate out BHETA. The filtrate contained mainly unreacted ethanolamine and little quantities of a few water soluble PET degradation products. The precipitate obtained was filtered and dissolved in distilled water by boiling for about 30 min. White crystalline powder of BHETA was obtained by first concentrating the filtrate by boiling and then chilling it. It was further purified by recrystallization in water. It was then dried in an oven and weighed for estimating the yield. Characterization of products The products THETA, TPA and BHETA were characterized by DSC, TGA, FTIR, 1 H and 13 C NMR. FTIR spectrum were recorded on Shimadzu (Model 8400S) FTIR spectropho- tometer, Japan using ATR technique. The product was also characterized for its melting point with the help of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), (Shimadzu 60, Japan) at the heating rate of 10 °C/min from 40 to 500 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. Simultaneous studies of both thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were carried out with the help of DTG, (Shimadzu 60H, Japan) at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from 40 to 500 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. For Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (proton NMR), the product after aminolysis reaction was dissolved in deuterated methanol and water. Chemical shifts are expressed in d units (ppm) using tetramethyl silane (TMS) as an internal reference and the spectrograph was recorded on Bruker, NMR. Int J Plast Technol 123 Results and discussion Diethanolamine (DEA) and ethanolamine (EA) have two nucleophilic centres namely, hydroxyl and amine. Nitrogen being less electronegative than oxygen, in the aminolytic depolymerization, the amine group of DEA and EA attacks the ester linkage of the PET. Scheme 1 represents the aminolysis of PET using DEA and EA to get respective terephthalamides (THETA, BHETA) having free hydroxyl group which can be converted into different useful products. DEA also produces terephthalic acid (TPA), which finds use in synthesis of virgin PET. The results on optimization of the reaction parameters are given in Tables 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 . Table 1 indicates the effect of different catalysts on product yield through aminolysis. The DES choline chloride.2 ZnCl 2 gave higher yield of all the three products as compared to choline chloride.2 urea catalyst. Wang et al. [ 16 ] have proposed during their studies on glycolysis of PET that zinc cation might facilitate the bond scission of polymer chains and subsequently enhance the depolymerization rate. The DESs have more catalytic active sites than the conventional ionic liquids and metal salts, since they can form more H-bonds between catalyst and PET. Data in Table 2 indicates that as the time of aminolysis reaction increased, the yield of aminolytic degradation products also increased. However, the increase beyond 30 min of reaction was only marginal. Hence, reaction time of 30 min was kept optimum. In earlier studies, sodium acetate catalyzed aminolysis of PET waste using DEA required 4–5 h to get 76 and 82 % yield of THETA and TPA, respectively [ 13 ]. In the case of reaction with EA, the optimum reaction time was Scheme 1 Aminolysis of PET waste using alkanolamine Int J Plast Technol 123 Table 1 Effect of different catalysts on the yield of aminolysis products of PET Catalyst conc. = 5 % (w/w), time = 30 min, PET: diethanolamine = 1:6 Catalyst Yield (%) THETA TPA BHETA ZnCl 2 61 62 72 Urea 55 56 66 Choline chloride.ZnCl 2 65 66 77 Choline chloride.2 ZnCl 2 82 83 95 Choline chloride.3 ZnCl 2 73 73 83 Choline chloride.2 urea 69 70 80 Table 2 Effect of time on the yield of aminolysis products of PET PET: diethanolamine = 1:6, choline chloride.2 ZnCl 2 = 5 % (w/w) Time (min) Yield (%) THETA TPA BHETA 10 53 54 63 15 62 64 71 20 70 71 82 30 82 83 95 40 83 84 95 60 83 85 96 90 84 86 97 120 85 86 96 Table 3 Effect of choline chloride.2 ZnCl 2 concentration on the yield of aminolysis products of PET Time = 30 min, PET: diethanolamine = 1:6, choline chloride.2 ZnCl 2 = 5 % (w/w) Catalyst conc. (%) Yield (%) THETA TPA BHETA 1 43 44 56 2 59 60 72 4 65 66 77 5 82 83 95 6 83 84 96 8 84 84 96 Table 4 Effect of PET: amine ratio on the yield of aminolysis products of PET Time = 30 min, choline chloride.2 ZnCl 2 = 5 % (w/w) PET: DEA (molar ratio) Yield (%) PET:EA (molar ratio) Yield (%) THETA TPA BHETA 1:4 51 52 1:4 62 1:6 82 83 1:6 95 1:8 83 84 1:8 96 1:10 83 85 1:10 96 1:12 82 85 1:12 95 Int J Plast Technol 123 30 min with 95 % yield of BHETA, whereas 8 h were required in the earlier studies to get similar yield [ 9 ]. This is attributed to the ability of DES to dissolve PET at a faster rate. Table 3 gives the results of the optimization of the concentration of catalyst choline chloride.2 ZnCl 2 during depolymerization of PET waste, which indicates that 5 % by weight of catalyst w.r.t. PET waste produced maximum yield of the products. The yield of products increased rapidly with increasing concentration of catalyst up to 5 % and thereafter it increased marginally. Initially, the reaction mixture is biphasic, a solid phase (PET), and a liquid phase (amine). PET passes into solution more quickly in the presence of DES. Table 4 indicates that the increase in PET: EA ratio from 1: 4 to 1: 12 caused increase in the yield of products when the reaction was carried out for 30 min using DES. Aminolysis of PET waste using primary amine (ethanolamine) is faster than secondary amine (diethanolamine), leading to decreased rate of reaction and the yield of product [ 29 ]. Thus, under optimized parameters of 1: 6 PET: DEA/EA ratio and 30 min reflux, 5 % (w/w) choline chloride.2 zinc chloride gave maximum yield of the different products. The depolymerized product THETA contains reactive hydroxyl (–OH) end group, which can serve as useful feedstock for synthesizing reactive resins, especially for epoxy resin hardening. It may also be potentially interesting as the polyol component for synthesis of unsaturated polyester resins (UPR’s) [ 30 ], alkylated resin [ 31 ] and rigid polyurethane foam [ 32 – 34 ]. Figure 1 a shows the FTIR spectrum of the aminolyzed product THETA. The peak at 1072 cm -1 and the broad peak between 2400 and 3500 cm -1 indicate the presence of primary alcohol and also the presence of hydrogen bonding within the molecule (intra H-bonding). The peak at 1369 cm -1 is due to C–N stretching. The tertiary amide C=O appears at 1643 cm -1 . Other peaks observed at 2917 and 2847 cm -1 correspond to aromatic –CH and aliphatic –CH 2 , respectively. Figure 1 b shows the FTIR spectrum of TPA, the peak at 3006 cm -1 indicates the presence of carboxylic acid –OH, 1677 cm -1 indicates the presence of C=O and 1280 cm -1 indicates the presence of ether C–O stretching. Figure 1 c shows the FTIR spectra for BHETA, the peaks at 3288 and 1051 cm -1 indicate the presence of primary alcohol, the peaks for secondary amide stretching are observed at 3373, 1552 and 1309 cm -1 . The DSC thermograms were recorded from 40 to 400 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min under nitrogen atmosphere. In Fig. 2 a, the sharp endothermic peak at 159 °C indicates the melting point of the aminolyzed product (THETA). A broad endothermic peak at 200–240 °C followed by 159 °C is attributed to its decomposition. This was confirmed by the DTG analysis. Also, further decompo- sition of THETA was observed from 300 to 500 °C as shown in the DSC spectrum. In Fig. 2 b, the DSC spectrum of TPA (peak at 375 °C) confirms the final acidified product obtained from aminolysis of PET waste as TPA [ 31 ]. The DSC spectrum of BHETA (peak at 221 °C) matches with the reported literature [ 9 ] (Fig. 2 c). Figure 3 a shows the 1 H-NMR for THETA with a peak at d 7.83 (s, 4H) corresponding to aromatic ring protons, at d 3.60 (t, 8H) corresponding to aliphatic CH 2 proton attached to OH group and at d 2.89 (t, 8H) corresponds to aliphatic CH 2 Int J Plast Technol 123 Fig. 1 a FTIR spectrum of THETA. b FTIR spectrum of TPA. c FTIR spectrum of BHETA Int J Plast Technol 123 Fig. 2 a TGA and DTA of THETA. b DSC of TPA. c DSC of BHETA Int J Plast Technol 123 proton attached to nitrogen atom (amide group). 13 C NMR spectrum (Fig. 3 b) shows peak at d 170.29 due to carbonyl carbon attached to aromatic ring and the peaks at d 138.73 and d 128.92 corresponds to aromatic carbons. The peak at d Fig. 3 a 1 H NMR spectrum of THETA. b 13 C NMR spectrum of THETA Int J Plast Technol 123 57.93 relates to aliphatic carbon attached to –OH group and that at d 50.3 is due to carbon attached to amide group. The 1 H NMR (Fig. 4 a) for the TPA gave peak at d 8 (s, 4H) corresponding to aromatic ring proton and peak at d 13.24 (s, 1H) relates to –OH group. 13 C spectrum Fig. 4 a 1 H NMR spectrum of TPA. b 13 C NMR spectrum of TPA Int J Plast Technol 123 (Fig. 4 b) shows peak at d 166 due to carbonyl carbon attached to aromatic ring, the peak at d 135 and d 130 corresponds to aromatic carbons. The 1 H NMR (Fig. 5 a) for the BHETA gave peak at d 7.88 (s, 4H) corresponding to aromatic ring protons, at d 8.5 (s, 1H) corresponding to amide -NH group, at d Fig. 5 a 1 H NMR spectrum of BHETA. b 13 C NMR spectrum of BHETA Int J Plast Technol 123 3.31–3.48 (t, 4H) corresponding to aliphatic CH 2 –CH 2 proton and at d 4.7 (s, 1H) corresponding to –OH group. 13 C spectrum (Fig. 5 b) shows peak at d 166.08 due to carbonyl carbon attached to aromatic ring and the peaks at d 137.07 and d 127.53 corresponds to aromatic carbons. The peaks at d 60.09 relates to aliphatic carbon attached to –OH group and that at d 42.6 is due to carbon attached to –NH amide group. Conclusion Deep eutectic solvent can effectively degrade the PET waste to attain higher yields of monomer in shorter reaction time. This kind of catalyst shows a promising industrial prospect in the efficient recycling of PET waste due to easy preparation, low price, high activity and relatively milder degradation conditions. The products of depolymerization have the potential of recycling them into useful compounds through various further chemical reactions with varied applications, which is being explored. Acknowledgments Authors are thankful to University Grant Commission, New Delhi for fellowship to Rakesh Musale. References 1. George N, Kurian T (2014) Recent developments in the chemical recycling of postconsumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:4185–14198. doi: 10.1021/ie501995m 2. 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