An Age of Discovery and Expansion - Motives
- Travels of John Mandeville
- Fascination with the East
- The Polos
- Economic motive
- Religious zeal
- Potrolani (charts)
- Ships
- Axial rudder
- Lateen sails with square rig
Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire - Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire
- Prince Henry “the Navigator” (1394-1460)
- School for navigators, 1419
- Slaves
- Gold
- Bartolomeu Dias, 1497
- Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque
- Success of the Portuguese
Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
Voyages to the New World - Voyages to the New World
- Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
- Bahamas – October 12, 1492
- Voyages in 1493, 1498, 1502
- John Cabot, 1497
- Pedro Cabral, 1500
- Ferdinand Magellan - Del Cano, 1519-1522
- Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
- The Spanish Empire in the New World
- Hernán Cortés – Mexico, 1519-1522
- Francisco Pizzaro – Peru, 1531-1536
- Administration of the Spanish Empire
- Encomienda
- Forced labor
- Disease
- Audiencias
- Ecclesiastical affairs
- Impact of Expansion
- Destruction of native cultures
- Enrichment of Europeans
- National rivalries
- Belief in European superiority
Philip II and the Height of Spanish Power Philip II and the Height of Spanish Power
Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century - French Wars of Religion, 1562-1598
- Huguenots
- Ultra-Catholics
- War of the three Henries, 1588-1589
- Politiques
- Henry of Navarre
- Philip II and the cause of Militant Catholicism
- Philip II of Spain, 1556-1598
- Consolidate lands inherited from his father, Charles V
Government - Government
- Meticulous
- New World possessions
- Battle of Lepanto, 1571
- Spanish Netherlands
- Revolt of the Netherlands, 1566-1648
- Privileges of the provinces
- Taxes
- Calvinism
- Duke of Alva
- William of Nassau, Prince of Orange
- Pacification of Ghent, 1576
- Union of Arras, 1579
- Peace of Westphalia, 1648
The England of Elizabeth - The England of Elizabeth
- Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-1603
- Act of Supremacy, 1559
- Act of Unification, 1559
- Mary, Queen of Scots, beheaded 1587
- Puritans
- Foreign Policy
- Netherlands
- Spanish Armada, 1588
Economic and Social Crises - Inflation and Economic Stagnation
- Price revolution
- Inflation
- Trade, Industry, Banking, and Agriculture
- Joint-stock trading company
- Technology
- Commercial capitalism
- Amsterdam Exchange
- Agriculture
- Population and the Growth of Cities
- Parallels between population growth and economic prosperity
- Growth of cities
The Thirty Years’ War
Seventeenth-Century Crises: War and Rebellions Seventeenth-Century Crises: War and Rebellions - Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648
- Located in the Germanic lands
- Religious problems
- Peace of Augsburg, 1555
- German liberties
- Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625
- Battle of White Mountain, 1620
- Danish Phase, 1625-1629
- Edict of Restitution, 1629
- Swedish Phase, 1630-1635
- Franco-Swedish Phase, 1635-1648
- Peace of Westphalia, 1648
A Military Revolution - A Military Revolution
- Armed infantry
- Firepower – artillery, firearms
- Tactics – mobility and flexibility
- Conscription
- Rebellions
- Peasant and lower class revolts
Witchcraft Craze - Scapegoats
- Jacob Sprenger and Heinrich Krämer, Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of the Witches), 1486
- Trials and executions
- Stereotypes – women
Culture in a Turbulent World Culture in a Turbulent World - Art: Mannerism and the Baroque
- Mannerism
- El Greco (1541-1614)
- Boroque
- Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
- Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)
- Architect – St. Peter’s Basilica
Thought: The World of Montaigne - Thought: The World of Montaigne
- Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)
- Essays
- Questions tradition and authority
- Opposed fanaticism
- Preached moderation and toleration
- Moral truths without reference to Christian truths
- Golden Age of Literature: England and Spain
- William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
- Lope de Vega (1562-1635)
- Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616)
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