Grammar book for teaching
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Grammar book for teaching materials
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Grammar book for teaching ALPHABETS
Агар «y» харфи суз бошида келса ундош хисобланади. Ex. young[jʌη], yard[jʌ:(r)d]. Агар «y» харфи суз уртасида ёки охирида келса унли хисобланади. Ex. Joyful [ʤɔifl], boy [bɔi], toy [tɔi] Alifbo ingliz tilida faqat so’zlarni harflab aytishda ishlatiladi. Misol : John Spell - harflab o’qish yoki harflab aytish Cc harfi “ e ,i ,y “ harflaridan oldin kelsa “ S ” o’qiladi qolgan hollarda “ K ” o’qiladi . Example >> Century , cinema , cycle …. cat , cool, cap
Gg harfi “ e, i, y “ harflaridan oldin kelsa “ J ” o’qiladi qolgan hollarda “ G ” o’qiladi . Example >> General , giraffe , gym …. good , big , garden
Exception. ( Istisno ) Quyidagi so’zlarda G harfini “g” deb o’qiymiz . Singer,begin,get, girl,give,gift,finger,tiger,tigress,anger,hunger, trigger. Eslatib o’ting ( ingliz tilida so’zlarning yozilishi bilan o’qilishi farq qiladi .) Ingliz tilida so’zlarning o’qilishi “ transcription ” deb nomlanadi . Transcription Phonetics: Unli qisqa tovushlar: [ I ] – i (tip, bit) [ ʊ ] – u (foot, put) [ ʌ ] – а (love, blood) [ ɒ ] – о (box, odd) [ ə ] – eo’ (about, and) [ e ] – e (dress, bed) [ æ ] – ae (camp, trap) Unli chuziq tovushlar: [ i: ] – i (street, sea) [ u:] – u (two, blue) [ ɑ:] – a (car, hard) [ɔ: ] – o (door, paw) [ ɜ: ] – o’ (stir, burn) Undosh tovushlar: [ ð ] – z (than, that) [ ʤ] – j qattiq (just, jacket) [ j ] – y (yard, year) [ ʒ ] – ж (leisure, pleasure) [ ʧ ] – ch (child, beach) [ ʃ ] – sh (shine, shake) [ θ ] – s (think, thirsty) [ η ] – ng (song, king)
Ask for newcomers names and write them down on the blackboard. After that they should spell their names. Short sentences: (This is……; My name is…….; That is……..; I am ……..) Days of week, months Numbers NOUNS ( Otlar ) 2- dars Rule . Ingliz tilida otlarning 2 xil turi bor : Countable nouns : ( sanaladigan otlar ) Uncountable nouns : ( sanalmaydigan otlar ) PLURALS ( Ko’plik shakllari ) O’zbek tilida ko’plik shakl yasovchi “-Lar ” qo’shimchasi mavjud holos. Ingliz tilida bunday qo’shimchalar 4 ta ( -s , -es , - ies, - ves ) Rule . Odatda sanaladigan otga “- Lar ” qo’shimchasini qo’shish uchun ot oxiriga “ –s ” qo’shiladi . Example ( misol ) > Dog – dogs student – students ( Give some exercise ) Rule. Agar sanaladigan ot “O, X, S, SS, CH, SH, Z ” harflaridan birortasiga tugasa “ –Lar ” qo’shimchasini qo’shish uchun “ – es ” qo’shamiz . Example > Potato – potatoes box – boxes dress - dresses bus – buses brush – brushes bench – benches quiz – quizzes Exception . Quyidagi “ O ” harfiga tugovchi otlarning ko’plik shakli ot oxiriga Oddiy “ S ” qo’shish orqali yasaladi . photo kilo radio studio solo kimono audio memo soprano kangaroo stereo memento dynamo piano auto tattoo disco zoo audio
Note . ( eslatma ) Quyidagi “ O ” harfiga tugovchi otlarning ko’plik shakli ikki xil usulda yasaladi . Volcano / tornado / mosquito / zero / ghetto Rule . Agar sanaladigan birlikdagi ot “ undosh + y ” ga tugasa Lar qo’shimchasi qo’shish uchun ot oxiridagi “ Y ” tushib qoladi va “ ies ” qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi . Fly – flies baby – babies enemy – enemies city – cities Boundary – boundaries lady- ladies body – bodies Note . Agar sanaladigan birlikdagi ot “ unli + “ y ” harfiga tugasa , Lar qo’shimchasini qo’shimchasini qo’shish uchun ot oxiriga oddiy “ S ” qo’shamiz. Boy – boys tray –trays toy – toys day – days “ F ” “ Fe ” ga tugovchi otlarga “ –Lar ” qo’shimchasini qo’shish uchun ot oxiridagi “ F ” “ Fe ” tushib qoladi va “ Ves ” qo’shiladi . wolf loaf knife sheaf self life thief wharf shelf wife elf leaf half calf NOTE . Quyidagi “ F ” “ Fe ” harfiga tugovchi otlarning ko’plik shakli ikki xil usulda yasaladi . harf dwarf scarf handkerchief hoof
NOTE . Yuqoridagilardan tashqari barcha “ F ” “ Fe ” ga tugovchi otlarga to’g’ri “ S ” qo’shiladi. Cliff – cliffs chief – chiefs belief – beliefs Noto’gri otlar Quyidagi otlarning ko’plik shaklini yasashda ularning o’zagi o’zgaradi : Man – men tooth – teeth Woman – women foot – feet Louse – lice goose – geese Ox – oxen mouses ( komputer sichqoni ) Child – children mouse - Person - people mice ( hayvon ) NUMERALS 3 - dars ( Raqamlar / sonlar ) Son narsalarni sanog’ini yoki tartibini bildiruvhi so’z turkumi. Son Nechta ? , Qancha ? , Nechanchi ? savollariga javob bo’ladi . Sonlar 2 turga bo’linadi : [ 1 ] – Cardinal numbers ( sanoq sonlar ) [ 2 ] – Ordinal numbers ( tartib sonlar ) [ 1 ] – Sanoq sonlar Nechta ? , Qancha ? savollariga javob bo’ladi 1 – one 11 – eleven 2 - two 12 - twelve 3 - three 13 - thirteen 4 - four 14 – fourteen 5 - five 15 – fifteen 6 - six 16 – sixteen 7 - seven 17 – seventeen 8 - eight 18 – eighteen 9 - nine 19 – nineteen 10 – ten 20 – twenty 30 – thirty thirty one – thirty two 40 – forty forty one – forty two 50 – fifty fifty one – fifty two 60 – sixty sixty one – sixty two 70 – seventy seventy one – seventy two 80 – eighty eighty one – eighty two 90 - ninety ninety one – ninety two 100 – a hundred one hundred and one – one hundred and two 1000 – a thousand one thousand and one – one thousand and two 1000.000 – a million one million and one – one million and two 1000.000.000 – a billion one billion and one - one billion and two Note : Two apples, five men, seven dwarves.. Telefon raqamlarni aytilishiga e’tibor bering : Example > 246- 85 – 29 ----- Two four six eight five two nine Ingliz tilida katta sonlarni o’qishda har bitta “ Hundred ” so’zidan so’ng AND ishlatamiz. Example > 675 – Six hundred and seventy five 612. 794 – Six hundred and twelve thousand seven hundred and ninety four
Yillarga nisbatan 1000/ 2000/ 3000 / shunga o’xshash hollarda to’g’ri songa o’xshatib aytamiz. Example > 1000 – in one thousand year 2000 – in two thousand year
1866/ 1856 / 1995 / 2018 shunga o’xshash hollarda sonlarni ikkiga bo’lib aytamiz Example > 1866 – 18|66 ---- In eighteen sixty six 1999 - 19| 99 ---- I was born in nineteen ninety nine
2001/ 2002/ 2003/ 2004/ 2005/ 2006/ 2007/ 2008/ 2009/ shu hollarda oddiy son ko’rinishida yozamiz . Example > 2001 – In two thousand one 2009 – In two thousand nine
Note. 2010 we say “ Twenty ten ” in Speaking we say “ Two thousand and ten ” in Writing Note: Two apples, five years… [ 2 ] – Tartib sonlar Nechanchi ? savoliga javob bo’ladigan sonlar hisoblanadi . Ingliz tilida tartib sonlardan avval har doim THE artiklini ishlatamiz . The first 11 – The eleventh The second 12 - The twelfth The third 13 – The thirteenth The fourth 14 – The fourteenth The fifth 15 – The fifteenth The sixth 16 – The sixteenth The seventh 17 – The seventeenth The eighth 18 – The eighteenth The ninth 19 - The nineteenth The tenth 20 – The twentieth 30 – The thirtieth 40 - The fortieth 50 - The fiftieth 60 - The sixtieth 70 - The seventieth 80 - The eightieth 90 - The ninetieth 100 - The hundredth 1000 - The thousandth 1000.000 - The millionth 1000. 000. 000 - The billionth
21 – The twenty first 1531 – The one thousand five hundred and thirty first ’S NOUN + OF + NOUN 4- dars Rule . Apostrophe “ S ” ning qo’shimchasini bildiradi va odamlar isimlari , joy nomlari , odamlar nomlari ( tog’a , aka- uka, xola…) va vaqt ravishlari ( bugun, kecha, yanagi yil …) ning ning oxiriga qo’shib ishlatiladi. Anvar’s family Today’s lesson Uzbekistan’s capital My uncle’s car Note. Vaqt ravishlarining oxiriga “ ’s ” qo’shilsa , o’zbek tiliga – gi deb tarjima qilinadi . Today’s lesson > bugungi dars Rule. Agar ismning oxirgi xarfi yoki otning ko’plik shakli “ s ” harfi bilan tugasa “ NING ” qo’shimchasini qo’shish uchun ot yoki ism oxiridagi “ s ” harfidan keyin “ ’ ” ( apostrophe ) qo’yamiz . Abbos’ friend My little brothers’ toys ( ukalarimning o’yinchoqlari ) Ko’plikda bo’lgan va ‘ S ’ harfiga tugamagan otlarga “ NING ” qo’shimchasini Qo’shish uchun “ ’s ” dan foydalanamiz . Men’s wear sheep’s fur lice’s wing Rule. Noun + of + noun strukturasi jonsiz predmetlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi. Bunda 1- ot 2 – siga tegishli bo’ladi . The door of the room The ink of the pen
Note . Hayvonlar bilan ham “ ’ s ” ham Noun + of + Noun ishlata olamiz . Bird’s nest The nest of the bird Rule . Biror kishining uyida degan ma’noda gapning oxirida odam ismidan keyin “ ’s ” ishlatamiz . We are at Bobur’s = we are at Bobur’s home They are at Jim’s = they are at Jim’s party
Shuningdek : Butcher’s ( qassaobxona ) , Chemist’s ( apteka ) , News agent’s ( matbuot ) , Travel agent’s ( sayohat agentligi ) Note. The director of the school The students of the University Rule . Agar bitta gapda ham “ ’s ” ham Noun + of Noun qatnashsa , gap Noun + of + Noun strukturasi bilan boshlanadi . bunda struktura quyidagicha bo’ladi . Noun + of + Noun’s noun color of my sister’s bag roof of my friend’s house
Exception . Quyidagi transport vositalari bilan “ ’s ” ishlatamiz . Car’s wheel aircraft’s wing Craft’s captain yatch’s crew Ship’s captain
( oddiy gap tuzish strukturasi ) Rule . Ingliz tilida eng sodda gap ega va kesimdan iborat bo’ladi : Men bordim, ular keldi, biz uxladik va hokazo. Ingliz tilida gap tuzish ketma – ketligi quyidagicha bo’ladi. S + v( p ) + C ( O ) + M S – Subject > ega -Kim ? , Nima ? , Qayer ? V – ( p – predicate ) > kesim – Nima qilmoq ? C - ( 0 – object ) > to’ldiruvchi - Kimni ?, Kimga ? , Nimani ?, Nimaga ? Kim bilan ? , Nima bilan ? , Kim uchun ? , Nima uchun ? M – modifier > hol – Qachon ?, Qayerda ?, Qayerga ?, Qayerdan ? , Qanday ? We play tennis every day My father watches Tv every day __ ____ _____ _______ ________ ____ ____ _________ S V C M S V C M
Rule. Complement va Modifier gapning ikkinchi darajali bo’laklari hisoblanadi. Ba’zida gaplarda complement yoki modifier bo’lmasligi mumkin. We study at school I like sweets They walk __ ____ __________ __ ___ _______ _____ ______ S V M S V C S V Rule. Shuningdek ba’zi gaplarda complement va modifier bir nechta bo’lishi mumkin. My mother cooks palov, soup and chicken _________ ______ _____ _____ ______ S V C1 C2 C3
_______ ___ _______ _____ _______ S V M1 M2 M3
Note. Buyruq gaplarda subject yashiringan bo’ladi va buyruq gaplarda subject ( you ) bo’ladi . ( You ) close the door ! ( You ) get up ! ( You ) learn words ! TO BE 6 – dars
Ingliz tilida eng sodda gap S + V dan iborat bo’ladi . Lekin ba’zi gaplarda verb ya’ni ish – xarakat mavjud bo’lmaydi . Bunday gaplarda strukturani buzmaslik uchun “ to be ” fe’lini ishlatiladi Rule. To be fe’lini ish – xarakat bo’lmagan gaplarda otni – otga yoki otni sifatga bog’lashda ishlatiladi . To be fe’lini hozirgi zamonda 3 ta shakli mavjud : I > am We, you, they > are He, she , it > is Rule. Gapning subjecti bitta odam ismidan yoki narsa – buyum nomidan iborat bo’lsa , to be fe’lining “ is ” shakli ishlatiladi . Nodir is my friend This dress is beautiful _____ ________ _________ ________ noun noun noun adjective
Note. Agar subject ikki va undan ortiq odamning ismidan yoki narsa- buyumning nomidan iborat bo’lsa , to be fe’lini are shaklidan foydalanamiz : My brother and I are pupils Books and notebooks are means of study Bob and John are at home Note. To be fe’li qatnashgan gaplarda so’roq gap yasash uchun to be fe’li Gapning boshiga Subjectdan oldinga o’tadi. Are you tired ? Am I your friend ? Is it your home ? Are Bob and John at home ? Are your relatives many ? TO BE ga javob berish. Are you a student ? Yes I am / No I’m not Rule. To be fe’lining inkor shalkini yasash uchun to be fe’liga “ not ” qo’shiladi . The weather is not cold today I’m not hungry The books aren’t on the table
Note : I’m = I am You’re = you are We’re = we are They’re = they are He’s = he is She’s = she is It’s = it is Rule: “To be” fe’li barcha zamonlarda ish-xarakat bo’lmagan gaplarda ishlatiladi. Note: o’tgan zamonda ega birlikda bo’lsa was ni ko’plikda bo’lsa were ni ishlatamiz. NOTE. To be fe’lining o’tgan zamon shakli : I/he/she/it(birlik otlar) was We/you/they(ko’plikdagi otlar) were Rule. To be fe’li qatnashgan gaplar bo’lishsiz va so’roq shakllari To be fe’lining o’ziga not qo’shish va To be fe’lini o’zini egadan oldinga qo’yish yordamida yasaladi : Were the shoes expensive ? He was not a good football player in his youth. Were you a student two years ago? Future: will be = won’t be He will be a student in the future. Will you be at home by 7 p.m.? He won’t be late for the lesson Won’t you be busy tomorrow? NOUNS 2 7- dars
Rule. Ingliz tilida ba’zi otlar doim ko’plikda ishlatiladi . Police, clothes , cattle , series, species , aircraft, craft, means, counsel The police are coming Her clothes are new and modern Rule. Quyidagi otlarning ko’plik va birlik shakli bir xil : Fish, sheep, deer, reindeer Fish is delicious Fish are in the bowl Rule. Ikki qismdan iborat asbob- uskunalar ham doim ko’plikda ishlatiladi. Scissors , pliers, tongs, tweezers, shears, glasses, sunglasses, eyeglasses, scales, binoculars Rule. Ikki qismdan iborat kiyimlar ham doim ko’plikda ishlatiladi : Socks, boots, shoes, gloves, breeches, trousers, jeans, shorts, stockings, pijamas, tights, trainers, sneakers Note. News sanalmaydigan ot hisoblanadi: News is bad Today’s news is good Rule. Til, o’yin, fan, va kasallik nomlari sanalmaydi. O’yin nomlari : bowls, billiards, nards, darts, dominos, droughts Kasallik nomlari : mumps, measles, rickets, shingles Physics is a difficult subject English language is interesting Rickets is caused by the lack of the vitamin D Compound nouns ( yig’ma otlar ) Mothers – in – law > mother – in – law Fathers – in – law Brothers – in – law Sisters – in – law
Break – ins Marry – go – rounds Ladies – in – waiting Hangers – on Lookers-on runners-up wards-of-court Man – driver > men drivers Woman – driver > women drivers UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 8 - dars ( Sanalmaydigan otlar )
Rule. Sanalmaydigan otlar o’z nomiga ko’ra sanalmaydi. Sanalmaydigan otlarning ko’plik shakli mavjud emas va ular 5 ta guruhga bo’linadi: Solids ( qattiq moddalar ) paper, wood, honey, cream, bread, glass, grass, sand, sugar, flour, salt, pepper, stone, iron, silver, gold, soap, concrete, ice, butter, cheese, cloth Liquids ( suyuqliklar ) soup, oil, water, tea, wine, blood,, juice, milk, coffee, beer, gin, jam, blood, gasoline Gasses ( gazlar ) air, stream, smoke, smog, nitrogen, oxygen Abstract nouns ( mavhum otlar ) pity, horror, pride, mercy, friendship, justice, advice, beauty, courage, information, knowledge, relief, work, confidence,fun, happiness, health, honesty, hospitality, importance, intelligence, laughter, luck, music, patience, peace, progress, finance, sleep, truth, violence, wealth, news, evidence, proof, space, 3energy, homework, slang, change The weather ( ob – xavo ) rain, sleet, hail, humidity, thunder, weather, dew, fog, wind, darkness, light, sunshine, electricity, fire, gravity Note. Shuningdek , quyidagi so’zlar ingliz tilida sanalmaydigan otlar hisoblanadi : garbage, luggage, jewelry, junk, equipment , mail, make up Rule. Sanalmaydigan otlar bo’laklab sanalishi mumkin : A pane of glass A slab of concrete A bar of chocolate ( oyna ramkasi ) ( beton bo’lagi ) ( shokolat plitkasi ) A cake of soap A piece of cake A piece of advice ( sovun bo’lagi ) ( tort bo’lagi ) ( biroz maslahat ) A grain of sand A grain of sugar/ salt A slice of meat ( qum zarrasi ) ( shakar/ tuz zarrasi ) ( go’sht bo’lagi ) A slice of bread A sheet of paper A bit of news ( non bo’lagi ) ( bir varoq qog’oz ) ( biroz yangilik ) Note. Shuningdek sanalmaydigan otlarni o’lchov birliklari bilan sanay olamiz. Lekin bunda ham ko’plik qo’shimchasi o’lchov birligiga qo’shiladi . Three tons of cotton ( not three tonn of cottons ) Two kilos of meat Fifty meters of cloth
Sanalmaydigan otlarning sanalishi . Rule. Quyidagi otlar 2- ma’nosida sanaladi: Hair – soch ma’nosida sanalmaydi. To’kilgan soch , qil ma’nolarida sanaladi. She has two grey hairs – Uning 2 ta oq sochi bor Stone – tosh ma’nosida sanalmaydi. Danak, mag’iz ma’nosida sanaladi. Some grapes have three stones. Iron – temir ma’nosida sanalmaydi. Dazmol ma’nosida sanaladi. We have two irons at home . Light – yorug’lik ma’nosida sanalmaydi. Chiroq ma’nosida sanaladi . Two lights are blinking in the frontier. Shuningdek lights – o’pka deb tarjima qilinadi. Wood – yog’och, taxta ma’nosida sanalmaydi. O’rmon ma’nosida woods shalklida ishlatiladi . We went to the woods yesterday . Wool – hayvon yungi ma’nosida sanalmaydi .To’kilgan yung ma’nosida sanaladi . There are several wools on the carpet. Paper – qog’oz ma’nosida sanalmaydi. Gazeta ma’nosida sanaladi. I always buy papers. Time – vaqt ma’nosida sanalmaydi. Marta ma’nosida sanaladi. I went to Bukhara two times Experience – tajriba, malaka ma’nosida sanalmaydi. Sarguzasht, kechinma ma’nosida Sanaladi. I had some bad experiences .
( Olmoshlar ) Demonstrative pronouns ( Ko’rsatkich olmoshlari ) Rule . Ingliz tilida This, That, These va Those ko’rsatkich olmoshlari hisoblanadi. ” This “ ni - Bu , “ That ” ni – Anavi, ” These “ ni – Bular va “ Those ” ni – Anavilar deb tarjima qilinadi. Ko’rsatish olmoshlaridan keyin ot kelsa, ular ko’rsatish sifatlariga aylanadi. This va That dan keyin birlidagi yoki sanalmaydigan ot ishlatiladi. These va Those esa faqat ko’plikdagi otlardan oldin ishlaydi. Structure. This/ That + singular/ uncountable noun + to be + c + m This boy is my favorite nephew. That juice is sweet Structure. These/ Those + plural noun + to be + c + m These shoes are old and dirty These people are my relatives . NOTE. Shuningdek, ko’rsatkich olmoshlari qatnashgan gaplarda “ To Be ” o’rniga “ Verb ” ham kelishi mumkin . This student studies well. That boy plays chess excellently. These cars run fast . Those carpenters work very fast.
NOTE. This / That / These / Those so’zlaridan keyin TO BE kelsa , ular ko’rsatkich olmoshlari hisoblanadi . This is my family photo. That is our home. Those are their nieghbours. These are my parents. Rule. Ko’rsatish olmoshlari va ko’rsatish sifatlari bilan savol gap yasashda TO BE fe’li gapning boshiga o’tadi. Is this bag yours ? Are these papers for me ? Is that dress expensive ? Are those John’s classmates ? Inkor gaplarda esa TO BE dan keyin NOT qo’shiladi. This key is not working. That fridge isn’t cooling. Those aren’t our sheep. These people aren’t tourists. Have got / Has got ( - da … bor , - ning … bor )
Rule. Have got va Has got biror kishida biror narsa borligini ifodalashda ishlatiladi. He / She/ It bilan va biror ism bilan Has got ishlatamiz. Ko’plidagi otlar va I / You / We / They bilan Have got ishlatamiz. He I
She > Has got You > Have got It We
They He has got two younger sisters. They have got some problems at the Institute.
Rule. Have got va Has got qatnashgan gaplarda so’roq shakl yasash uchun Have va Has Subjectdan oldinga o’tadi. Have / Has + S + Got + C + M ? Has Ann got pets at home ? Have students got any questions ?
Rule. Have got / Has got qatnashgan gaplarda inkor shakl yasash uchun Have va Has dan “ Not ”qo’shamiz . S + Have/ Has + Not + Got + C + M ? We haven’t got much time. John hasn’t got any friends at school .
NOTE . Inkor so’roq gaplarda quyidagi strukturadan foydalanamiz. Haven’t / Hasn’t + S + Got + C + M ? Haven’t you got any money ? Hasn’t she got a computer at home ? There is / There are ( - da … bor ) NOTE. There is va There are boror joyda narsa borligini ko’rsatishda ishlatiladi. There is > birlikdagi otlar bilan va sanalmaydigan otlar bilan ishlatiladi. There are > ko’plikdagi otlar bilan ishlatiladi. There is va there are odatda biror joyda biror narsa borligini ko’rsatadi. Structure. There is + S + M There is some sugar on the table There are + S + M There are 5 people in my family Is + there + S + M ? Is there any milk in the fridge ? Are + there + S + M ? Are there any students in the class ? There is + not + S + M There is not food in the fridge There are + not +S + M There are not people in the street Isn’t + there + S + M ? Isn’t there any money in the bag ? Aren’t + there + S + M ? Aren’t there any English books ? Personal pronouns 10-dars Olmoshlar barcha tillarda odamlar ismlari, narsa buyum nomlar va joy nomlari o’rniga ishlatiladi. Ingliz tilida olmoshlarning 4 ta turi bor . 1 ) Subject pronouns 2) Object pronouns I – men Me – meni / ga You – Sen / siz You – seni / ga , sizni / ga We – biz Us – bizni / ga They – ular Them – ularni / ga He – u ( o’gil bola ) Him – uni / ga She – u ( qiz bola ) Her – uni / ga It – u ( jonsiz narsa ) It – uni / ga
My – mening Mine – meniki Your – Sening / sizning Yours - sizniki Our - bizning Ours – bizniki Their – ularning Theirs – ularniki His – uning His – uniki Her – uning Hers – uniki Its – uning Its– uniki 5 ) Reflexive pronouns
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