I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i
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T H E I M P E R I A L G A Z E T T EE R O F I N D I A VOL. X I I I GYARASPUR TO JAIS
O X F O R D AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1 9 0 8
INTRODUCTORY NOTES N otes on T ransliteration Vowel Sounds a has the sound of a in ‘woman.’ a has the sound of
in ‘ father.’ e has the vowel-sound in ‘grey.’ i has the sound of i in ‘pin.’ I has the sound of i in ‘ police.’ o has the sound of
in ‘ bone.’ u has the sound of
in ‘ bull.’ u has the sound of
in ‘ flute.’ ai has the vowel-sound in ‘ mine.’ au has the vowel-sound in ‘ house.’ It should be stated that no attempt has been made to distinguish between the long and short sounds of c and
o in the Dravidian languages, which possess the vowel-sounds in ‘ bet ’ and ‘ hot ’ in addition to those given above. Nor has it been thought necessary to mark vowels as long in cases where mistakes in pronunciation were not likely to be made. Consonants Most Indian languages have different forms for a number of con sonants, such as
marked in scientific works by the use of dots or italics. As the European ear distinguishes these with difficulty in ordinary pronunciation, it has been considered undesir able to embarrass the reader with them ; and only two notes are required. In the first place, the Arabic k , a strong guttural, has been represented by
instead of q , which is often used. Secondly, it should be remarked that aspirated consonants are common ; and, in particular, dh and
th (except in T 5 urma) never have the sound of th in ‘this’ or ‘thin,’ but should be pronounced as in ‘ woodhouse ’ and ‘ boathook.’
IV INTRODUCTORY NOTES Burmese Words Burmese and some of the languages on the frontier of China have the following special sounds :— aw has the vowel-sound in ‘law.’ o and u [umlaut]are pronounced as in German, j in ‘jewel.’ ky is pronounced almost like
in ‘ church.’ th is pronounced in some cases as in ‘ this,’ in some cases as in ‘ thin.’
w after a consonant has the force of uw . Thus,
ywa and
pee are disyllables, pronounced as if written yuwa and
puwe. It should also be noted that, whereas in Indian words the accent or stress is distributed almost equally on each syllable, in Burmese there is a tendency to throw special stress on the last syllable. General The names of some places—e.g. Calcutta, Bombay, Lucknow, Cawnpore—have obtained a popular fixity of spelling, while special forms have been officially prescribed for others. Names of persons are often spelt and pronounced differently in different parts of India; but the variations have been made as few as possible by assimilating forms almost alike, especially where a particular spelling has been generally adopted in English books. N otes on M oney , P rices , W eights and M easures As the currency of India is based upon the rupee, all statements with regard to money throughout the
have necessarily been expressed in rupees, nor has it been found possible to add generally a conversion into sterling. Down to about 1873 the gold value of the rupee (containing 165 grains of pure silver) was approximately equal to 2s., or one-tenth of a £ ; and for that period it is easy to convcrt rupees into sterling by striking off the final cipher (Rs. 1,000 = £100). But after 1873, owing to the depreciation of silver as compared with gold throughout the world, there came a serious and progressive fall in the exchange, until at one time the gold value of the rupee dropped as low as
In order to provide a remedy for the heavy loss caused to the Government of India in respect of its gold payments to be made in England, and also to relieve foreign trade and finance from the inconvenience due to constant and unforeseen fluctuations in exchange, it was resolved in 1893 to close the mints to the free coinage of silver, and thus forcc up the value of the rupee by restricting the circulation. The intention was to raise INTRODUCTORY NOTES the exchange value of the rupee to 1s. 4d., and then introduce a gold standard (though not necessarily a gold currency) at the rate of Rs. 15 = £1. This policy has been completely successful. From 1899 on wards the value of the rupee has been maintained, with insignificant fluctuations, at the proposed rate of 1s. 4d.; and consequently since that date three rupees have been equivalent to two rupees before 1873. For the intermediate period, between 1873 and 1899, it is manifestly impossible to adopt any fixed sterling value for a constantly changing rupee. But since 1899, if it is desired to convert rupees into sterling, not only must the final cipher be struck off (as before 1873), but also one-third must be subtracted from the result. Thus Rs. 1,000 = £100 — 1/3
= (about) £67. Another matter in connexion with the expression of money state ments in terms of rupees requires to be explained. The method of numerical notation in India differs from that which prevails through out Europe. Large numbers are not punctuated in hundreds of thou sands and millions, but in lakhs and crores. A lakh is one hundred thousand (written out as 1,00,000), and a crore is one hundred lakhs or ten millions (written out as 1,00,00,000). Consequently, accord ing to the exchange value of the rupee, a lakh of rupees (Rs. 1,00,000) may be read as the equivalent of £10,000 before 1873, and as the equivalent of (about) £6,667 after 1899; while a crore of rupees (Rs. 1,00,00,000) may similarly be read as the equivalent of £1,000,000 before 1873, and as the equivalent of (about) £666,667 after 1899. Finally, it should be mentioned that the rupee is divided into 16 annas, a fraction commonly used for many purposes by both natives and Europeans. The anna was formerly reckoned as 1 1/2
d.; it may now be considered as exactly corresponding to id. The anna is again subdivided into 12 pies. The various systems of weights used in India combine uniformity of scale with immense variations in the weight of units. The scale used generally throughout Northern India, and less commonly in Madras and Bombay, may be thus expressed : one maund = 40 seers ; one seer = 16 chittaks or 80 tolas. The actual weight of a seer varies greatly from District to District, and even from village to village; but in the standard system the tola is 180 grains Troy (the exact weight of the rupee), and the seer thus weighs 2-057 lb., and the maund 82-28 lb. This standard is used in official reports and throughout the Gazetteer. For calculating retail prices, the universal custom in India is to express them in terms of seers to the rupee. Thus, when prices change, what varies is not the amount of money to be paid for the vi INTRODUCTORY NOTES same quantity, hut the quantity to be obtained for the same amount of money. In other words, prices in India are quantity prices, not money prices. When the figure of quantity goes up, this of course means that the price has gone down, which is at first sight perplexing to an English reader. It may, however, be mentioned that quantity prices are not altogether unknown in England, especially at small shops, where pennyworths of many groceries can be bought. Eggs, likewise, are commonly sold at a varying number for the shilling. If it be desired to convert quantity prices from Indian into English denominations without having recourse to money prices (which would often be misleading), the following scale may be adopted-—based upon the assumptions that a seer is exactly 2 lb., and that the value of the rupee remains constant at 1s. 4d. : 1 seer per rupee = (about) 3 lb. for 2s.; 2 seers per rupee = (about) 6 lb. for 2s.; and so on. The name of the unit for square measurement in India generally is the bigha, which varies greatly in different parts of the country. But areas have always been expressed throughout the Gazetteersither in square miles or in acres.
M A P
to face p. 304 IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA
V O L U M E X I I I Gyaraspur (or Garispur).—Village in the Gwalior State, Central India, situated in 23 0 40' N. and 78' 7 0 E., 24 miles north-east of Bhllsa. Population (1901), 754.
Although little
is known
of the
history of the place, the remains of ancient buildings show that its importance, as commanding the pass through which runs the old route from Malwa to Bundelkhand, was recognized at an early date. In the sixteenth century it fell to the Gonds of Garha Mandla, but was taken from them by the Mughals. The actual destruction of the temples is attributed, as usual, to Aurangzeb, but may have commenced earlier. At the end of the eighteenth century it fell to the Chandel Thakurs of BhTlsa, and under Thakur Kesri Singh regained some of its lost importance. The remains are considerable and cover a large area. The most important are those now known as the Ath-khamba, or ‘eight pillars,’ which stand to the south of the present village, and are all that remains of a once magnificent temple. The pillars and also the ceiling slabs, which are still in situ, are richly carved, and a pilgrim’s record of
982 has been cut on one of the pillars. Two other very similar collections of pillars are standing in the village, also covered with elaborate carving, one belonging to a Saivite and the other to a Vaish- navite temple. The finest ruin, however, is that of a large temple known as the Mala Devi. It is magnificently placed on a great artificial platform, on the very edge of the hill-side, with its back against the rock, and from its style must belong to the ninth or tenth century. Though originally a Vaishnavite shrine, it now contains Jain images, all belonging to the Digambara sect. The Bajranath temple, with three shrines placed abreast, has also been appropriated by Jains, though originally Brahmanical. North of the village lie two tanks, the larger known as the Mansarowar, having a fine old stone dam, which is said to have been built by Man Singh, a Gond chief. A school and a State post office are situated in the village. [A. Cunningham, Archaeological Survey of India, vol. vii, p. 90 ; vol. xi, p. 31.]
GYOBINAUK TOWNSHIP Gyobingauk Township.—Township of
Tharrawaddy District, Lower Burma, lying between 18° 7' and 18 0 32' N. and 95 0 28' and 96° 1' E., with an area of 431 square miles. Like most of the town ships of the District, it is traversed north and south by the railway, and abuts in the east on the Pegu Yoma, its western areas being a level plain. The population was 84,327 in 1891, and 91,040 in 1901. It contains two towns, Zigon (population, 2,074) and Gyobingauk ; and 411 villages. The area cultivated in 1903-4 was 189 square miles, paying Rs. 2,95,000 land revenue.
name in Tharrawaddy District, Lower Burma, situated in 18° 14' N. and 95 0
; 011 the Rangoon-Prome Railway, 109 miles from Rangoon. Population (1901), 6,030. The town suffers from scarcity of water in the dry season, but so far no systematic water-supply scheme has been started. It is one of the most important rice-trading centres on the Rangoon-Prome line of railway. It possesses one Anglo-vernacular and two vernacular private schools, two of which are aided by the municipality. Gyobingauk was
constituted a municipality in 1894.
The receipts and expenditure of the municipal fund to the end of 1900-1 averaged Rs. 24,000 and Rs. 22,000 respectively. In 1903-4 the income was Rs. 41,000, including house and land tax (Rs. 3,400), and tolls on markets and slaughter-houses (Rs. 23,200). The expen diture in the same year was Rs. 45,000, the principal items being conservancy (Rs. 6,200), roads (Rs. 6,900), and hospitals (Rs. 3,000). The municipal hospital has eighteen beds.
in the latter part of its course the boundary between British territory and Baluchistan. It rises opposite the Porali river at the northern end of the Pab range, flows south-east for 25 miles, then due south for 50 miles, and finally south-west, till it falls into the Arabian Sea near Cape Monze, in 24 0 54' N. and 66° 42' E., after a total length of about 240 miles. Except the Indus and the Gaj, it is the only permanent river in Sind. Its principal tributaries are the Saruna, the Samotri, and the Wira Hab. As far as the Phusi pass the course is confined and narrow. Thereafter it gradually widens, and for some 50 miles from its mouth is bordered by fine pasture land. Water is always to be found in pools, but the river is not utilized for irrigation. Habiganj Subdivision.—Subdivision in the south-west corner of Sylhet District, Eastern Bengal and Assam, lying between 23 0 59' and 24 0 41' N. and 91 0 10' and 91 0 43' E., with an area of 952 square miles. The subdivision forms a level plain intersected with numerous rivers and watercourses, into the southern portion of which low hills project from the Tippera system. The annual rainfall at Habiganj town averages only 95 inches, which is considerably less than that recorded HADAGALU 3 in most other places in the District. The population, which in 1891 was 504,592, had risen by 1901 to 555,001, an increase of 10 per cent., and the density is now 583 persons per square mile, as compared with 416 in the District as a whole. The staple food-crop is sail, or trans planted winter rice, and the tea industry has only recently become of importance. In 1904 there were 12 gardens with 9,990 acres under plant, which gave employment to 26 Europeans and 9,505 natives. The Assam-JBengal Railway runs through the south of the subdivision, but the rivers, of which the most important are the liarak, K h o w a i , and Kalni, are largely used as trade routes. The subdivision is divided into the four thanas of Habiganj, Baniyachung, Madhabpur, and Nabiganj, and contains one town, H a b i g a n j (population, 5,236), the head-quarters, and 1,935 villages. The subdivisional staff is unusually strong, as the amount of business to be disposed of is large, and four Munsifs are employed on civil work. The Subdivisional Magistrate is generally a native of India. The demand on account of land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 was Rs. 2,11,000. Habiganj Town.—Head-quarters of
the subdivision of the
same name in Sylhet District, Eastern Bengal and Assam, situated in 24 0 23' N. and 91 0 26' E., at the confluence of the Khowai and Barak rivers. The nearest railway station is at Shaistaganj, 9 miles distant. Population (1901), 5,236. Like other towns in this inundated tract, it is built on the bank of the river, which is raised a little above the level of the surrounding country. It is the head-quarters of the Subdivisional Magis trate and his assistants, and of the four Munsifs who dispose of the civil business of the subdivision, 'file public buildings include ¿1 sub sidiary jail with accommodation for 54 persons, a dispensary with 6 beds, and a high school with an average attendance of 3x8 boys. The town was constituted a Union under Bengal Act V of 1876 in 1881. The receipts and expenditure in 1903-4 were about Rs. 5,000. There is a considerable trade with Bengal, most of which goes by country boat. The principal imports are grain and pulse, cotton piece-goods, kerosene and other oils, and salt. The chief exports are rice, jute, mustard, linseed, and hides. The majority of the merchants are members of the Shaha caste. Habsan.—State in the
Kolaba Political Agency, Bombay.
See Janjira . Hadagalli.—Western taluk of Bellary District, Madras, lying between 14° 46'and 15° 14' N. and 75 0 40' and 76° 22' E., south and cast of the Tungabhadra, with an area of 585 square miles. The population in 1901 was 92,094, compared with 104,040 in 1891. There are 87 villages, but no town. The hcad-quarters, after which it is named, is a village of no importance. The demand for land revenue and cesses amounted in 1903-4 to Rs. 1,81,000. A tract in the southern corner,
4 HADAGALLI comprising nearly one-third of the area, is black cotton soil. Of the remainder, mixed soils occupy about two-thirds and red land one-third. It is one of the flattest taluks in the District, for its many undulations are of the long and low variety, and only in two places in the south can it be said to be broken by hills. The whole drains ultimately into the Tungabhadra, the eastern half by way of the Chikka Hagari. It is perhaps the healthiest part of the District. The abrupt decline which occurred in the number of its inhabitants between 1891 and 1901 was due to the fact that in the former year the Census fell upon a date on which large crowds of pilgrims from Bombay and Mysore were assembled at the great festival at Mailar, and consequently the population as then enumerated was greatly above the normal. Cholam and korra are the staple crops; but cotton is raised on a considerable area in the south, and castor also is extensively grown. The large acreage of horse-gram, a crop which will grow on the poorest land with the lightest rainfall, and the fact that the population per acre of cultivated land is lower than in any other taluk, show, however, that the land is not fertile. Hadgaon.—Northern
of
Nander District, Hyderabad State,
with an area of 476 square miles. It is separated from the Basim District of Berar by the Pengariga river. The population in 1901, in- cluding jagirs was 50,422, compared with 86,590 in 1891, the decrease being the result of the famine of 1900. Till recently it had 161 villages, of which 20 were jagir, and Hadgaon (population, 1,712) is its head quarters. The land revenue in 1901 was 2 lakhs. The soils consist chiefly of regar and alluvium. In 1905 a number of villages were transferred to this taluk from Nander. Download 5.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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