Juscelino Kubitschek (JK) (1956 – 1961) Fifty years in five.Building of Brasília.Era of great hope.Influx of international investments.Inflation and devaluation of the currency.
Jânio Quadros (Jan 31 – Aug 25, 1961) Elected with no congressional support.Polemic figure (prohibited bikinis in Copacabana).Right-wing president who established relations with Cuba and Russia. Resigned in an attempt to gain political power.His resignation created a political crisis.
João Goulart (Jango) (1961 - 1964) Left-wing vice president.1961 – 1963: Parliamentary system.1963 – 1964: Presidential system.Nationalist reforms to face social problems.Nationalization of companies.Increase of organized social groups.Nationalism vs Imperialism.
Brazilian Military Presidents
The Economy 1964 – 1967: Economic Recuperation- Programa de Ação Econômica do Governo (PAEG)
- Reduced budget, deficit, salaries, inflation. GDP grew again.
1969 – 1973: The Brazilian Miracle - GDP grew 11% a year.
- Growth was based on more debts and external dependency.
- Salaries were very low, and social benefits were lost.
- Increase of internal and external debts.
- 1978 : Strikes in São Paulo.
1980’s: “The lost decade”- Inflation soared, the debt destroyed the Brazilian economy.
- IMF imposed a painful austerity program on Brazil.
Redemocratization 1974: Gen. Geisel becomes president and promises democracy.1979: Gen. Figueiredo becomes president and promises to finish Geisel’s work.1979: General amnesty (including those who tortured civilians).New political parties are allowed to exist.1982: General elections for governors and state representatives. 1984 – Diretas Já! – Direct (vote) now! A civil movement for direct presidential elections.
Tancredo Neves (1985) Minister of Justice during Getúlio Varga’s government (1935).Prime Minister of Jango (1961).Jan 15, 1985: elected president by the congress.Died in Mar 15, 1985.Tancredo was the hope for a new country.
José Sarney (1985 - 1990) Ex-member of the ARENA, vice-president of Tancredo.His government faced several economic problems: huge foreign debt, and inflation.Plano Cruzado (economic plan) did not work.1986: Elections for congress.1988: New constitution.
Fernando Collor de Melo (1991-1992) First president democratically elected since 1961.He was a good looking candidate that promised to end corruption and to modernize the country.Involved in many scandals, he was impeached in 1992.Several rallies occurred throughout the country against him.
Itamar Franco (1992 - 1994) Vice-president of Collor; formally took office in Dec 1992.Inflation reached 6000% in 1993.Franco managed to unite several political parties and create a successful economic plan (Plano Real) in 1994 that reduced inflation to a single digit.His minister of Economy was elected president in 1994.
Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995 - 2002) FHC consolidated the political and economic stability. He privatized several companies (including CSN, and EMBRATEL).After some years of economic growth, Brazil’s economy suffered the consequences of world economic crisis. FHC was reelected in 1998.
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003 - present) He had a very poor childhood. At age 12 he worked as a shoeshine boy and street vendor.In 1978, he was elected president of the Steel Workers' Union of São Bernardo.In 1980, he and a group of academics, union leaders and intellectuals founded the Labor Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores - PT).During the 1990’s PT shifted from a left-wing party to more center-left position.LULA was elected president in 2002.Instead of deep social changes (as proposed in the past) his government chose a reformist line, passing new retirement, tributary, labor, and judicial laws, and discussing a university reform.
Social Issues in Brazil The Brazilian economy had a belated flourishing, even for Latin American standards. During the 19th century Brazil was poorer than Peru and growth was slow. During the 20th century the South and South-East regions developed much faster. This created the migration problem.In the 20th century an educational system had to be built. The quality of public education is still questionable in some areas.
Racial Issues in Brazil Brazil has a multi-racial society.Brazil was the last country in the Americas to end slavery (1888).Social integration of African-Brazilians and other minorities (caboclos, cafuzos, etc) has been a slow process.The first affirmative action policies were introduced in the last ten years.Racial minorities still have less access to good school, and good health system.Different developing rates among different geographic regions increased the problem.
Infant mortality rates dropped from 41.1% in 1992 to 27.5% in 2003 (15.18% in Argentina; 5.7% in USA, but 14% among African Americans).97.3% of children (7 to 14) in school in 2003.99.5% of homes have access to electricity, 89.6% receive public clean water. 17.5% have a computer at home, 13.2% have internet access (although Brazil represents 32% of internet access in Latin America). “Fome Zero” (Zero Hunger) – A social program that distributes money to selected regions and cities whose inhabitants suffer severe difficulties. “Bolsa Família” (Family Aid) – the program consists primarily of financial aid to families with incomes of less than US$40.00 per month. It demands that the families send their children to school and keep their vaccines up to date.Aids program - Brazil's guarantee of access to free antiretroviral (ARV) drugs since 1996. The government promotes public campaigns to educate the population.
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