Key Energiya±Buran speci®cations A. 1 Energiya rocket
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Appendix A Key Energiya±Buran speci®cations A.1 ENERGIYA ROCKET Overall speci®cations Total launch mass Without payload 2,270 t With Buran 2,375±2,419 t Rocket mass prior to orbiter separation 178.5 t Core stage Wet mass 776.2 t
Liquid oxygen mass 602.775 t Liquid hydrogen mass 100.868 t Strap-on booster Wet mass
372.6 t Liquid oxygen mass 221.7 t Kerosene mass 85.3 t Dimensions Core stage length 58.765 m
Core stage tank diameter 7.75 m
Strap-on booster length 39.46 m
Strap-on booster tank diameter 3.92 m
Total lift-o thrust 3,550 t
Engine speci®cations Parameter RD-170 RD-0120
Propellants LOX/kerosene LOX/LH 2
2.6:1 6:1
Combustion cycle Closed
Closed Sea-level thrust 740 t 147.6 t
Vacuum thrust 806.4 t
200 t Sea-level speci®c impulse 308.5 s 353.2 s
Vacuum speci®c impulse 336.2 s
454.7 s Chamber pressure 250 kg/cm 2 223 kg/cm 2 Turbopump power 257,360 hp 92,700 hp Turbopump rotation 13,850 rpm 32,500 rpm Throttle range 50±100% 45±100%
Nozzle area ratio 36.87:1
85.7:1 Gimbal capability 8
Nominal burn time 140±150 s 500 s
Dry mass 9,755 kg3,450 kg Length 4.0 m
4.550 m Diameter
3.800 m 2.420 m
Energiya data collected from: Y. Baturin (ed.), Mirovaya pilotiruemaya kosmonav- tika, Moscow: RTSoft, 2005, p. 443; Fact sheet of Voronezh Machine Building Factory; ``The RD-170 and RD-171'' (in Russian), on-line at http://www.lpre.de/ energomash/RD-170/index.htm 462 Appendix A: Key Energiya/Buran speci®cations
A.2 BURAN Maximum launch mass 105 t Mass on ®rst mission 79.4 t Landingmass Nominal 82 t
Maximum 87 t
Dry mass 62 t
Maximum payload to orbit For 200 km, 50.7
orbit
30 t For 200 km, 97
orbit
16 t Mass of returned payload Nominal 15 t
Maximum 20 t
Dimensions Length
36.37 m Height (on runway) 16.35 m Maximum width of fuselage 5.60 m Wingspan
23.92 m Wingarea
250 m 2 Tail area 39 m 2 Body ¯ap area 10.3 m 2 Payload bay length 18.55 m Payload bay diameter 4.70 m Crew
Minimum (with ejection seats) 2 Maximum (without ejection seats) 10 Volume of crew compartment 73 m 3
Nominal 7 days
Maximum (with extra tanks) 30 days
Range of orbital inclinations 50.7±110
Orbital altitude Nominal (circular) 250±500 km Maximum (with extra tanks) 1,000 km
Maximum g-forces Launch (nominal trajectory) 2.95 g Re-entry (nominal trajectory) 1.6 g Lift-to-dragratio At hypersonic speeds 1.3
At subsonic speeds 5.6
Crossrange capability Maximum
1,700 km Demonstrated during1st ¯ight 550 km Landingspeed Average (for 82 ton landing mass) 312 km/h
Maximum 360 km/h
On ®rst ¯ight 263 km/h
Landingrollout distance Minimum/maximum 1,100±2,000 m On ®rst ¯ight 1,620 m Maximum number of ¯ights 100 Buran data taken from: Y. Baturin, op. cit., p. 438. Appendix A: Key Energiya/Buran speci®cations 463
Appendix B Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts (Listed here are only those cosmonauts who originally were selected speci®cally for the Buran program) Afanasyev, Viktor Mikhaylovich was born in Bryansk on 31 December 1948. He graduated in 1970 from the Kachinskoye Higher Military Aviation Pilot School, where Yuriy Sheer, Aleksandr Puchkov, and Aleksandr Shchukin, all future Buran cosmonauts, had been his classmates. Followinggraduation, he served as an Air Force pilot until he enrolled in the Air Force's test pilot school in 1976, graduating the following year. He subsequently worked as a test pilot in the ¯ight test center in Akhtubinsk and in 1985 he and two colleagues were selected to join GKNII's cosmonaut team. From 1985 until 1987 the three underwent OKP trainingat the Gagarin Cosmonaut TrainingCenter in Star City. After they had graduated and quali®ed as cosmonaut-tester, TsPK chief Vladimir Shatalov oered them a transfer to the TsPK cosmonaut detachment, which all three accepted. Afanasyev would make three long-duration space ¯ights to Mir: Soyuz TM-11 in 1990±1991 (EO-8), Soyuz TM-18 in 1994 (EO-15), and Soyuz TM-29 (EO-27) in 1999. He also made a short mission to the International Space Station aboard Soyuz TM-33 in 2001. In total, Viktor Afanasyev logged over 545 days in space, during which he conducted seven EVAs, totallingover 38 hours. He has since retired from the cosmonaut team. Artsebarskiy, Anatoliy Pavlovich was born on 9 September 1956 in the village of Prosyanaya, Dnepropetrovsk Region in the Ukraine. In 1977 he graduated from the Kharkov Higher Military Aviation Pilot School and remained there as instructor. In 1982 he transferred to the Air Force's test pilot school in Akhtubinsk and graduated as a Test Pilot 3rd Class the followingyear. In 1985 he was selected as one of three new cosmonauts in the GKNII Buran cosmonaut group and sent to Star City for OKP. However, upon graduating in 1987, Artsebarskiy and his two colleagues accepted the offer to transfer to the TsPK cosmonaut detachment and remained in Star City. After havingbeen back-up commander for Soyuz TM-11, he went on to command Soyuz TM-12 and Mir expedition EO-9. It would be his only space¯ight. The ocial reason that he didn't ¯y again is unknown, but it has been said that he was grounded for attendingthe 1992 Planetary Congress of the Association of Space Explorers without explicit personal permission from TsPK head Pyotr Klimuk. In September 1993 he was detached to the Russian Academy of Sciences and considered a member of their cosmonaut group. When the government decided to limit the number of institutions to which military personnel could be detached, the Academy of Sciences was not amongthem. In July 1994 Artsebarskiy was sent to the Academy of the General Sta to study. In 1998 he retired from the Air Force. Bachurin, Ivan Ivanovich was born on 29 January 1942 in Berestovenka in the Kharkov Region. In 1959 he entered the OrenburgHigher Military Aviation Pilot School and followinggraduation in 1963 he remained there as an instructor. In 1967 he enrolled in the Soviet Air Force's Chkalov test pilot school, graduating the following year and beginning ¯ight testing at the ¯ight test center in Akhtubinsk. In 1973, he also graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute. Five years later, Bachurin was selected as one of the GKNII cosmonaut candidates to eventually ¯y on Buran. As senior ocer, he was also named the group's commander. In 1980, he completed OKP, becominga cosmonaut-tester. Bachurin then began Buran- related test ¯yingin Akhtubinsk, and in 1987±1988 was involved in the approach and landing test program on BTS-002. Together with Aleksey Boroday, Bachurin ¯ew BTS six times, three times in the commander's seat. He also trained as one of three GKNII cosmonauts for a Soyuz dockingmission with an unmanned Buran, but that was never ¯own. Shortly thereafter, Bachurin was medically disquali®ed and left the cosmonaut group in 1992. He is retired and lives in the town of Chkalovskiy, near Star City. 466 Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts Boroday, Aleksey Sergeyevich was born on 28 July 1947 in the village of Borodayevka, near Volgograd (then still called Stalingrad). After ®nishing school he worked in a factory but at the same time took ¯yinglessons in a DOSAAF air club. In 1969 he graduated from the Kachinskoye Higher Military Aviation Pilot School and subsequently served as a ®ghter pilot in the Air Force. In 1977 he graduated from the Air Force's test pilot school in Akhtubinsk and began test pilot work in GKNII. Soon, he was selected to become one of the GKNII Buran cosmonauts and together with the other candidates he was sent to Star City for the OKP basic cosmonaut training course, ®nishingthat in 1980. In 1981, he graduated from the Akhtubinsk branch of the Moscow Aviation Institute. Together with Ivan Bachurin, Boroday took part in the approach and landing test ¯ight program on Buran's analog BTS-002, ¯yinga total of six missions in 1987 and 1988. Later he trained as commander of one of three crews that was preparingfor a Soyuz dockingmission with an unmanned Buran. He left the GKNII team in 1993. Boroday returned to ¯yingon heavy transport planes, includingthe Antonov An-225 Mriya while it was transportingthe Buran orbiter. On 8 October 1996, he commanded an Antonov An-124 Ruslan on a cargo ¯ight to Turin, Italy. During landing the plane lost engine thrust and hit the ground with a wingtip. The plane cartwheeled and crashed in a ®eld near the airport, killingthe co-pilot and injuringthe other crew members. Boroday, who regained consciousness in a hospital after ®ve days, lost both his legs. He still lives in Star City. Chirkin, Viktor Martynovich was born on 13 July 1944 in Barnaul. He graduated from the Armavir Higher Military Aviation Pilot School in 1971 with the quali®cation of pilot- engineer. From 1973 he studied in Akhtubinsk at the Air Force's test pilot school, becominga Test Pilot 3rd Class in 1974 and a Test Pilot 2nd Class in 1977. The followingyear Chirkin was one of the GKNII pilots selected for Buran and was sent to Star City for OKP. He graduated in November 1980 and received his cosmonaut-tester certi®cate, but by then Chirkin had growing doubts that Buran had a future Sovetskiye i rossiyskiye kosmonavty and decided to resign from that program and return to full- time test ¯yingin Akhtubinsk. Eventually, he would rise to the rank of Major- General and become both a Merited Test Pilot and a Hero of the Russian Federation. Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts 467 Grekov, Nikolay Sergeyevich was born in Kalinin in Kirgizia on 15 February 1950. After graduating from the Armavir Higher Military Aviation Pilot School in 1971, he served with the Soviet Air Defense Forces in Belorussia and in the city of Gorkiy. In May 1978 Grekov (representingthe Air Defense Forces) was selected to join the 1976 Buran cosmonaut group of TsPK. As had been the case with the 1976 candidates, he was ®rst sent to the Air Force's test pilot school in Akhtubinsk, from which he graduated as Test Pilot 3rd Class in July 1979. He then went on to undergo OKP basic cosmonaut training and ®nished that in February 1982. Shortage of quali®ed commanders for Soyuz and delays in the Buran program then led to the decision to transfer all members of the TsPK Buran team to the Soyuz±Salyut traininggroup. However, in spite of this transfer, Grekov would not ¯y in space. After Vladimir Vasyutin had been forced to return to Earth due to illness in November 1985, all cosmonauts were given an extra physical examination. Grekov was found to have a chronic form of hepatitis and was forced to end his cosmonaut career in December 1986. He did stay on at TsPK, however, eventually becomingthe head of the Search and Recovery Department. In that capacity, he was responsible not only for the recovery of crews after landing, but also for splashdown and winter survival training of cosmonauts. Grekov retired in 2004. Ivanov, Leonid Georgyevich was born on 25 June 1950 in Safonovo near Smolensk. He attended the Kachinskoye Higher Military Aviation Pilot School and following graduation in 1971 he served in an Air Force unit in the town of Mukachevo in the Prikarpat military district. After havingbeen selected by TsPK in 1976 to become a cosmonaut, Ivanov and his fellow cosmonaut candidates were sent to the Air Force's test pilot school in Akhtubinsk. Having graduated as Test Pilot 3rd Class in 1977, the group underwent OKP in Star City until September 1978. Ivanov then became one of seven pilots to return to Akhtubinsk to obtain the title of Test Pilot 2nd Class. Duringthis trainingcourse on 24 October 1980 Ivanov's MiG-27 ®ghter went into a spin and crashed, killing the pilot. Ivanov was buried in the village of Leonikha, near Star City. 468 Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts
Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts 469 Kadenyuk, Leonid Konstantinovich was born on 28 January 1951 in what is now the city of Chernovtsi in the Ukraine. In 1971 he graduated from the Chernigov Higher Military Aviation Pilot School, becomingan Air Force pilot until he was selected as a cosmonaut candidate in 1976. Together with the other pilots from his selection group, he was sent to the Air Force's test pilot school in Akhtubinsk, where he graduated as a Test Pilot 3rd Class in June 1977. He then took the OKP basic cosmonaut trainingcourse at TsPK, qualifyingas a cosmonaut-tester in September 1978. Next, Kadenyuk and a number of other cosmonauts from his group returned to Akhtubinsk and continued their test pilot training. In 1981 he ®nished that and became a Test Pilot 2nd Class. The group returned to TsPK and began Buran-related training, but in March 1983 Kadenyuk's divorce resulted in his dismissal from the cosmonaut detachment. He subsequently returned to GKNII in Akhtubinsk to work as a test pilot. In December 1988 he managed to be included in the GKNII Buran cosmonaut team and was assigned as one of three commanders to train for a Soyuz mission that was to dock with an unmanned Buran. Despite cancellation of that ¯ight, Kadenyuk didn't give up his dream of ¯yingin space. After the break-up of the Soviet Union he moved to the Ukraine and became a pilot in the Air Force. When the United States signed a contract with the Ukraine to ¯y a Ukrainian astronaut on the Space Shuttle, Kadenyuk applied for the Ukrainian cosmonaut team. In November 1996 Kadenyuk was assigned as payload specialist for Space Shuttle mission STS-87. He ¯ew a 15 day 16 hour mission on the Shuttle Columbia from 19 November until 5 December 1987. All in all, he had waited 21 years and 3 months since he had ®rst been selected as a cosmonaut. With that Kadenyuk holds the record for time elapsed between initial selection and the ®rst space¯ight. Kononenko, Oleg Grigoryevich was born on 16 August 1938 in the village of Samarskoye in the Rostov Region. In 1958 he graduated from the DOSAAF school in Saransk and became a pilot instructor. In 1965 he entered the Ministry of the Aviation Industry's test pilot school in Zhukovskiy, graduating a year later from the helicopter branch. In addition, in 1975 he graduated from the Zhukovskiy branch of the Moscow Aviation Institute. Kononenko was selected by LII for Buran trainingin 1977 and began his OKP at TsPK in 1979. Kononenko was in the middle of his ®nal exams when his Yak-38 jet crashed in the South China Sea on 8 August 1980. The vertical take-o and landingjet lost engine power shortly after take-o from the aircraft carrier Minsk. Kononenko, who had been a Merited Test Pilot of the Soviet Union, didn't manage to eject in time and was killed instantly. Although he received the Order of Lenin (his second) posthumously, he did not get the title of cosmonaut-tester posthumously, as he had not yet passed all his ®nal exams at that time. Levchenko, Anatoliy Semyonovich was born on 21 May 1941 in Krasnokutsk, near Kharkov in the Ukraine. Eager to become a pilot, he enrolled in the KremenchugHigher Air Force Pilot School, but it was closed a year later and he ®nished his pilot education at the Chernigov Higher Military Aviation Pilot School, where he was a classmate of future cosmonaut Pyotr Klimuk. Upon graduation he served for ®ve years as a MiG-21 pilot in Turkmenistan, and then left the Air Force to enroll in the test pilot school of the Ministry of the Aviation Industry in Zhukovskiy. He graduated in 1971, becoming a test pilot at LII. In 1977 Levchenko was one of the pilots selected to undergo cosmonaut training for the Buran ¯ight test program. He was also one of the pilots who ¯ew approach and landing tests on BTS-002, conducting four ¯ights. As he was the designated back- up commander for Buran's ®rst manned orbital mission, Levchenko ®rst acted as back-up to Igor Volk for the Soyuz T-12 mission to Salyut-7 in 1984 and then went on to ¯y an eight-day mission to the Mir space station on Soyuz TM-4 in December 1987. However, several months after his ¯ight he was diagnosed with a brain tumor, from which he died on 6 August 1988. Maksimenko, Valeriy Yevgenyevich was born on 16 July 1950 in Tyumen. He graduated from secondary school in 1967 and went to the Kharkov Higher Military Aviation Pilot School, where he studied until 1971. Upon graduating, he remained there as a pilot instructor. In 1977 he enrolled in the Air Force's test pilot school in Akhtubinsk, becominga test pilot the followingyear. After havingbeen selected to become a cosmonaut in the GKNII group, he followed the OKP basic cosmonaut trainingcourse at TsPK from 1989 until 1991. At the same time, he continued test ¯ight work for the Air Force, almost exclusively in high-performance ®ghter aircraft like the MiG-29 and Su-27. When he came to the conclusion that his future was not in the Buran program, he requested to be allowed to return to full-time test ¯ying, a request that was granted. In January 1993 he became the head of the GKNII test pilot school (TsPLI). 470 Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts
Manakov, Gennadiy Mikhaylovich was born on 1 June 1950 in Ye®movka, in the Orenburg Region. He graduated from the Armavir Higher Military Aviation Pilot School in 1973 and remained there for two years as an instructor. After that he served in Kamchatka and in the Moscow military district. In 1979 he was admitted to the Chkalov test pilot school of the Soviet Air Force in Akhtubinsk, graduating in 1980. He was assigned as a test pilot of ®ghter planes, at the same time takinga course at the Akhtubinsk branch of the Moscow Aviation Institute, from which he graduated in 1985. In August of that year, Manakov was one of three test pilots who were assigned to GKNII's Buran cosmonaut group. They underwent OKP training in Star City until 1987, but upon graduation were oered to stay in Star City as members of TsPK's cosmonaut detachment. Manakov accepted the oer and began mission training for Soyuz ¯ights to the Mir space station. Eventually, he would ¯y to Mir on Soyuz TM-10 in 1990 (EO-7) and Soyuz TM-16 in 1993 (EO- 13), logging a total of 310 days in space. In addition, he conducted three EVAs, spendingmore than 12 hours outside the station. Manakov was trainingfor the Soyuz TM-24/EO-22 mission in 1996, when he was medically disquali®ed and grounded. In July 2000 he retired from the Air Force. Moskalenko, Nikolay Tikhonovich was born on 1 January 1949 in the village of Goragorskiy, in the Chechen-Ingush Republic of the Russian Federation. From 1966 until 1970 he attended the Yeysk Higher Military Aviation School, and upon graduating he served in the Air Force, until he was selected as part of the 1976 TsPK intake. Having®rst been trained as military test pilots until June 1977, the group took OKP between October 1977 and September 1978. Moskalenko was then sent back to Akhtubinsk for further test pilot trainingand, after becominga Test Pilot 2nd Class Sovetskiye i rossiyskiye kosmonavty in 1981, he returned to TsPK for mission trainingas a cosmonaut. He was assigned to the third crew of what eventually became Soyuz T-14, but he would never ¯y in space himself. His divorce resulted in his expulsion from the cosmonaut detachment in June 1986. Moskalenko returned to test ¯ying in Akhtubinsk until he left the Air Force in June 1990. He died after a longillness on 26 November 2004. Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts 471 Mosolov, Vladimir Yemelyanovich was born in Kaliningrad (now Korolyov) near Moscow on 22 February 1944. He enrolled in the Tambov Higher Military Aviation Pilot School, from which he graduated in 1967. After that he served in long-range aircraft units. In 1976 Mosolov graduated from the Soviet Air Force's test pilot school in Akhtubinsk and became a test pilot at GKNII. When the Air Force began looking for a group of test pilots to ¯y on Buran, Mosolov was one of the eight candidates selected. In Download 0.63 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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