L-19 Part III era of Great Reforms Revolutionary Movement A. Themes New soslovie: revolutionary caste

L-19 Part III Era of Great Reforms 5. Revolutionary Movement

A. Themes

• New soslovie: revolutionary caste

• From ideas to deeds

• “Populism”

• Strategies

• Terrorism

• Revolutionary situation, 1879-81

• Counter-revolutionary state

C. New Caste: “Intelligentsia”

• Precursors

• New soslovie

Radicals: Social Origins

Radicals: Occupation

Radicals of 1870s: Educational Level

1. “Nihilism” of the 1860s

• Term, meaning

• Social significance

2. Theoreticians

• Herzen: Russian agrarian socialism

• Chernyshevskii: Revolutionary action

Radical Theoreticians: Herzen Bakunin

New Theoretician: N.G. Chernyshevskii

3. “Practicals”:Profile

• Origins and Status

• Identity: “New People”

4. Movement

• 1861-65 “Proclamationism”

• 1865-9 Conspiratorial Revolution

• Ishutin and the “Organization”

• Nechaev

Student Radicals at SPB University (at Kronshtadt) 1861

Sergei Nechaev

5. State Response

• New limits on great reforms

• Repression: generally mild

Dmitrii Karakozov 1866 Arrest, Execution

Narodnichestvo (populism) of the 1870s

• Etymology

• Politicization

2. Theoreticians: Three Visions

• Lavrov: consciousness

• Bakunin: spontaneity

• Tkachev: consciousness in lieu of spontaneity

Petr Lavrov

Mikhail Bakunin Petr Kropotkin

Petr Tkachev

1872: Publication of Marx’s Kapital

3. Praktiki: Profile

• Age: 87% under 30

• Origin: 72% non-noble

• Education:

• 45% less than secondary education

• 21% no formal education

• 2% illiterate

• Occupation: 14% workers

• Gender: 15% female

Radicals: Social Origins

Radicals of 1870s: Age Structure

Radicals of 1870s: Educational Level

4. Movement: Phases

• Preparationism, 1869-73

• Bakuninism, 1874-5 (“to the people”)

• Land and Freedom, 1876-9

• People’s Will 1879-81

Group Photo: Populists

A. V. Dolgushin: Leader in “Going to the People”

Ippolit Myshkin

Populist: New Attire

Sofia Perovskaia

Vera Figner

Populist Underground Paper: Narodnaia Volia

“Arrest of Propagandist”

Assassination of Alexander II

1881 Assassination of Alexander II

1886 Sketch: Assassination of Alexander II

5. State Response

• Administrative measures

• Increasingly harsh repression

E. Conclusions

• Ideology: from elitism to peasant idealization

• No success, but growing cohesion, identity

• Little popular support

• Return to elitism in late 1870s