Lesson 1 Topic: “Great scientists of my Specialty” Grammar: Passive Voice Timing

Lesson 11

Topic: “Great scientists of my Specialty”

Grammar: Passive Voice 1

Timing: 80 minutes

Reading.

Choose one of the texts according to your specialty. Read it attentively, translate and answer the questions given below. And at last do the tasks on your topic.

NEWTON

Newton, one of the greatest scientists of all times was born on 25th of December, 1642 at the little village of Woolsthrope in Lincolnshire. His father was a farmer and had died before Newton was born. Newton studied mathematics at Cambridge and took his degree there in 1665. Then the University was closed because of the danger of plague, and Newton went home for a period of eighteen months, which was a most important period, for during that time Newton, between the ages of 22 and 24, made his three great discoveries: the discovery of the differential calculus, of the nature of white light, and of the law of gravitation. Those three great discoveries, which changed the course of thought, have also influenced the course of science from that day until our days. It is interesting how the idea which led to the discovery of the laws governing the forces of gravitation first came to him. Once, as he sat in his garden the fall of the apple made him think: why must that apple always descend perpendicularly on the ground. Why must it not go side wards or upwards, but usually to the earth’s centre. Certainly, the reason is that the earth draws it. Later he began to apply this property of gravitation to the motion of the earth and the heavenly bodies round the sun. Newton died when he was 84 and buried in Westminster Abbey where his monument is today.

Oral: Answers and discussions:

1. When and where was Newton born?

2. What kind of three most important discoveries did he make?

3.What idea led him to the discovery of law gravitation?

4.Where was Newton buried?

5.For what did the ancient Egyptians used malachite firstly? And what did they discover later?

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  What do you know about these people?
  
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  He was born in the 9th century. In 825 he wrote a book on arithmetic about a new numeral system developed in India. This work was translated into Latin in the mid-1100s. the translator translated “al-Khorezmi” into “algorithm”. The word “algorithm” now describes a method of calculation and has become one of the most important words in science. The word “algebra” also comes from the title of his other famous book.
  
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  Europeans called him Avicenna. He lived between 981-1037. His two most important books are the Book on Healing and the Canon of Medicine. The first was a scientific encyclopedia. The second became the handbook for doctors in Europe and Asia. It described 766 drugs to treat different diseases affecting all parts of the body from head to foot.
  
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  He was born in Kuva more than 1,200 years ago. He was a great astronomer. He wrote The Book About Sky Movements, which became the main source of information about the sky, planets and stars for many years. He had described the sky over America before America was discovered. He was sure that there was an unknown continent in the west.
  
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  He was Timur’s grandson and he ruled the country for 40 years. In 1424 he built a medrese. In 1428 he began the construction of a three-level observatory in Samarkand. He was a great astronomer and mathematician who calculated the length of the year as 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, 15 seconds. In 1437 he finished a star catalogue giving the positions of 1,018 stars.