Neteenth century
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Lecture 7 The invasion of Russian Empire to Turkestan
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Lecture7 TheconquerofTurkestanbyRussi anempi re The Russi anconquestofCentralAsi a tookpl acei nthesecondhal fofthe ni neteenth century. The l and that became Russi an Turkestan and l ater Sovi et Central Asi a i s now di vi ded between Kazakhstan i n the north, Uzbeki stan acrossthecenter, Kyrgyzstan i ntheeast, Taj i ki stan i nthe southeast and Turkmeni stan i n the southwest. The area was cal l ed Turkestan because most of i ts i nhabi tants spoke Turki c l anguages wi th the excepti on ofTaj i ki stan,whi ch speaks an I rani an l anguage. Contents Outl i ne Geography Earl ycontacts 1839:Fai l edattackonKhi va 1847–1853:SyrDaryal i ne 1847–1864:Downtheeasternsi de 1864–1868:KokandandBukharasubdued TheCaspi ansi de 1873:TheconquestofKhi va 1879–1885:Turkmeni stan:GeokTepe,MervandPanj deh 1872–1895:TheEasternMountai ns TheGreatGame Outl i ne I ntheei ghteenthcenturyRussi agai nedi ncreasi ngcontroloverthe Kazakh Steppe.I n1839theyf ai l edtoconquertheKhanateofKhi vasouthofthe AralSea.I n1847–1853theybui l tal i neoff ortsf rom thenorthsi deof the AralSea eastwardupthe SyrDarya ri ver.I n1847–1864theycrossed theeasternKazakhsteppeandbui l tal i neoffortsal ongthenorthern borderofKyrgyzstan.1864–1868theymoved south f rom Kyrgyzstan, captured Tashkent and Samarkand anddomi natedtheKhanatesofKokand and Bokhara.They now hel d a tri angl e whose southern poi ntwas 1000 mi l es/1600 ki l ometres south of Si beri a and 1200 mi l es/1920 ki l ometressoutheastofthei rsuppl ybasesonthe Vol gaRi ver.Thenext stepwastoturnthi stri angl ei ntoarectangl ebycrossi ngthe Caspi anSea. I n1873theyconqueredKhi va.I n1881theytookwesternTurkmeni stan.I n 1884 the Mervoasi sand eastern Turkmeni stan were taken.I n 1885 expansi on south toward Af ghani stan wasbl ocked by the Bri ti sh.I n 1893–95theyoccupi edthehi gh Pami rMountai ns i nthesoutheast. Geography Theposi ti onofCentralAsi a ModernstatesofCentralAsi a Ethi cmapofCentralAsi a.Whi teareasarethi nl y-popul ateddesert. Thethreenorthwest-tendi ngl i nesaretheKopetDaghmountai nsandthe OxusandJaxartesRi versfl owi ngfromtheeasternmountai nsi ntotheAral Sea. TheareawasboundedonthewestbytheCaspi anSea,onthenorthbythe Si beri anf orestsandontheeastbythemountai nsal ongthef ormerSi no- Sovi etborder.Thesouthernborderwaspol i ti calratherthannatural .I twas about1300mi l esf romnorthtosouth,1500mi l eswi dei nthenorthand900 mi l eswi dei nthesouth.Becausethesoutheastcorner( Kyrgyzstanand Taj i ki stan)i smountai nousthefl atdesert-steppecountryi sonl yabout700 mi l eswi dei nthesouth.Usi ngmodernborders,theareawas1, 545, 730 squaremi l es,abouthal fthesi zeoftheUni tedStateswi thoutAl aska.On theeastsi detwomountai nrangesproj ecti ntothedesert.Betweenthemi s thewel l -popul ated FerganaVal l ey whi chi sapproxi matel ythe' notch'on thewestsi deofKyrgyzstan.Northofthi sproj ecti onthemountai n-steppe boundaryextendsal ongthenorthborderofKyrgyzstanabout400mi l es bef orethemountai nsturnnorthagai n. Rai nf al ldecreasesf rom northtosouth.Densepopul ati on,andtherefore ci ti esandorgani zedstates,requi resi rri gati on.Streamscomi ngdownf rom theeasternmountai nssupportaf ai rl ydensepopul ati on,especi al l yi nthe FerghanaVal l ey.Therei sal i neofoasesal ongthePersi anborder.The i nteri ori swateredbythreegreatri vers.TheOxusor AmuDarya ri seson theAfghanborderandfl owsnorthwesti ntothe AralSea,f ormi ngal arge del tawhi chwasrul edbytheKhanateofKhi vaandhasal onghi storyunder thenameof Khwarezm.TheJaxartesor SyrDarya ri sesi ntheFerghana Val l eyandf l owsnorthwestandthenwesttomeetthenortheastcornerof theAralSea.Betweenthemi sthel ess-f amous Zaraf shanRi ver whi chdri es upbeforereachi ngtheOxus.I twatersthegreatci ti esof Bukhara and Tamerl ane’ sol dcapi talof Samarkand. Thedesertsi nthesouthhaveenoughgrasstosupportathi nnomadi c popul ati on.The Kyzyl kum Desert i s between the Oxus and Jaxartes. The Karakum Desert i ssouthwestoftheOxusi nTurkmeni stan.Between theAralandCaspi anSeasi sthethi nl y-popul ated UstyurtPl ateau. When theRussi ansarri ved theorgani zed stateswerethe Khanateof Khi va i ntheOxusdel tasouthoftheAralSea,the KhanateofBukhara al ong theOxusandZaraf shanandthe KhanateofKokand basedi ntheFerghana Val l ey.Bukharahad borderswi th the othertwo and al lthree were surroundedbynomadswhi chtheKhanatestri edtocontrolandtax. Earl ycontacts Si beri a: Russi ans fi rstcame i nto contactwi th centralAsi a when,i n 1582–1639,Cossackadventurersmadethemsel vesmastersoftheSi beri an f orests.Theydi dnotexpandsouthbecausetheywereseeki ngf urs,because theSi beri anCossackswereski l l edi nf oresttravelandknew l i ttl eofthe steppeandbecausethef oresttri besweref ewandweakwhi l ethesteppe nomadswerenumerousandwarl i ke.See Si beri anRi verRoutes andl i nked arti cl es. UptheI rtyshRi ver: The I rtyshRi ver ri sesi nwhati snow Chi naandf l ows northwesttotheRussi anbaseat Tobol sk ( f oundedi n1587) .I twasthought possi bl etoascendthi sri verandreachtheri chesofChi naandI ndi a.I n 1654 FyodorBaykov usedthi sroutetoreachPeki ng.Themai nadvancewas madeunderPetertheGreat.Someti mebefore1714 Col onelBukhhol tsand 1500menwentupri vertoa‘ LakeYamysh’andreturned.I n1715Bukhhol ts wi th3000menand1500sol di erswenttoLakeYamyshagai nandstartedto bui l daf ort.Si ncethi swasonthef ri ngeofthe DzungarKhanate the Dzungarsdrovethem of f.Theyretreateddownri verandf ounded Omsk.I n 1720 I van Li kharev wentupri verand f ounded Ust-Kamenogorsk.The Dzungars,havi ngj ustbeenweakenedbytheChi nese,l ef tthem al one. Severalotherpl aceswerebui l tontheI rtyshataboutthi sti me. UralCossacks i nski rmi shwi thKazakhs TheKazakhsteppe: Si ncethe Kazakhs werenomadstheycoul dnotbe conqueredi nthenormalsense.I nsteadRussi anpowersl owl yi ncreased. Around the southern Ural s: I n 1556 Russi a conquered the Astrakhan Khanate onthenorthshoreoftheCaspi anSea.Thesurroundi ngareawas hel dbythe NogaiHorde.TotheeastoftheNogai sweretheKazakhsandto thenorth,betweentheVol gaandUral s,weretheBashki rs.Aroundthi s ti mesome freeCossacks hadestabl i shedthemsel vesontheUralRi ver.I n 1602theycaptured Konye-Urgench i nKhi vanterri tory.Returni ngl aden wi thl oottheyweresurroundedbytheKhi vansandsl aughtered.Asecond expedi ti onl osti tswayi nthesnow,starved,andthef ew survi vorswere ensl avedbytheKhi vans.Thereseemstohavebeenathi rdexpedi ti on whi chi si l l -documented. Attheti meofPetertheGreattherewasamaj orpushsoutheast.I naddi ti on totheI rtyshexpedi ti onsabovetherewasthedi sastrous1717attempt to conquer Khi va.Fol l owi ng the Russo-Persi an War ( 1722–23) Russi a bri ef l yoccupi edthewestsi deoftheCaspi anSea. About1734 anothermove waspl anned,whi ch provoked the Bashki r War ( 1735–1740) .Once Bashki ri a was paci f i ed Russi a’ s southeastern f ronti erwasthe Orenburg Li neroughl ybetweentheUral sandtheCaspi an Sea. Thearearemai ned qui etf oraboutahundred years.I n 1819 Ni kol ai Muravi evtravel edf romtheCaspi anSeaandcontactedtheKhanofKhi va. Guryev Ural sk Orenburg Orsk Troi tsk Petropavl ovsk Omsk Pavl odar Semi pal ati nsk UstKami nogorsk Bukhara Khi va Kokand Si beri anLi neabout1800 =thethreeKhanates TheSi beri anl i ne: Bythel ateei ghteenthcenturyRussi ahel dal i neofforts roughl yal ongthecurrentKazakhstanborder,whi chi sapproxi matel ythe boundarybetweenforestandsteppe.thef orts( andf oundati ondates)were: Guryev ( 1645) , Ural sk ( Download 1.95 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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