Notes Acknowledgments
“Cosmonaut 13”: Vladimir Shatalov
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9 “Cosmonaut 13”: Vladimir Shatalov 1. See Vladimir A. Shatalov, Trudnyye dorogi kosmosa (Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya, 1978) and Kosmicheskiye budni (Moscow: Mashinostroeniye, 2008); Vladimir A. Shatalov et al., Primeneniye EVM v sisteme uprav- leniya kosmicheskimi apparatami (Moscow: Mashinostroeniye, 1974), Shatalov and Mikhail F. Rebrov, Lyudi i kosmos (Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya, 1975), and Shatalov and Rebrov, Kosmonavty SSSR, 3rd ed. (Moscow: Prosveshcheniye, 1980). For a bibliography of 43 items, see Vasiliy V. Tsibliyev, ed., Nauchnyye trudy sovetskikh i rossiyskikh kosmo-
2009), pp. 49–52. 2. MiG-15bis was a 1950 modification of MiG-15 with the VK-1 engine and updated weaponry. The MiG-15bis model was adopted by the Soviet aviation industry for mass production.
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3. Yuriy Alekseyevich Gagarin (1934–1968) flew the Vostok mission on April 12, 1961. 4. Pavel Stepanovich Kutakhov (1914–1984). 5. Anatoliy Vasilyevich Filipchenko (1928–) flew on Soyuz 7 (1969) and Soyuz 16 (1974). 6. Georgiy Timofeyevich Beregovoy (1921–1995) flew the Soyuz 3 mission (1968). 7. Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (1937–) flew the Vostok 6 mission (June 1963). Valeriy Fedorovich Bykovskiy (1934–) flew on Vostok 5 (June 1963), on Soyuz 22 (1976), and on Soyuz 31 to the Salyut 6 space station (1978). Andriyan Grigoryevich Nikolayev (1929–2004) flew on
2009) flew on Vostok 4 (1962) and on Soyuz 14 to the Salyut 3 space station (1974). 8. Boris Valentinovich Volynov (1934–) flew on Soyuz 5 (1969) and on Soyuz 21 to the Salyut 5 space station (1976). Yevgeniy Vasilyevich Khrunov (1933–2000) flew on the Soyuz 4/5 mission (1969). 9. Georgiy Mikhaylovich Grechko (1931–) flew on Soyuz 17 to the Salyut
and on Soyuz T-14 to the Salyut 7 space station (1985). 10. The Central Design Bureau of Experimental Machine-Building ( formerly Sergey Korolev’s OKB-1). 11. Gemini VIII docked with the Agena target vehicle in March 1966. 12. For details of the Soyuz 4/5 mission, see Asif Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974, NASA SP-2000–4408 (Washington, DC: NASA, 2000), pp. 668–674. 13. In October 1968, Beregovoy, who piloted Soyuz 3, failed to dock with the unmanned Soyuz 2. See Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 657–662. 14. Vasiliy Pavlovich Mishin (1917–2001), the head of Central Design Bureau of Experimental Machine Building; Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh (1911–1978), president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1961–75); Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (1906–1982), general secretary of the Party Central Committee (1964–82). 15. Dmitriy Fedorovich Ustinov (1908–1984), the defense industry chief; Sergey Aleksandrovich Afanasyev (1918–2001), the head of the ministry of rocket industry (the Ministry of Medium-Size Machine Building); Nikolay Petrovich Kamanin (1908–1982), assistant chief of the Air Force for combat training for spaceflight (1960–1971), responsible for cosmonaut selection and training, crew assignments, and mission programming. 16. Leonid Vasilyevich Smirnov (1916–2001), chairman of the State Commission for Piloted Flights, deputy chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, chairman of the Military Industrial Commission. Smirnov was a notoriously overcautious bureaucrat. See Yaroslav Golovanov,
17. Boris Yevseyevich Chertok (1912–2011). 18. Chertok, Rockets and People: The Moon Race, vol. 4, p. 249.
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19. For details of the Soyuz 6/7/8 mission, see Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 705–711. 20. Aleksey Stanislavovich Yeliseyev (1934–) flew on the Soyuz 5 (1969),
21. Nikolayev and Vitaliy Ivanovich Sevastyanov (1935–2010) later flew on the Soyuz 9 mission (1970). Sevastyanov also flew on Soyuz 18 to the
22. Georgiy Stepanovich Shonin (1935–1997) and Valeriy Nikolayevich Kubasov (1935–) flew on the Soyuz 6 mission (1969). Kubasov also flew on Soyuz 19 (the Apollo-Soyuz mission) in 1975 and commanded the Soyuz 36 mission to the Salyut 6 space station (1980). 23. Anatoliy Petrovich Kuklin (1932–2005) left the cosmonaut group in 1975. 24. In October 1967 two unmanned Soyuz spacecraft, publicly named Kosmos-186 and Kosmos-188, performed an automatic rendezvous and docking in orbit. The two spacecraft were mechanically docked, but an electric contact was not achieved. See Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 625–626; Boris Chertok, Rockets and People: Hot Days of the Cold War, vol. 3 (Washington, DC: NASA, 2009), pp. 665–680. 25. For details of the failed docking of Soyuz 10, see Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 774–776. 26. In January 1969, during the reentry of Soyuz 5, piloted by Boris Volynov, the spacecraft’s service module initially failed to separate from the descent module, causing a potentially disastrous emergency. See Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 673. 27.
Georgiy Timofeyevich Dobrovolskiy (1928–1971), Vladislav Nikolayevich Volkov (1935–1971), and Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev (1933–1971) the crew of Soyuz 11, successfully docked with Salyut in June 1970, spent 22 days aboard the space station, and tragically died on their return on June 30, 1971, when their spacecraft, Soyuz 11 depressurized during preparations for reentry. See Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 777–781. 28. See Golovanov, Korolev, p. 665. 29. Yuriy Aleksandrovich Garnayev (1917–1967). 30. Surrendering a Communist Party card meant an expulsion from the Party and an effective end to one’s career. 31. Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomey (1914–1984). 32. Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov (1927–1967) was killed on April 24, 1967, during the crash landing of his spacecraft, Soyuz 1, because of a parachute malfunction. See Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 581–590. The crew of Soyuz 11 was killed on June 30, 1971. 33. See, for example, Nikolay Kamanin, Skrytyy kosmos, vol. 3 (Moscow: Infortekst, 1997), p. 284 (diary entry for January 5, 1966), pp. 403–404 (diary entry for November 23, 1966); vol. 4 (Moscow: Novosti kosmo- navtiki, 1999), pp. 333–334 (diary entry for December 12, 1968). 34. The Soyuz 11 spacecraft, whose malfunction proved fatal for the crew, was produced by the Central Design Bureau of Experimental Machine Building headed by Mishin.
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35. According to Kamanin’s diary, Mishin and others tried to place the blame on the crew of Soyuz 11 for not being able to prevent the depres- surization of their spacecraft. See Kamanin, Skrytyy kosmos, vol. 4, p. 338 (diary entry for July 7, 1919). 36. Gennadiy Vasilyevich Sarafanov (1942–2005) and Lev Stepanovich Demin (1926–1998) on Soyuz 15 failed to dock with the Salyut 3 (Almaz) space station in August 1974. Vyacheslav Dmitriyevich Zudov (1942–) and Valeriy Ilyich Rozhdestvenskiy (1939–2011) on Soyuz 23 failed to dock with the Salyut 5 (Almaz) space station in October 1976. See Dennis Newkirk, Almanac of Soviet Manned Space Flight (Houston, TX: Gulf, 1990), pp. 128–130, 149–150. 37. Chertok, Rockets and People: The Moon Race, vol. 4, p. 497. 38. At that time Valentin Petrovich Glushko (1908–1989) headed the Energiya Association, which designed and built the Soyuz spacecraft. 39. Shatalov was indeed the thirteenth Soviet cosmonaut. The Russians believe the number 13 brings bad luck. 40. Armen Sergeyevich Mnatsakanyan (1918–1991) was director of the Scientific-Research Institute of Precision Instruments (NII-648) in Moscow in 1961–1976. 41. After Glushko’s death in 1989, Yuriy Pavlovich Semenov (1935–) became the general designer and head of the Energiya Association (later the Energiya Corporation). 42. Lev Vasilyevich Vorobyev (1931–2010) left the cosmonaut group in 1974. Valeriy Aleksandrovich Yazdovskiy (1930–) left the cosmonaut group in 1982. Petr Ilyich Klimuk (1942–) flew on Soyuz 13 (1973), on Soyuz 18 to the Salyut 4 space station (1975), and on Soyuz 30 to the
on Soyuz T-5 to the Salyut 7 space station (1982). 43. Aleksey Arkhipovich Leonov (1934–) flew on Voskhod 2 (1965) and on
(1930–) left the cosmonaut group in 1983. 44. Vasiliy Mishin. 45. For Leonov’s recollections, see David R. Scott and Alexei A. Leonov, Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race (London/ New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), p. 188. 46. Konstantin Davydovich Bushuyev (1914–1978). 47. Sergey Pavlovich Korolev (1907–1966), the chief designer of Soviet rockets and spacecraft, the head of the Special Design Bureau No. 1 (OKB-1), currently the Rocket-Space Corporation Energiya. 48. Viktor Vasilyevich Gorbatko (1934–) flew on Soyuz 7 (1969), on Soyuz
space station (1980). Yuriy Nikolayevich Glazkov (1939–2008) flew on Soyuz 24 to the Salyut 5 space station (1977). Vitaliy Zholobov (1937–) flew on Soyuz 21 to the Salyut 5 space station (1977). 49. The Energiya Scientific-Production Association (formerly Sergey Korolev’s OKB-1) designed and built the Soyuz spacecraft. Energiya had its own cosmonaut group and was reluctant to admit cosmonauts from a rival firm, led by Chelomey, to train at the Energiya facilities.
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50. General Designer Valentin Glushko replaced Vasily Mishin to become the head of the Energiya Association in 1974–1989. 51. Gleb Yevgenyevich Lozino-Lozinskiy (1909–2001). 52. Shatalov refers to Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika and the collapse of the Soviet Union, which resulted in drastic cuts in state support for the space program. The Buran program was suspended in 1990 and termi- nated in 1993. See Bart Hendrickx and Bert Vis, Energiya-Buran: The
53. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (1926–). 54. Konstantin Andreyevich Vershinin (1900–1973), the chief of the Air Force (1946–1949, 1957–1969). 55. An urn with Komarov’s cremated remains was entombed in the Kremlin wall. On rituals associated with funerals of Soviet cosmonauts, see Cathleen S. Lewis, “The Red Stuff: A History of the Public and Material Culture of Early Human Spaceflight in the U.S.S.R.” PhD dissertation, George Washington University, 2008, pp. 289, 301–307. 56. Frank Frederick Borman, II (1928–), former US astronaut. 57. Thomas Patten Stafford (1930–), former US astronaut. 58. Eduard Pavlovich Kugno (1935–1994) was dismissed from the cosmo- naut group in 1964. 59. Svetlana Yevgenyevna Savitskaya (1948–) flew on the Soyuz T-7 (1982) and Soyuz T-12 (1984) missions, both to the Salyut 7 space station. 60. Anatoliy Nikolayevich Berezovoy (1942–) and Lebedev flew the Expedition 1 mission on Salyut 7 from May to December 1982. 61. Yuriy Vladimirovich Andropov (1914–1984). 62. Valeriy Viktorovich Ryumin (1939–) flew on Soyuz 25 (1977), on Soyuz
STS-91 Discovery mission to the Mir space station (1998). 63. In the years between 1981 and 1985, the head of the Defense Industry Department was Igor Fedorovich Dmitriyev (1909–1998). 64. Valentin Glushko. 65. The Energiya Scientific-Production Association, formerly OKB-1. 10 Test Cosmonaut Mikhail Burdayev 1. Mikhail Burdayev, Teoriya i raschet spiraley dlya planerov (Moscow: DOSA AF, 1970); Burdayev, Teoriya godografov v mekhanike kos-
et al., Dinamika i printsipy postroeniya orbitalnykh sistem kosmi- cheskikh apparatov (Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye, 1975); Burdayev, Ergonomika i kosmicheskaya informatika (Zvezdnyy: TsPK, 1991); and Burdayev et al., Osnovy aerokosmicheskogo ekologicheskogo monitoringa (Zvezdnyy: TsPK, 2002). For a bibliography of 113 items, see Vasiliy V. Tsibliyev, ed., Nauchnyye trudy sovetskikh i rossiyskikh kosmonavtov: Materialy k bibliografii (Zvezdnyy gorodok: RGNIITsPK, 2009), pp. 256–269. 2. Now the Mozhayskiy Military-Space Academy in St. Petersburg. 3. Andrey Nikolayevich Tupolev (1988–1972).
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4. In 1980 all research on early warning systems and space defense sys- tems was transferred to the Special Scientific-Research Institute No. 45 (45 SNII) of the Ministry of Defense in Babushkin near Moscow. See Mikhail Pervov, Sistemy raketno-kosmicheskoy oborony Rossii sozdavalis tak, 2nd ed. (Moscow: Aviarus-XXI, 2004), pp. 518–519. 5. Yuriy Alekseyevich Gagarin (1934–1968) flew the Vostok mission in April 1961. 6. For the first cosmonaut group, selected in 1959–60, the maximum height was 175 cm, and the maximum weight 75 kg; see Larisa V. Uspenskaya, comp., Chelovek. Korabl. Kosmos (Moscow: Novyi khronograf, 2011), p. 132. For the second group, selected in 1962–63, the height limit was raised to 180 cm, and the weight limit to 80 kg; see Vladimir Shatalov’s interview in this collection. The limits were later raised again, but until June 1999, the maximum height of the cosmonaut was 182 cm, and the maximum weight 85 kg—still below Burdayev’s height and weight. 7. From 1957 to 1966 the institute was headed by Lieutenant General Sergey Fedorovich Nilovskiy (1906–1980). 8. Besides Burdayev, the group included Vladimir Borisovich Alekseyev (1933–) and Nikolay Stepanovich Porvatkin (1932–2009). 9. Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov (1927–1967) was killed on April 24, 1967, during the crash landing of his spacecraft, Soyuz 1, because of a parachute malfunction. 10. On the “five ministers’ order,” see Nikolay Kamanin, Skrytyi kosmos, vol. 3 (Moscow: Novosti kosmonavtiki, 1999), p. 96 (diary entry for July 31, 1967). In May 1966, a cosmonaut group was created at the Central Design Bureau of Experimental Machine Building (later the Energiya Corporation) under the Ministry of General Machine Building. In May 1967, a cosmonaut group was organized at the USSR Academy of Sciences. In March 1972, a cosmonaut group was set up at the Institute for Biomedical Problems of the Ministry of Health. Also in March 1972, a cosmonaut group was created at the Central Design Bureau of Machine Building under the Ministry of General Machine Building (until 1965, under the Ministry of Aviation Industry). The Cosmonaut Training Center was subordinated to the Ministry of Defense. On cosmonaut selection groups in 1960–1974, see Asif Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974, NASA SP-2000–4408 (Washington, DC: NASA, 2000), pp. 881–888. 11. Pavel Romanovich Popovich (1930–2009) flew on Vostok 4 (1962) and on Soyuz 14 to the Salyut 3 space station (1974). 12. Sergey Pavlovich Korolev (1907–1966), the chief designer of Soviet rockets and spacecraft, the head of the Special Design Bureau No. 1 (OKB-1), currently the Rocket-Space Corporation Energiya. 13. Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomey (1914–1984). 14. Viktor Vasilyevich Gorbatko (1934–); Yuriy Nikolayevich Glazkov (1939–2008). 15. Burdayev trained for the 7K-VI program from August 1969 to August 1970.
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16. Korolev’s former OKB-1 was then called the Central Design Bureau of Experimental Machine Building and led by Vasiliy Pavlovich Mishin (1917–2001); in 1974–1994, it was part of the Scientific-Production Association Energiya. Dmitriy Ilyich Kozlov (1919–2009) headed the Central Specialized Design Bureau, which until 1974 had been a branch of Korolev’s organization in Kuybyshev. In 1966–67, while still subordi- nated to Mishin, Kozlov started the development of a military spaceship
Perhaps fearing that Zvezda might become a rival to Soyuz, Mishin pres- sured Kozlov to terminate the project. Instead, Mishin started the devel- opment of a new Soyuz VI space complex, which would include a military orbital station and a delivery spacecraft Soyuz 7K-S. Mishin’s Soyuz VI project was apparently intended as a rival to Vladimir Chelomey’s Almaz military space station program. In 1970 the Soyuz VI project was termi- nated. See Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 633–636, 722. 17. Burdayev trained for the Almaz program from August 1970 to 1972. 18. The Central Design Bureau of Machine Building, led by Vladimir Chelomey. 19. Vladimir Aleksandrovich Shatalov (1927–). See Shatalov’s interview in this collection. 20. Petr Ivanovich Kolodin (1930–). 21. Burdayev trained for the Salyut program from 1972 to 1973. 22. Salyut stations were developed at the Central Design Bureau of Experimental Machine Building (Korolev’s former bureau). 23. Aleksey Stanislavovich Yeliseyev (1934–). 24. “Mikhail Burdayev o podgotovke gruppy ‘7K-S,’” Novosti kosmonavtiki, no. 11 (2002): 26–27, accessed May 21, 2014, http://88.210.62.157/ content/numbers/238/07.shtml. 25. Aleksey Arkhipovich Leonov (1934–). 26. Boris Valentinovich Volynov (1934–). 27. Capcom, or Capsule Communicator, is a ground operator who directly communicates with the space crew. 28. Petr Ilyich Klimuk (1942–) flew on Soyuz 13 (1973), on Soyuz 18 to the Salyut 4 space station (1975), and on Soyuz 30 to the Salyut 6 space sta- tion (1976). 29. Valeriy Victorovich Ryumin (1939–) and Vladimir Afanasyevich Lyakhov flew on Soyuz 32 to the Salyut 6 space station in February 1979. They returned in June 1979 on Soyuz 34, which was sent to the station in the unmanned mode to pick up the crew. The engine on Soyuz 34 was rede- signed to fix malfunctions that caused the failure of the Soyuz 33 mission in April 1979. See Dennis Newkirk, Almanac of Soviet Manned Space Flight (Houston, TX: Gulf, 1990), pp. 200–203. 30. Vladimir Vasilyevich Kovalyonok (1942–). The episode occurred during the Expedition 2 on Salyut 6 (June-November 1978). 31. A popular quotation from the movie The White Sun of the Desert. 32. The fire occurred on September 4, 1978, during the Expedition 2 on
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33. On his first flight, Yuriy Vasilyevich Malyshev (1941–1999) was the commander of the Soyuz T-2 mission to the Salyut 7 space station in June 1980. 34. Valentin Petrovich Glushko (1908–1989) was the head of the Energiya Association between 1974 and 1989. 35. According to Boris Chertok, during the approach, the Argon-16 com- puter on Soyuz T-2 noted a discrepancy between the predicted and actual velocities, concluded that the automatic rendezvous system was malfunc- tioning, and shut it off. Malyshev then successfully performed manual approach and docking. See Chertok, Rockets and People: The Moon Race, vol. 4, pp. 507–508. According to another version of events, traceable to Aleksey Yeliseyev, the computer was functioning correctly, but the crew turned it off because they did not trust its recommendations; see Rex Hall and David J. Shayler, Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft (Chichester: Springer/Praxis, 2003), p. 293; Newkirk, Almanac of Soviet Manned
also discuss this episode in their interviews in this collection. 36. See Mikhail Burdayev, “Osnovy teorii i geometro-analiticheskiy metod operativnogo resheniya zadach kosmicheskoy ballistiki v ASU kosmi- cheskimi apparatami spetsialnogo naznacheniya,” Doctoral dissertation, NII-50, Moscow, 1987. 37. Leonhard Euler (1707–1783); Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728–1777). 38. See Mikhail Burdayev, “Application of Hodograph Method to Calculation of Time of Transfer in a Central Gravitational Field,” Cosmic Research 47:2 (2009): 185–190. 39. Georgiy Mikhaylovich Grechko (1931–) flew on Soyuz 17 to the Salyut
and on Soyuz T-14 to the Salyut 7 space station (1985). For his views on human spaceflight, see, for example, Georgiy Grechko, “Parovoz, chemodan . . . vokzal dlya dvoikh?” Rossiyskiy kosmos, no. 4 (2006): 50–55. 40. Space Science Board, Science in Space (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 1961). 41. Nikolay Petrovich Kamanin (1908–1982), assistant chief of the Air Force for combat training for spaceflight (1960–1971), responsible for cosmonaut selection and training, crew assignments, and mission programming. 42. Aleksandr Emmanuilovich Nudelman (1912–1996), a Soviet weap- ons designer, the chief designer of the Special Design Bureau No. 16 (OK B-16, later the Design Bureau of Precise Machine Building) in Moscow. 43. See Mikhail Burdayev et al., “Kompleks programmno-instrumentalnykh sredstv dlya sozdaniya intellektualnykh sistem kontrolya i upravleniya obyektami aerokosmicheskogo naznacheniya,” Aviakosmicheskoye pri- borostroeniye, no. 8 (2006): 24–33. 44. The chief researcher position is significantly higher than that of the senior researcher in the administrative hierarchy of Russian research institutions.
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45. Gherman Stepanovich Titov (1935–2000) flew the Vostok 2 mission in August 1961. 46. Burdayev trained for the Soyuz 7K-S program from late 1973 to 1976; he continued training for the Soyuz 7K-T program until 1983. Download 0.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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