Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

bet	50/63
Sana	09.02.2017
Hajmi	5.37 Mb.
	#86

1 ... 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 ... 63

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine the trends in body mass index (BMI) of Saudi male

adolescents between 1988 and 1996.

METHODS: The data set came from three major population-based cross

sectional studies. They all involve nationally representative samples and

were conducted between 1988 and 1996. BMI was calculated from body

height and mass and plo ed at the 50(th) and 90(th) percen les.

RESULTS: BMI of Saudi adolescents progressively increased at both 50(th)

and 90(th) percen les between 1988 and 1996. The increases in BMI during

the eight-year period ranged from 9.6 to 10.8% at the 50 (th) percen les

and from 10.9 to 13.9% at the 90th percen les. At ages 15-18 years, the

yearly increase in median BMI from 1988 to 1996 averaged 0.246 kg/m(2).

CONCLUSION: The rising trends in BMI between 1988 and 1996 are

indication of increasing obesity among Saudi male adolescents. More

attention to the promotion of healthy nutrition and physical activity

throughout childhood and adolescence is required.

562

Saudi

Medical

Journal,

Riyadh,

ARABIE

SAOUDITE

(Revue),

2007, 28(12);1875-1880 [6 page(s) (ar cle)] (37 ref.)

The Prevalence of Abdominal Obesity and Its Associated

Risk Factors in Married, Non-Pregnant Women Born and

Living in High Altitude, Southwestern, Saudi Arabia

KHALID Mohammed E.

Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University,

Abba, ARABIE SAOUDITE

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of abdominal obesity and its

associated risk factors in a married, non-pregnant, high altitude female

population. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted from January to

March 2003, with 438 currently married non-pregnant women aged 18-60

years, born and permanent residents in and around Abha, southwestern

heights, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire describing the

demographic, social, reproductive, physical activity, and educational status

was completed. The subjects were measured by weight, height, and waist

circumference (WC). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated for each woman

(BMI=weight [Kg]/height [m

]). Abdominal obesity was defined as

WC>88cm, and total obesity as BMI≥30 according to the World Health

Organization criteria. Results: The overall prevalence of abdominal obesity

was 41.1 %. The prevalence was posi vely and signiﬁcantly associated with

age, total obesity, and parity (p=0.0001 for all), nega vely and significantly

with educa onal level (p=0.0001), and nega vely and insigniﬁcantly with

strenuous physical ac vity (p=0.9). Results of mul ple logis c analyses

showed that age, total obesity, and educational level were independent risk

factors for abdominal obesity.

CONCLUSION: The study highlighted the high prevalence of abdominal

obesity and showed that in addition to total obesity, intra-abdominal fat

deposition is influenced by other lifestyle and reproductive factors.

Community health education programs, which provide information on the

high prevalence of abdominal obesity and its risk factor to all women, will

be certainly justifiable, and prevention strategies should be implemented

accordingly.

563

Anaesth Intensive Care. 2006 Oct;34(5):629-33.

Association of Obesity with Increased Mortality in the

Critically Ill Patient.

Aldawood A, Arabi Y, Dabbagh O.

Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom

of Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

The impact of obesity on critical care outcomes has been an issue for

debate in the literature. Variable data and conflicting results have been

reported. The purpose of our study is to examine the impact of obesity on

the outcome of patients admitted to a tertiary closed Intensive Care Unit

(ICU) in Saudi Arabia. Data was obtained from a prospectively collected

database from September 2001 to May 2004. Pa ents younger than 18,

those with burns, brain death and readmissions were excluded. The study

population was stratified into six groups according to their Body Mass Index

(BMI). Primary endpoints were ICU and hospital mortality, duration of

mechanical ven la on and ICU length of stay. A total of 1835 pa ents were

included in the analysis. Baseline characteristics were similar among the six

groups including severity of illness scores, reflected by Acute Physiology

and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores. The ICU mortality was

not statistically different among the groups. Hospital mortality was lower in

pa ents with BMI 35-39.9 kg/m2 and BMI >40 kg/m2 compared to those

with BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2. Mul variate analysis showed that a BMI >40

kg/m2 was an independent predictor of lower hospital mortality (odds ratio

0.51, 95% conﬁdence interval 0.28-0.92, P 0.025) a er adjustment for other

confounding factors. In conclusion, mortality of obese critically ill patients

was not higher than patients with normal weight. In fact, the hospital

mortality was lower for pa ents with BMI >40 kg/m2 compared to the

normal BMI group despite similar severity of illness. Obesity might have a

protective effect, although further studies are needed to substantiate this

finding.

564

Ann Saudi Med. 2006 Jul-Aug;26(4):288-95.

Emerging Global Epidemic of Obesity: The Renal

Perspective.

Saxena AK.

Postgraduate Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, King Fahad

Hospital and Tertiary Care Center, Al- Hasa, Saudi Arabia.

dranil_31982@yahoo.com

Abstract

Obesity, as a core component of the metabolic syndrome, is among the top

ten global health risks classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as

being strongly associated with the development and progression of chronic

renal disease--a widely prevalent but often silent condition. Obesity carries

elevated risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality besides having an

array of metabolic complications. Maladaptive glomerular hemodynamics

with increased intraglomerular pressure in association with vasoactive,

fibrogenic substances released from adipocytes, in addition to cytokines

and hormones, are the key factors in the causation of renal injury and the

progression of nephron loss among obese subjects.

Ann Saudi Med. 2006 Mar-Apr;26(2):110-5.

Correlation of Leptin and Sex Hormones with Endocrine

Changes in Healthy Saudi Women of Different Body

Weights.

Al-Harithy RN, Al-Doghaither H, Abualnaja K.

Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi

Arabia. ralharithy@yahoo.com

Abstract

BACKGROUND: A relationship between estrogen and leptin has been

described during the follicular phase of both spontaneous menstrual cycles

and cycles stimulated with exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),

which suggest that leptin has either a direct effect on or is regulated by

gonadal steroids in the human ovary. To examine the changes in plasma

leptin levels during the menstrual cycle, we studied the association

between plasma leptin and reproductive hormones in young, healthy Saudi

women.

565

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixty-ﬁve young women between 19 to 39 years

of age, with a normal menstrual cycle, were grouped into 33 overweight

and obese females of BMI >25 kg/m2, and 32 lean females of BMI <25

kg/m2. Anthropometrics measurements were made at the me of the

collec on. Samples were analyzed for lep n, progesterone, estradiol (E2),

FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), cortisol, and testosterone concentrations.

RESULTS: Overweight and obese women, compared with lean, tended to

have a significantly higher plasma leptin levels (11.38 +/- 4.06 vs. 6.22 +/-

2.87 ng/mL; P=0.05). In overweight and obese subjects, circulating leptin

concentra ons showed a directcorrela on with BMI (r=0.53; P=0.002), hip

circumference (r=0.32; P=0.005), waist-hip ra o (r=0.37; P=0.042), weight

(r=0.41; P=0.021), and E2 on day 3 (r=0.35; P=0.048). In all correla on

analyses, leptin levels did not correlate with cortisol or testosterone. In lean

subjects, a bivariate correlation analysis showed that plasma leptin

concentrations were directly correlated to hip circumference (r=0.43;

P=0.012). Moreover, a direct correla on was found with progesterone on

day 10 (r=0.43; P=0.014) and E2 on day 24 (r=0.47; P=0.007).

CONCLUSION: There is a link between plasma leptin and progesterone

concentrations during the menstrual cycle, and the variation in circulating

estradiol concentrations may have an influence on circulating leptin in

female subjects.

MedGenMed. 2006 Mar 1;8(1):58.

Obesity and Its Correlation with Spirometric Variables in

Patients With Asthma.

Ghabashi AE, Iqbal M.

Pulmonary and Critical Care, King Abdulaziz National Guard Hospital,

Alhasa, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The severity of bronchial asthma has been associated with

increased body mass index (BMI) in several studies. We studied obesity in

the asthmatic population and its possible correlation with spirometric

variables.

METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 200 pa ents who

underwent spirometry and were followed up in a pulmonary clinic for

asthma. Ninety patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Patients were divided

into Group? (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] = 80%, n = 64)

566

and Group II (FEV1 60% to 79%, n = 26). Pa ents with BMI = 30 were

labeled as obese. In each group, correlates of BMI and forced expiratory

ﬂow, midexpiratory phase (FEF25%-75%) were analyzed with linear

regression.

RESULTS: The mean ages were 33.9 -/+ 13 years and 33.73 -/+ 10 years in

Groups I and II, respec vely. The mean BMI was 30.2 +/ 6 (Group I) and

30.36 -/+ 6 (Group II). BMI = 30 was seen in 56.7% of pa ents in Group I and

53.3% in Group II. BMI did not correlate with spirometric variables in both

groups. FEF25%-75% correlated with FEV1 and FEV1:forced vital capacity

(FVC) in Group I (P = .003 and .0001, respec vely) and FEV1:FVC in Group II

(P = .0001). In Group 1, 38% of the pa ents had FEF25%-75% less than 80%.

CONCLUSION: Although obesity was prevalent in asthmatic patients, BMI

did not correlate with any of the spirometric variables. A significant number

of pa ents with normal FEV1 had impaired midﬂow rates that may reﬂect

ongoing small airway inflammation.

West Afr J Med. 2006 Jan-Mar;25(1):42-51.

Standards of Growth and Obesity for Saudi Children (Aged

3 -18 Years) Living at High Al tudes.

Al-Shehri MA, Mostafa OA, Al-Gelban K, Hamdi A, Almbarki M, Altrabolsi H,

Luke N.

Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University,

Abha, Saudi Arabia. Fariss2000@yahoo.com

Abstract

AIM OF STUDY: To standardize the growth parameters for Saudi children

aged 3-18 years living at high al tude and to inves gate the

appropriateness of using the National Center for Ilealth Statistics (NC(IIS)

growth standards for the assessment of children's growth at this high

attitude area.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The present study follows a cross-sectional

study design. A total of 13,580 na ve Saudi children (7,193 boys and 6,387

girls) aged 3-18 years living in Abha City (Eleva on: 3,100 meters above sea

level) constituted the study's sample. All chronically and acutely ill children

were excluded. The data regarding the children were obtained from the

well-baby clinics at primary health care centers and nurseries, as well as

primary, intermediate and secondary schools. The percentiles for the

weight and height and the body mass index (BMI) were calculated

567

separately for the boys and the girls using one-year intervals. BMI values

above the 95th and below the 5th percen les were considered as

diagnostic for obesity and underweight, respectively.

RESULTS: Median values of weight and height for Saudi's children (both

boys and girls) were lower than their corresponding values for children in

the USA. Median values of the BMI for the Saudi's boys were almost

identical to those of the USA's NCHS median values through all ages that

were studied. On the other hand, the median values for the BMI were

almost identical for the Saudi's and USA's girls aged 3-9 years. However,

a er the age of 9 years the diﬀerences in the median values for the BMI

were increased progressively due to the higher values for the Saudi's girls.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of the NCHS growth standards is not appropriate

for the assessment of growth of children that live in the high altitude area

of Abha and further studies are needed to determine the exact impact of

high altitude on the growth patterns in children.

Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2006 Fall;4(3):204-14.

AComparison of the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in

Saudi Adult Females Using Two Definitions.

Al-Qahtani DA, Imtiaz ML, Saad OS, Hussein NM.

Primary Care Physicians, Department of Primary Health Care, Northern Area

Armed Forces Hospital, King Khalid Military City, Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of metabolic

syndrome in Saudi adult women aged 18 years and above using the criteria

of International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and modified National

Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (mNCEPATPIII). A

cross-sec onal survey was performed involving a group of 2577 non-

pregnant Saudi women subjects aged 18-59 years residing in a military city

in northern Saudi Arabia recruited from a primary care setting.

Anthropometric data, together with a brief medical history, were obtained

at initial contact, and laboratory investigations were performed on the

following day a er fas ng for 12 h. Data on all variables required to deﬁne

the metabolic syndrome according to IDF and mNCEP-ATPIII criteria were

available for only 1922 subjects who a ended the laboratory for

inves ga ons (response rate of 74.6%). Non-respondents were excluded

from data analysis. Prevalence rates were estimated according to both

568

definitions. Age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found to

be 16.1% and 13.6% by IDF and mNCEP-ATPIII definitions, respectively.

Abdominal obesity was the most common component in the study

popula on (44.1% by mNCEP-ATPIII and 67.9% by IDF cut-off points). It was

followed by low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (36.0%). About

two-thirds of the subjects (66.4% by mNCEP-ATPIII and 67.9% by IDF

definitions) exhibited at least one criterion for metabolic syndrome by both

definitions. Mean values and prevalence of individual components of the

syndrome showed a steady rise with increase in age, general and abdominal

obesity, and the presence of diabetes. Since the cut-off values for waist

circumference by IDF definition were lower, prevalence rates by this

definition were higher than those defined by mNCEP-ATPIII. High

prevalence rates in this young sample predict a sharp rise in the prevalence

rates of this syndrome among Saudi women over the next few years.

Saudi Med J. 2006 Nov;27(11):1742-4.

Osteoarthritis of Knees and Obesity in Eastern Saudi

Arabia.

Ismail AI, Al-Abdulwahab AH, Al-Mulhim AS.

Department of Physical Therapy, King Fahad Hofuf Hospital, Hofuf 31982,

PO Box 2052, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. abdullahisim@hotmail.com

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To find out the prevalence and relation between osteoarthritis

of knees and obesity in Al-Ahsa region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).

METHODS: The study included 243 male and female pa ents diagnosed

with osteoarthri s of knees between June 2001 to March 2003. All pa ents

were recruited from the Physical Therapy Department, King Fahd Hofuf

Hospital, Hofuf, KSA. The clinical diagnosis was supported by plain x-rays of

knees, and of other joint if needed. The weight and height of all patients

were taken using one standard weight and height scale, and body mass

index was also calculated and recorded.

RESULTS: More than 90.53% of the pa ents referred with osteoarthritis of

the knees were obese or overweight. The mean body weight of all patients

was 84.61 kg and the mean height was 1.59 meters. Osteoarthri s of the

knees was more common in obese female than male patients with a female

to male ra o of 2.37:1.

569

CONCLUSION: Obesity is a disease. The aim of all health professionals and

others in the community should be directed to the prevention of this

disease and its risk to develop multiple complications.