Personality Traits or Personality DimensionsAn integration of personality research that represents the various personality descriptions in one common framework.Individual differences in social and emotional life organized into a five-factor model of personality“broad abstract level and each dimension summarized a larger number of … personality characteristics” (Oliver & Srivastava, 1999)
Personality relevant terms from dictionary Personality relevant terms from dictionaryLexical hypothesis: most of the socially relevant and salient personality characteristics have become encoded in the natural language.Allport and Odbert (1936): 18,000 terms, identified 4 categoriesCattell (1943) : broke 18,000 down to subset of 4,500 trait terms, then down to 35Tupes and Christal (1961) through analysis found five factors
Extroversion, Sociability, Surgency Extroversion, Sociability, SurgencyHigh- Sociable
- Energetic
- Adventurous
- Enthusiastic
- Outgoing
Low
Agreeableness AgreeablenessHigh- Forgiving
- Kind
- Appreciative
- Trusting
- Sympathetic
Low- Cold
- Unfriendly
- Quarrelsome
Conscientiousness ConscientiousnessHigh- Organized
- Thorough
- Deliberate
- Responsible
- Precise
Low- Careless
- Disorderly
- Frivolous
Emotional Stability (Neuroticism) Emotional Stability (Neuroticism)High- Tense
- Moody
- Anxious
- Fearful
- Touchy
Low
Openness to Experience- Curious
- Imaginative
- Wide interests
- Original
- Intelligent
Low- Narrow interests
- Simple
- Shallow
NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI)- Full sentences, 240 items
- (Costa & McCrey , 1988)
Big Five Inventory (BFI)- Short phrases, 44 items
- (John & Srivastava, 1999)
Trait Descriptive Adjectives TDI - 100 trait-descriptive adjectives
- (Goldberg, 1992)
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44 (1), 1-26. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44 (1), 1-26.- C showed consistent relations with all job performance criteria for all occupational groups
- E predicted success in management and sales (requiring social interaction)
- O and E predicted training proficiency
- A and N predict performance when employees work in groups
Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (3). Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (3).- Job satisfaction was correlated with each of the traits individually (see next slide)
- Only the relationships between N and E and job satisfaction generalized across all studies
- Together, the Big 5 traits had a multiple correlation of .41 with job satisfaction
According to Block (1995) and others… According to Block (1995) and others…- A frequent objection to the Big Five is that five dimensions cannot possibly capture all of the variation in human personality
Not all support the Big Five, because there are discrepancies surrounding “which Big Five,” and so on. Of the five factors, each seems to have many different names
The fact that the labels differ does not mean they are different, though. There is a large amount of communality across various labels The fact that the labels differ does not mean they are different, though. There is a large amount of communality across various labelsOther names for all five:- Need for stability, originality, extroversion, accommodation, consolidation
Most of the other four factors generalize across cultures and countries, but the fifth factor (openness to experience) is usually the dimension that varies Most of the other four factors generalize across cultures and countries, but the fifth factor (openness to experience) is usually the dimension that varies In Netherlands, their ‘openness to experience’ emphasized unconventionality and rebelliousness, rather than intellect and imagination (as in ours)
The advantage of categories as broad as the “Big Five” is their enormous bandwidth The advantage of categories as broad as the “Big Five” is their enormous bandwidth- Their disadvantage, of course, is their low fidelity
Extremely useful for some initial rough distinctions but of less value for predicting specific behaviors of a particular object
Lexical - The term "Big Five" was coined by Lew GoldbergOriginally associated with studies of personality traits used in natural languageTend to call the fifth factor “intellect” or “imagination”
Their interest is primarily in the language of personality Their interest is primarily in the language of personalityThese concepts are of interest because language encodes the characteristics that are central for cultural, social, or biological reasons, to human life and experienceSo….they highlight the important and meaningful psychological phenomena
There may exist important characteristics that people may not be able to observe and describe verbally There may exist important characteristics that people may not be able to observe and describe verballyIf so, the agenda specified by the lexical approach may be incomplete and would need to be supplemented by more theoretically driven approaches
Restrained or Emotional Restrained or EmotionalDependent or IndependentFirm or ChangeableUnconcerned or Self-CriticalTalkative or UntalkativeSerious or CheerfulSluggish or EnergeticExtroverted or IntrovertedShy or ForwardSatisfied or CuriousUnaware or Observant
totE totA totC totN totO totE totA totC totN totO2.50 3.56 3.78 4.25 3.302.38 3.44 4.78 2.75 3.304.50 3.89 3.56 2.13 3.402.25 5.00 4.44 2.50 3.102.38 4.33 4.22 1.75 3.702.88 2.33 4.11 3.75 4.204.00 3.89 4.00 2.25 4.002.25 4.11 4.56 2.13 3.102.88 3.22 4.89 2.63 3.504.38 4.11 4.00 2.00 4.404.63 4.44 4.00 2.13 3.504.63 4.11 3.00 2.75 3.504.25 3.78 3.89 2.88 3.203.75 4.56 3.89 4.13 3.30Number of cases read: 14 Number of cases listed: 14
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