REVIEW AND COMPREHENSION
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
1. What are the major functional differences between the endocrine system
and the nervous system?
> The significant difference between these two is that the nervous system
uses electrical signals or impulses to send the signals through neurons,
while the endocrine system uses hormones acting as the chemical messenger
to send signals to the target cell through the blood stream in the body.
2. List the functions of the endocrine system.
> ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FUNCTION:
Metabolism
Growth and Development
Sexual Function and Reproduction
Heart Rate
Blood Pressure
Appetite
Sleeping and Waking Cycles
Body Temperature
5. Explain the relationship between a hormone and its receptor.
> A hormone receptor is a receptor molecule that binds to a specific hormone...
upon hormone binding, the receptor can initiate multiple signaling pathways,
which ultimately leads to changes in the behavior of the target cells.
9. Define endocrine gland and hormone.
> Listen to pronunciation (EN-DOH-KRIN) An organ that makes hormones that
are released directly into the blood and travel to tissues and organs all over
the body. Endocrine glands help control many body functions, including growth
and development, metabolism, and fertility.
10. What makes one tissue a target tissue for a hormone and another not a target
tissue?
> A target cell responds to a hormone because it bears receptors for the
hormone, in other words, a particular cell is a target cell for a hormone if it
contains functional receptors for that hormone, and cells which do not have such
a receptors cannot be influenced directly by that hormone.
> A tissue becomes a target tissue when it is affected or stimulated by a spe-
cific amino acid, target tissue is the intended site that a hormone will affect.
11. Into what chemical categories can hormones be classified?
> Although there are many different hormones in the human body, they can be
divided into three classes based on their chemical structure: lipid-derived,
amino acid-derived and peptide(peptide and proteins) hormones.
12. Name three ways that hormone secretion is regulated.
> Hormone levels are primarily controlled through negative feedback in which
rising levels of a hormone inhibit its further release. The three mechanisms of
hormonal release are humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli.
13. Describe how secretions of the anterior and posterior pituitary hormones are
controlled.
> Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone
> GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotropins - hormones
that regulate the function of the gonads. The levels of GnRH are regulated
through a negative feedback loop; high levels of reproductive hormones inhibit
the release of GnRH.
23. List the hormones secreted by the placenta.
> The placenta is an endocrine gland that is only present during pregnancy. In
this lesson, you will learn about the hormones it produces, including human -
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, estrogen, and human placental -
lactogen (hPL).
24. List the major age-related changes that affect the endocrine system.
> Many age-related changes to the endocrine system contribute to this
accumulation of adipose tissue, including the somatopause, autoimmune
hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, and reduced circulating sex hormones.
This abdominal fat accumulation is linked to heart disease, high blood pressure
and type 2 diabetes.
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