Self-study7 Task Complete the text with the best words


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Self study XBAS-60 Ikramov Sobir


SELF-STUDY7


Task 1. Complete the text with the best words.

It has become a common place to say that the world is changing at an ever-increasing pace. Companies today are faced with a stark choice: c) adapt 1 or go under. For example, four decades ago, companies typically tended to be b) hierarchical 2. They were built on a model which achieved a high degree of control, but in which d) channels 3 of communication were few and slow.

Another disadvantage of this type of organization is that more junior c) staff 4 may not even know who the CEO is, or what a) goals 5 the decision-makers are trying to achieve. In order to try to solve this problem, many organizations have adopted a less a) bureaucratic 6, more flexible business culture in which frequent contact between the owner and the employees ensures that a) information 7 is flowing smoothly.

A second difficult choice for a company concerns the extent to which it should go global or remain c) local 8. Global operations allow maximum a) production 9 of scale, while localization makes it possible to d) respond 10 quickly and to reach all market d) sectors 11. In order to reduce the tension between global and local demands, many companies have adopted a ‘hub and spoke’ structure. They use several regional production and c) distribution 12 ‘hubs’ where neighboring markets are serviced from one single location.


1 a) adopt b) market c) adapt d) research

2 a) economical b) hierarchical c) welcoming d) democratic

3 a) webs b) media c) roads d) channels

4 a) customers b) directors c) staff d) buyers

5 a) goals b) design c) plan d) sales

6 a) bureaucratic b) caring c) decentralized d) market-driven

7 a) information b) news c) speech d) interest

8 a) professional b) static c) local d) impersonal

9 a) production b) economies c) marketing d) savings

10 a) call b) demand c) enquire d) respond

11 a) shares b) research c) leaders d) sectors

12 a) manufacturing b) selection c) distribution d) advertising


Task 2. Complete the phrases 1–6 with a verb from the box.

carry out draw up issue maintain train transport




1. draw up contracts

2. transport goods and equipment

3. maintain install and systems

4.issue press releases

5. carry out research

6. train staff


Task 3. Change the following phrases, as in the example.

1 a hotel with four stars a four-star hotel

2 a deal worth eighty thousand euros ……………….

3 a journey that lasts seven hours …………………

4 a loan of two million pounds ………………….

5 a seminar that lasts three days …………………

6 an office block that has sixty stores ………………….
Task 4. Match a word from box A with a word from box B to complete the sentences below.

A




B

computer

Commercials

government

Fair

information

Force

labour

Policy

research

Project

trade

Technology

TV

Virus

Computer virus

Government policy

Information technology

Labour force

Research project

Trade fair

TV commercials
1. This new computer virus could wipe all the data off your hard disk.

2. Several organizations are strongly opposed to the use of children in advertising in general, and in TV сommercials in particular.

3. Going to an international trade fair is often an excellent opportunity for networking.

4. Advances in information technology have revolutionised the way people communicate and do business.

5. GVC Steelworks already have a labour force of 1,500, and they are still recruiting.

6. The government should commission a special research project to assess the risks posed by GM foods.



7. It would be bad Government policy to revalue our currency at this particular time.

Task 5. Use the same word for each group to make new noun combinations.

1. world trade trade deficit trade secret

2. crisis m …… m……. guru project m ………..

3. o ……... hours head o……… o …………… job

4. life i ……….. travel i……… policy i………. broker

5. p ………. range consumer p……. p ………….. launch

6. a……… agency radio a………. a…………. campaign
Task 6. A large travel agency called Free Horizons has recently been reorganised and the new manager, Olivia Anderson, is very keen on staff training. Complete her e-mail with the words from the box.


remain announce contribute explain organise select



Write a reply (40–55 words) in which you:

• state your preferred topic

• give reasons for your choice.


Task 7. Before you read Will large companies still exist 100 years from now? Why? I Why not?

Reading. Read this article from the Financial Times and answer the questions.
Looking to Wikipedia for answers

by Thomas Malone


To understand how large-scale work was organized during the past 100 years. The best models were traditional hierarchical organizations such as General Motors, IBM and Wai-Mm1. But to understand how large scale work will be organized in the future, we need to look at newer examples such as Wikipedia, eBay and Google.

In Wikipedia for instance, thousands of people from across the globe have collectively created a large and surprisingly high-quality intellectual product the world's largest encyclopaedia - and have done so with almost no centralised control. Anyone who wants to can change almost anything and decisions about what changes are kept are made by a loose consensus of those who care. Wikipedia is a remarkable organizational invention that illustrates how new forms of communication. Such as the internet, are making it possible to organise work in new and innovative ways.

Of course, new ways of organising work are not desirable everywhere. In many cases, traditional hierarchies are still needed to capture economies of scale or to control risks. But in an increasing number of cases. We can have the economic benefits of large organisations without so giving up the human benefits of small ones - freedom, flexibility, motivation and creativity.

These human benefits can provide decisive competitive advantages in knowledge-based and innovation-driven work. During the coming decades, we can expect to see such ideas in operation in more and more so parts of the economy. These new practices have various names, but the phrase I find most useful is ·collective intelligence.

What if we could have any number of people and computers connected to, for instance, care for patients in a hospital? Or designing cars. Or selling retail products. We might find that the best way to do a task that today is done by five full time people would be to use one part-time employee and a host of freelance contractors each working for a few minutes a day.

One important type of collective intelligence is 'crowd intelligence', where anyone who wants to can contribute. Sometimes, as in the case of Wikipedia or video-sharing website YouTube, people contribute their work for free because benefits such recognition or socialise with they get other as enjoyment, opportunities to others. In other cases, such as online retailer so eBay, people get paid to do so.

These changes will not happen overnight, but the rate of change is accelerating, and businesspeople a hundred years from now may find the pervasive corporate hierarchies of today as quaint as we find the feudal farming system of an earlier era.
Task 8. Look through the whole article and find:

a) three traditional companies - General Motors, IBM and Wai-Mm1

b) four Internet companies - Wikipedia, eBay, Google and YouTube

Task 9. Read paragraph 2 and decide if these statements are true or false.

Wikipedia ...

a) entries can only be changed by the person who wrote them.- false

b) has no central control at all.- true

c) is the largest encyclopaedia in the world. - true

d) is of high quality.- true

e) copies existing ways of working. - false

Task 10. Look at paragraph 3 and find:

a) two benefits of large organizations.1) to capture economies of scale 2) to control risks

b) four benefits of small ones. - freedom, flexibility, motivation and creativity

Task 11. Now match the expressions in task 10 to their definitions.

a) when people have new ideas

b) the ability to work 'as your own boss'

c) to limit the effect of unexpected events

d) when people work with enthusiasm and a sense of purpose

e) the ability to work when and where you want to

f) when high levels of production result in lower costs per unit produced

Task 12. Read paragraph 4. In which areas will the benefits of small organisations be most useful? These human benefits can provide decisive competitive advantages in knowledge-based and innovation-driven work.

Task 13. Find the name the writer prefers for this new way of working in paragraph 4.- collective intelligence

Task 14. Which of these areas is not mentioned in paragraph 5 in relation to the potential application of collective intelligence?

a) healthcare b) wholesale c) retail d) design



Task 15. What three benefits do people get from contributing to crowd intelligence websites, apart from money? (paragraph 6) - benefits such recognition or socialise with they get other as enjoyment, opportunities to others.

Task 16. Use correct forms of expressions from paragraph 7 to complete these statements.

a) If something exists in a lot of different places, it is . . . . . . . . . .

b) A social system with aristocrats and almost powerless farmers is . . . . . . . . . .

c) If something doesn't happen immediately, it doesn't happen . . . . . . . . . .

d) Something that is strange and old-fashioned is . . . . . . . . . .

e) If a process speeds up, it the rate of change is accelerating

Over to you 1

Do you share the writer's optimism about the potential of collective intelligence? Why? I Why not? Yes, I do. Because, it can make our workflow more interesting and efficient.



Over to you 2

Could collective intelligence be used in your own industry, or one that you would like to work in? Yes, of course, it will be very convenient for all accountants.
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