State-of-the-art of vehicular traffic flow modelling
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- Keywords: tra Yc ow theory, traYc ow modelling, microsimulation NOTATION
283 State-of-the-art of vehicular tra Yc ow modelling S P Hoogendoorn and P H L Bovy* Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Transportation and Tra Yc Engineering Section, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands Abstract: Nowadays tra Yc ow and congestion is one of the main societal and economical problems related to transportation in industrialized countries. In this respect, managing tra Yc in congested networks requires a clear understanding of tra Yc ow operations; i.e. insights into what causes congestion, what determines the time and location of tra Yc breakdown, how does the congestion propagate through the network, etc., are essential. For this purpose, during the past fty years, a wide range of tra Yc ow theories and models have been developed to answer these research questions. This paper presents a overview of some fty years of modelling vehicular tra Yc ow. A rich variety of modelling approaches developed so far and in use today will be discussed and compared. The considered models are classied based on the level-of-detail with which the vehicular ow is described. For each of the categories, issues like modelling accuracy, applicability, generalizability, and model calibration and validation are discussed. Keywords: tra Yc ow theory, traYc ow modelling, microsimulation NOTATION r(x, v, v0, t) phase-space density at (x, t) (vehicles /m) ô acceleration time (s) c 0 local sound speed /wave velocity (m/s) D gross distance headway with respect to its predecessor (m) 1 INTRODUCTION L length of vehicle (m) m(x, t) tra Yc momentum/traYc ow at (x, t) Research on the subject of tra Yc ow modelling started (vehicles /s) some forty years ago, when Lighthill and Whitham [ 1] P(x, t) tra Yc pressure at (x, t) (vehicle-m/s2) presented a model based on the analogy of vehicles in r(x, t) tra Yc density at (x, t) (vehicles/m) tra Yc ow and particles in a uid. Since then, the math- u user class (e.g. person car, trucks) ematical description of tra Yc ow has been a lively sub- v velocity (m /s) ject of research and debate for tra Yc engineers. This has v0 free speed (m /s) resulted in a broad scope of models describing di Verent V(x, t) mean velocity at (x, t) (m /s) aspects of tra Yc ow operations, either by considering VC shock wave speed (m /s) the time–space behaviour of individual drivers under the V e equilibrium velocity (m /s) inuence of vehicles in their proximity (microscopic V 0 mean free speed (m /s) models), the behaviour of drivers without explicitly t time instant (s) distinguishing their time–space behaviour (mesoscopic T reaction time (s) models), or from the viewpoint of the collective vehicular x location (m) ow (macroscopic models). In addition to the contro- £(x, t) velocity variance at (x, t) (m 2/s2) versy between these microscopic, mesoscopic and macro- ð (or p) immediate overtaking probability scopic modelling streams, several researchers have joined r˜(x, v, t) reduced phase-space density at (x, t) the debate on the macroscopic modelling approach most (vehicles /m) suitable for a correct description of tra Yc ow. Moreover, recent theoretical and empirical ndings of Boris Kerner and co-workers resulted in increased public The MS was recei ved on 24 December 1999 and was accepted after re vision for publication on 29 November 2000. attention for the subject of macroscopic ow modelling * Corresponding author: Faculty of Ci vil Engineering and Geosciences, (see references [2] and [3] ). Also, due to improved tech- Transportation and Tra Yc Engineering Section, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands. niques and increased computational capacity to solve I08099 © IMechE 2001 Proc Instn Mech Engrs Vol 215 Part I 284 S P HOOGENDOORN AND P H L BOVY large-scale control problems, applications of realistic mathematical structures (ARIMA models, poly- nomial approximations, neural networks); ow models in model-based control approaches have become feasible. (c ) intermediate approaches, whereby rst basic math- ematical model structures are developed rst, after This contribution will present a concise summary of nearly fty years of modelling vehicular tra Yc ow. A which a specic structure is tted using real data. rich variety of modelling approaches developed so far Papageorgiou [ 4] convincingly argues that it is unlikely and in use today will be discussed and compared. This that tra Yc ow theory will reach the descriptive accuracy comparison will mainly consider theoretical issues of attained in other domains of science (e.g. Newtonian model derivation and characteristics. However, some physics or thermodynamics). The only accurate physical practical issues, such as model calibration, are discussed law in tra Yc ow theory is the conservation of vehi- as well. cles equation; all other model structures reect either counter-intuitive idealizations or coarse approximations of empirical observations. Consequently, the challenge Download 245.47 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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