The history of
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| Ismail bey Zardabli THE HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN from ancient times to the present day Textbook for the higher educational institutions Published by the order of №824, on November 18, 2004 of the Ministry of Education of the Azerbaijan Republic. RB RB RB RB
Rossendale Books
Translator from Azerbaijani into English by Fatma Farajova
Edited by Annemarie Mergel
Published by Rossendale Books 57 Bedford Square, LONDON
WC1B 3DP England
Category: History Published in paperback 2014 Copyright ©Ismail bey Zardabli 2014 ISBN: to be confirmed
All rights reserved, Copyright under Berne Copyright Convention and Pan American Convention. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the author. The author’s moral rights have been asserted. FROM THE AUTHOR This book is dedicated to the historical destiny of our nation during a long period – from ancient times till the beginning of the current century. The territory of historical Azerbaijan occupied Eastern parts of the South Caucasus and the North- Western part of Iran. Azerbaijanis, who restored their state independence in the northern part of the country in the last decades of the 20th century, had written their line on each page of mankind’s history, in all of its periods. Although, the present territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan is around 86.6 thousand square kilometres, there have been phases in its history, when the territory of the country occupied millions of square kilometres as a result of the diligence of her sons. The territory of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, which had existed for 23 months and was liquidated by the Bolsheviks, covered more than 114 thousand square kilometres. In the Soviet period, the regime occupied these territories and Azerbaijan was gradually reduced in size to the benefit of its cruel neighbours. For instance, the contemporary Republic of Armenia, which was created in the lands of Western Azerbaijan and which couldn’t even find a capital for itself, hardly reached to 10 thousand square kilometres in 1918 but thanks to its Soviet–Bolshevik protectors the margins of its frontiers extended over 3 times. Nevertheless, we are sure that approximately 50 million people of the Azerbaijan nation, who possess one of the 20 main languages of the world, who live in the territory within about a quarter million square kilometres – from Derbent to Nakhichevan, from Borchali to Zenjan, from the shores of the Caspian Sea to Goycha – will clear these lands of their enemies to be as it was before, and they will raise their three coloured flag, which is decorated with the half-moon and star on high, so that Azerbaijan will occupy its rightful place among modern civilizations and will undoubtedly make its impact on mankind’s development. CONTENTS
PRIMITIVE COMMUNAL SYSTEM IN THE TERRITORY OF AZERBAIJAN .................................................................. 13 1.1. THE FIRST DWELLING HOUSES OF HUMAN BEINGS. THE DEVELOPMENT PERIODS OF PRIMITIVE COMMUNAL SYSTEM ....................................................................................13 1.2. COLLAPSE OF PRIMITIVE COMMUNAL SYSTEM...............29
CHAPTER 2 TRIBAL UNITS AND INITIAL STATE FORMATIONS IN THE TERRITORY OF AZERBAIJAN................................. 31 2.1. TRIBAL UNITS .............................................................................................31 2.2. INITIAL STATE FORMATIONS.........................................................32 2.3. THE STATE OF MANNA.......................................................................39 2.4. CIMMERIAN – SCYTHIAN – SAKIAN KINGDOM................44
CHAPTER 3 AZERBAIJAN AS PART OF THE MEDIAN AND AHAMANI EMPIRES................................................................................47 3.1. AZERBAIJAN AS PART OF THE MEDIAN EMPIRE.............47 3.2 AZERBAIJAN ASTHE PART OF THE AKHAMANID EMPIRE....................................................................................................................50
ANCIENT STATES OF AZERBAIJAN ...............................52 4.1 THE STATE OF ATROPATENA.........................................................52 4.2. ANCIENT ALBANIA ................................................................................55
CHAPTER 5 AZERBAIJAN AS PART OF THE SASANIAN EMPIRE ...62 5.1 INCLUDING AZERBAIJAN INTO THE STRUCTURE OF THE SASSANIAN EMPIRE............................................................................62 5.2. ALBANIA IN THE PERIOD OF LEADING SASSANID MARZBANIANS..................................................................................................75 5.3. ALBANIA UNDER THE GOVERNING OF MIKHRANIDS .....................................................................................................81 5.4. FORMS OF LAND PROPERTIES.......................................................84 5.5. CULTURE........................................................................................................90
CHAPTER 6 AZERBAIJAN AS PART OF ARABIC CALIPHATE...........92 6.1. CONQUEST OF AZERBAIJAN BY ARABS AND THE
DISSEMINATION OF ISLAM......................................................................92 6.2. EMIGRATION, LAND AND TAX POLICY OF ARABS..104 6.3. ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES IN THE PERIOD OF ARABIC DOMINION. TRADE AND CRAFT CITY CENTERS.114 6.5. KHURRAMIDS...........................................................................................125 6.6. POPULAR LIBERATION FOUGHT UNDER THE
LEADERSHIP OF BABEK...........................................................................128 6.7. THE CULTURE OF AZERBAIJAN IN THE PERIOD OF THE CALIPHATE SUPREMACY..............................................................132
7.1. THE STATE OF SHIRVANSHAHS..................................................139 7.2. THE STATE OF SAJID...........................................................................141 7.3. THE STATE OF SALARIDS.................................................................144 7.4. THE STATE OF SHADDADIDS.......................................................146 7.5. THE STATE OF RAVVADIDS...........................................................149
AZERBAIJAN IN THE 11 th & 12 th CENTURIES ............ 152 8.1. AZERBAIJAN AS PART OF THE SELDJUKIDS EMPIRE .152 8.2. SLAVONIC RAIDS ON AZERBAIJAN..........................................157 8.3. THE STATE OF SHIRVANSHAHS IN THE PERIOD OF COLLAPSE OF THE EMPIRE OF SELDJUKIDS............................158 8.4. THE STATE OF AZERBAIJAN ATABEYS..................................161 8.5. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL LIFE OF AZERBAIJAN DURING 11 th & 12
th CENTURIES .............................173
MONGOL YOKE IN AZERBAIJAN .................................. 182 9.1. CONQUEST OF AZERBAIJAN BY MONGOLS......................182 9.2. AZERBAIJAN AS PART OF THE STATE OF HULAKIDS...186 9.3. THE BATTLES OF GOLD ORDA KHANS AND
HULAKIDS FOR AZERBAIJAN...............................................................188 9.4. COLLAPSE OF THE STATE OF HULAKIDS
AZERBAIJAN UNDER THE REIGN OF CHOBANIDS..............................................192 9.5. AZERBAIJAN UNDER THE REIGN OF CALAIRIDS .........193
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES OF AZERBAIJAN IN THE 13 th - 15 th CENTURIES ........................................... 201 10.1. DEVASTATING RESULTS OF THE MONGOL CONQUEST........................................................................................................201 10.2. REFORMS OF GHAZAN KHAN...................................................204
FEUDAL STATES OF AZERBAIJAN IN THE 15 th CENTURY213 11.1. THE STATE OF KARAKOYUNLU..............................................213 11.2. THE STATE OF AGHQOYUNLU.................................................226 11.3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF AZERBAIJAN
IN 15
th
CENTURY.............................................................................................................235 11.4. CULTURE OF AZERBAIJAN IN THE 15 th CENTURY.....245
THE STATE OF SAFAVIDS ............................................... 252 12.1. ARDEBIL OWNERSHIP OF SAFAVIDS....................................252 12.2. ESTABLISHMENT OF SAFAVIDS STATE...............................263 12.3. INTERNAL AND FOREIGN POLICY OF
SHAH ISMAIL I...266 12.4. SAFAVIDS STATE IN THE PRESENCE OF
SHAH TEHMASIB I............................................................................................................276 12.5. SAFAVIDS – OTTOMAN WARS AND AZERBAIJAN.......282 12.6. POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE IN THE SAFAVIDS STATE....................................293
SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF AZERBAIJAN IN THE 16 th CENTURY....................................................................... 298 13.1. AGRICULTURE AND AGRARIAN RELATIONS ................298 13.2. CITIES & CRAFTS...................................................................................301 13.3. TRADE. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC
AND TRADE RELATIONS.........................................................................................................302
CHAPTER 14 AZERBAIJAN IN THE 17 th CENTURY............................. 306 14.1. FIGHT FOR LIBERATION AGAINST THE OTTOMAN OCCUPATION. THE MOVEMENT OF CELALIES......................306 14.2. THE REIGN OF SHAH ABBAS I AND HIS REFORMS.....309 14.3. OTTOMAN – SAFAVIDS WARS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17 th
14.4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN AZERBAIJAN
IN THE 17 th CENTURY..................................................................................325 14.5. CULTURE OF AZERBAIJAN IN THE 16
th & 17
th CENTURIES........................................................................328
AZERBAIJAN IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18 TH CENTURY........................................................................... 334 15.1. GAINS OF THE POPULAR LIBERATION MOVEMENT. OCCUPATION OF PRE-CASPIAN REGIONS OF AZERBAIJAN BY RUSSIA............................................334 15.2. OTTOMAN-IRANIAN WARS IN THE TERRITORY OF AZERBAIJAN. GANJA TREATY OF 1735...........................................340 15.3. AZERBAIJAN UNDER THE REIGN OF
NADIR SHAH AFSHAR..................................................................................................................342
CHAPTER 16 AZERBAIJAN IN THE PERIOD OF KHANATES .......... 345 16.1. THE FORMATION OF AZERBAIJAN KHANATES..........345 16.3. THE KHANATES OF NORTHERN AZERBAIJAN............350 6.4. FOREIGN POLICY OF KHANATES.............................................361 16.5. AZERBAIJAN KHANATES IN THE LAST QUARTER
OF THE 18 th CENTURY.................................................................................364 16.6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF AZERBAIJAN
IN THE PERIOD OF KHANATES.............................................................................376 16.7. CULTURE OF AZERBAIJAN IN THE PERIOD OF THE KHANATES.........................................................................................................380
CHAPTER 17 AZERBAIJAN IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19 th CENTURY............................................................................ 383 17.1. THE CONQUEST OF NORTHERN AZERBAIJAN BY RUSSIA....................................................................................................................383 17.2. NATIONAL-COLONIAL POLICY OF TSARISM..................392 17.3. ECONOMIC POLICY OF TSARISM.............................................393 17.4. CULTURE....................................................................................................395
18.1. THE SHAPE OF CAPITALIST RELATIONS ...........................397 18.2. PEASANTRY REFORM OF 1870....................................................397 18.3. FURTHER PROGRESS IN OIL INDUSTRY. SHAPE AND DEVELOPMENT OF OIL MONOPOLIES............................399 18.4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE
IN THE SECOND HALF OF 19 th CENTURY..............................................................................403
AZERBAIJAN AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20 th CENTURY............................................................................ 405
19.1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CIRCUMSTANCES...........................................................................................405 19.2. CULTURE....................................................................................................411 19.3. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONAL-LIBERATION MOVEMENT IN SOUTHERN AZERBAIJAN..................................414
POLITICAL CIRCUMSTANCES IN AZERBAIJAN ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE............................................... 416 20.1. POLITICAL SITUATION IN AZERBAIJAN AFTER THE FEBRUARY AND OCTOBER REVOLUTIONS...............................416 20.2. AZERBAIJAN IN THE SYSTEM OF STATEHOOD OF SOUTH CAUCASUS. MARCH GENOCIDE OF 1918, IN BAKU..........................................................................................419
21.1. PROCLAMATION OF THE ADR..................................................422 21.2. THE STATE CONSTRUCTION AND FOREIGN POLICY OF ADR............................................................................................424 21.3. THE COLLAPSE OF THE AZERBAIJAN
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC.............................................................................................................429
CHAPTER 22 AZERBAIJAN IN THE 20s & 30s OF THE 20 th CENTURY432 22.1. THE SOVIET STATE CONTRUCTION IN
NORTHERN AZERBAIJAN......................................................................................................432 22.2. THE FORMATION OF MKAR AND NAKHICHEVAN ASSR IN THE STRUCTURE OF AZERBAIJAN SSR.......................437 22.3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE ..................................................439 22.4. THE SOVIET NATIONAL POLICY IN AZERBAIJAN. STRENGTHENING OF ADMINISTRATIVE-AUTHORITARIAN SYSTEM..................................................................................................................443 22.5. SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF POPULATION
CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION.............................................................................................445
CHAPTER 23 AZERBAIJAN DURING WORLD WAR II ........................ 451 23.1. PARTICIPATION OF NORTHERN AZERBAIJAN IN WORLD WAR II.................................................................................................451 23.2. SCIENCE AND CULTURE IN THE SERVICE OF THE FRONT....................................................................................................................453 23.3. AZERBAIJAN SOLDIERS ON MILITARY FRONTS...........454 23.4. SOUTHERN AZERBAIJAN DURING WORLD WAR II...458
CHAPTER 24 AZERBAIJAN IN THE YEARS AFTER WORLD WAR II (1945-1980s)............................................................................ 462 24.1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS IN NORTHERN AZERBAIJAN...............................462 24.2. CULTURAL LIFE OF THE REPUBLIC.......................................467
THE INDEPENDENT AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC......... 471 25.1. THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET EMPIRE AND
RESTORATION OF THE STATE INDEPENDENCE OF AZERBAIJAN......................................................................................................471 25.2. STRUGGLE FOR THE STRENGTHENING OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN .....479 25.3 INTERNAL AND FOREIGN POLICY OF AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC. AT THE END OF 20 th AND AT THE BEGINNING OF 21 ST CENTURIES.......................................................484 25.4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 2003-2008.................................................................................................................488 25.5. CULTURE, SCIENCE AND SPORT IN THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE ...........................................................................................494
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