Theme 1: indefinte pronouns- some,any, no

Theme 1:indefinte pronouns- some,any , no

Indefinite pronouns point out some person or thing indefinitely. The indefinite pronouns are some, any, somebody, anybody, someone, anyone, something, anything, one. The pronouns somebody, anybody, someone, anyone, one have two cases: the common case and the genitive case.

1. 
   Some is chiefly used in affirmative sentences while any is used in negative and interrogative sentences and. in conditional clauses.
   
2. 
   We spread down some wide blankets. (O. Henry)
   

But his chief trouble was that he did not know any editors or writers. Do you see any sign of his appreciating beauty? (Galsworthy) If you have any new books, show them to me please. When used with nouns of material some and any have the meaning of indefinite quantity.

Now run along and get some candy, and don’t forget to give some to your brothers and sisters. (London)

Some, not any, is used in special and general questions expressing some request or proposal.

“Do you want some water?” “No, I don’t want any water.” (Maltz)

Some may have the meaning of ‘certain’ (некоторые) before a noun in the plural. You have some queer customers. Do you like this life? (Galsworthy) Any may be used in affirmative sentences with the meaning of ‘every’ (любой). Above a square-domed forehead he saw a mop of brown hair... nut-brown, with a wave to it and hints of curls that were a delight to any woman... (London)

Somebody, someone, something are chiefly used in affirmative sentences. He wanted someone young, you know a dark Spanish type... (Mansfield) I want to say something. (Galsworthy)

Anybody, anyone, anything are used in negative and interrogative sentences and in conditional clauses.

I don’t want anything. (Voynich)

Is there anything between him and Annette? (Galsworthy) If anyone had asked him if he wanted to own her soul, the question would have seemed to him both ridiculous and sentimental. (Galsworthy) If Erik was ever to do anything of importance he would have to find a third way. (Wilson)

Somebody, someone, something are used in special and general questions if they express some request or proposal.

Will someone help me?

Anyone, anybody, anything may be used in affirmative sentences. Anyone, anybody are used with the meaning of ‘everyone’ (любой); anything is used with the meaning of ‘everything’ (что угодно). “You’ve no business to say such a thing!” she exclaimed. “Why not? Anybody can see it.” (Galsworthy)

There is a limit to what anyone can bear. (Voynich)

...she sank in spirit inwardly and fluttered feebly at the heart as she thought of entering anyone of these mighty concerns and asking for something to do — something that she could do — anything. (Dreiser)

2. The indefinite pronouns some and any may be used as subject, object and attribute.

Some say the world will end in fire.

Some say in ice. (Frost) (SUBJECT)

“I watch the fire — and the boiling and the roasting — ” “When there is any,” says Mr. George, with great expression. (Dickens) (SUBJECT) ...and his attention slid at once from such finality to the dust motes in the bluish sunlight coming in. Thrusting his hand up he tried to catch some. (Galsworthy) (OBJECT)

Where is his home? He didn’t have any. (Maltz) (OBJECT) Are there any real Indians in the woods? (0. Henry) (ATTRIBUTE)

Someone, anyone, somebody, anybody, something, anything may be used as subject, predicative, or object. When used as a subject they require a verb in the singular. In the next house someone was playing over and over again “La donna è mobile” on an untuned piano. (Galsworthy) (SUBJECT)

What he likes is anything except art. (Aldington) (PREDICATIVE) And not merely did he not know any writers, but he did not know anybody who had ever attempted to write. (London) (OBJECT) The genitive case of the pronouns somebody, someone! anybody, anyone is used as an attribute.

THEME-2: The main forms of the verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

In the context of verbs, we use the term inflection to talk about the process of changing a verb form to show tense, mood, number (i.e. singular or plural), and person (i.e. first person, second person, orthird person). This section deals with inflecting verbs to show tenses and participles, and is divided into two main sections:

Regular verbs

Many English verbs are regular, which means that they form their different tenses according to an established pattern. Such verbs work like this:

Verb		3rd person singular present tense	3rd person singular past tense	past participle	present participle
laugh		he/she laughs	he/she laughed	laughed	laughing
love		he/she loves	he/she loved	loved	loving
boo		he/she boos	he/she booed	booed	booing

Present tense formation

In the present simple tense, the basic form of a regular verb only changes in the 3^rd person singular, as follows:

Most verbs just add -s to the basic form (e.g. take/takes, seem/seems, look/looks).

Verbs that end with a vowel other than e add -es (e.g. go/goes, veto/vetoes, do/does).

Verbs that end with -s, -z, -ch, -sh, and -x add -es (e.g. kiss/kisses, fizz/fizzes, punch/punches,wash/washes, mix/mixes).

If the verb ends in a consonant plus -y, change the y to an i before adding -es (e.g. hurry/hurries,clarify/clarifies). But if the verb ends in a vowel plus -y, just add -s (e.g. play/plays, enjoy/enjoys).

Past tense formation

Forming the past simple tense of regular verbs is mostly straightforward, and you use the same form for the first, second, and third persons, singular and plural:

If the basic form of the verb ends in a consonant or a vowel other than e, add the letters -ed to the end (e.g. seem/seemed, laugh/laughed, look/looked).

 For verbs that end in -e, add -d (e.g. love/loved, recede/receded, hope/hoped).

 If the verb ends in a consonant plus -y, change the y to an i before adding -ed (e.g. hurry/hurried,clarify/clarified). But if the verb ends in a vowel plus -y, just add -ed (e.g. play/played,enjoy/enjoyed)

For more detail, see Verb tenses: adding-ed-and-ing

Forming participles

To form the past participle of regular verbs, follow the same rules as for the past simple tense above. To make the present participle of regular verbs:

If the basic form of the verb ends in a consonant or a vowel other than e, add the ending -ing (e.g.laugh/laughing, boo/booing).

 If the verb ends in e, drop the e before adding -ing (e.g. love/loving, hope/hoping). 

If the basic form ends in y just add -ing (e.g. hurry/hurrying, clarify/clarifying).

For more detail, see Verb tenses: adding-ed-and-ing. 

Irregular verbs

There are many irregular verbs that don’t follow the normal rules. Here are the forms of some of the most common irregular verbs:

Verb 3^rd person singular present tense 3^rd person singular past tense past participle present participle be is was been being begin begins began begun beginning bite bites bit bitten biting break breaks broke broken breaking buy buys bought bought buying choose chooses chose chosen choosing come comes came come coming dig digs dug dug digging do does did done doing drink drinks drank drunk drinking eat eats ate eaten eating fall falls fell fallen falling feel feels felt felt feeling find finds found found finding get gets got got getting go goes went gone going grow grows grew grown growing have has had had having hide hides hid hidden hiding keep keeps kept kept keeping know knows knew known knowing lay lays laid laid laying lead leads led led leading leave leaves left left leaving lie lies lay lain lying lose loses lost lost losing make makes made made making meet meets met met meeting put puts put put putting read /ri:d/ reads read /red/ read /red/ reading ride rides rode ridden riding ring rings rang rung ringing rise rises rose risen rising run runs ran run running say says said said saying see sees saw seen seeing sell sells sold sold selling set sets set set setting sing sings sang sung singing sit sits sat sat sitting stand stands stood stood standing stick sticks stuck stuck sticking take takes took taken taking teach teaches taught taught teaching think thinks thought thought thinking wake wakes woke woken waking

 

Note that sometimes the spelling doesn’t change but the pronunciation does (e.g. read). There are many more irregular verbs in English than those listed here. If you aren’t sure how a verb behaves, it’s best to look it up. All irregular verb forms are given in full at the main dictionary entry.