Theme 1 Old and middle English literature

Theme 1 Old and middle English literature.
1. Introduction to Old and Middle English Literature:
Old English Literature refers to the literature written in the Old English language, which was spoken in England between the 5th and 11th centuries. The most famous work of Old English literature is the epic poem Beowulf, which tells the story of a hero who battles a monster named Grendel. Other important works include The Dream of the Rood, The Wanderer, and The Seafarer.
Middle English Literature refers to the literature written in the English language between the 11th and 15th centuries. During this period, English underwent significant changes and evolved into the language we know today. The most famous work of Middle English Literature is the poem The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, which tells the story of a group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury. Other important works include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and Piers Plowman.
2. Periods in English Literature:
English literature can be divided into several periods, each with its own characteristics and defining features. These periods include:
- Old English Literature (c. 450-1100): This period includes the literature written in the Old English language, which was spoken in England before the Norman Conquest of 1066.
- Middle English Literature (c. 1100-1500): This period includes the literature written in the English language after the Norman Conquest and before the Renaissance.
- Renaissance Literature (c. 1500-1660): This period is characterized by a renewed interest in classical literature and humanism. Major writers of this period include William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and John Milton.
- Restoration and 18th Century Literature (1660-1798): This period saw the restoration of the English monarchy and the rise of the novel as a literary form. Major writers of this period include Samuel Johnson, Jonathan Swift, and Jane Austen.
- Romantic Literature (c. 1798-1837): This period is characterized by a focus on emotion, imagination, and individualism. Major writers of this period include William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Lord Byron. - Victorian Literature (1837-1901): This period is named after Queen Victoria and is characterized by a focus on social and moral issues. Major writers of this period include Charles Dickens, Charlotte Bronte, and Thomas Hardy. - Modernist Literature (c. 1900-1945): This period is characterized by a rejection of traditional forms and a focus on experimentation and individuality. Major writers of this period include T.S. Eliot, Virginia Woolf, and James Joyce. - Postmodern Literature (c. 1945-present): This period is characterized by a rejection of grand narratives and a focus on fragmentation and irony. Major writers of this period include Salman Rushdie, Don DeLillo, and Margaret Atwood.
3. Beowulf: Beowulf is an epic poem written in Old English, probably composed in the 8th century. It tells the story of a hero named Beowulf who travels to Denmark to help King Hrothgar defeat a monster named Grendel. After killing Grendel, Beowulf also battles Grendel's mother and a dragon. The poem is a masterpiece of Old English literature, and its themes include heroism, loyalty, and the transience of life. Beowulf is also an important historical document, providing insight into Anglo-Saxon culture and society.
4. Alfred the Great and Literature at His Period:
Alfred the Great was a king of Wessex in Anglo-Saxon England, who reigned from 871 to 899. He is known for his military victories against the Vikings and for his efforts to promote education and literacy. Alfred believed that the English should learn to read and write in their own language, and he encouraged the translation of Latin texts into English. Alfred himself was a scholar who translated several important works into English, including Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy and Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Under Alfred's patronage, a number of important works were produced in English, including The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a chronicle of English history, and the Old English version of the Bible, known as the Wessex Gospels. Alfred's reign is considered a golden age of Anglo-Saxon literature, and his efforts to promote education and literacy laid the foundation for the development of English literature in the Middle Ages.
Theme 2 The Renaissance in England. Shakespeares dramas and historical tragedies.
1. The Renaissance period in English literature:
The Renaissance period in English literature refers to a time of great artistic and intellectual growth that occurred in England during the 16th and early 17th centuries. This period saw a revival of interest in classical learning and literature, and a renewed emphasis on the individual and the humanistic values of the ancient world. The Renaissance in England was characterized by a flourishing of poetry, drama, and prose, with writers exploring new forms and experimenting with language and style.
2. Sir Thomas More, his life and literature:
Sir Thomas More was an English lawyer, statesman, and humanist who lived during the Renaissance period. He is best known for his book "Utopia," which describes a fictional island society based on the principles of justice, equality, and communal ownership. More was also a prolific writer of religious and political works, including a History of King Richard III and a Dialogue Concerning Heresies.
More was a devout Catholic and opposed the Protestant Reformation, which led to his execution in 1535 for refusing to acknowledge Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England. Despite his religious convictions, More was known for his tolerance and his belief in the importance of individual conscience.
3. William Shakespeare's life and literary works:
William Shakespeare was an English playwright and poet who lived during the Renaissance period. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the English language and is known for his plays, including "Hamlet," "Macbeth," "Romeo and Juliet," and "Othello."
Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564 and began his career as an actor and playwright in London in the late 16th century. His plays were performed at the Globe Theatre and other venues in London, and he became a popular and successful playwright during his lifetime.
Shakespeare's plays are known for their complex characters, intricate plots, and poetic language. They cover a wide range of themes, including love, jealousy, power, and revenge, and are still performed and studied around the world today. Shakespeare also wrote sonnets, which are among the most famous and influential poems in the English language.
Theme 3 THE ENGLIGHTENMENT
1. The literature of the age of Enlightenment:
The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a cultural movement that spanned the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe. It was characterized by a focus on reason and scientific method, and a rejection of traditional authority in favor of individualism and rationality. The literature of the age of Enlightenment reflected these values, with an emphasis on reason, logic, and scientific inquiry.
One of the most influential literary works of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie, a massive compendium of knowledge compiled by French philosophers Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert. The work aimed to collect all of the world's knowledge in one place, and to promote the principles of reason and rationality.
Other notable literary figures of the Enlightenment include Voltaire, whose satirical works critiqued religious and political institutions, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose works on social contract theory and the natural state of man were influential in the development of modern political thought.
2. John Milton's life and literary activity:
John Milton (1608-1674) was an English poet and writer, best known for his epic poem "Paradise Lost". He was born in London to a middle-class family, and was educated at Cambridge University. After completing his studies, he traveled to Europe for several years, where he met many influential thinkers and writers of the time.
Milton's literary career began with the publication of his poem "L'Allegro" in 1645. He went on to write several other poems and prose works, including "Paradise Regained" and "Samson Agonistes". However, it was "Paradise Lost" that cemented his reputation as one of the greatest poets in the English language.
3. "Paradise Lost": "Paradise Lost" is an epic poem in blank verse, written by John Milton and first published in 1667. The poem tells the story of the fall of man, as described in the Bible's Book of Genesis. It begins with Satan's rebellion against God, and his subsequent temptation of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden.
The poem is divided into twelve books, each containing several thousand lines of verse. It is notable for its use of complex syntax and vocabulary, and its exploration of themes such as free will, temptation, and the role of God in human affairs.
"Paradise Lost" has been widely praised for its poetic beauty and its exploration of complex philosophical themes. It has also been the subject of much critical analysis, with scholars debating the poem's meaning and its relationship to Milton's own religious beliefs.
4. John Dryden's contribution to English literature:
John Dryden (1631-1700) was an English poet, playwright, and critic who is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in English literature. He was a prolific writer, producing works in a variety of genres, including poetry, drama, and prose.
Dryden's contributions to English literature were many. He was a master of the heroic couplet, a form of poetry consisting of two rhyming lines of iambic pentameter. He popularized this form and it became the dominant form for English poetry in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
Dryden was also an influential playwright, and his plays helped to shape the development of English drama. He wrote in both the tragic and comic genres, and his plays were known for their witty dialogue, complex characters, and social commentary.
In addition to his creative works, Dryden was an important literary critic, and his essays on literature and drama helped to establish the principles of literary criticism in England. His critical writings were noted for their clarity and insight, and they played an important role in shaping the literary tastes of his time.
5. Rationalism in literature:
Rationalism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes reason and logic as the primary sources of knowledge and truth. In literature, rationalism is characterized by a focus on reason and logic in the presentation of ideas and themes.
Rationalist literature is typically marked by clear, concise language, and a rejection of fanciful or exaggerated language. The aim is to present ideas in a straightforward and logical manner, with the goal of convincing the reader through reason and argument.
The Enlightenment, with its emphasis on reason and rationality, was a major influence on rationalist literature. The works of Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Rousseau were marked by a commitment to reason, and their ideas helped to shape the development of rationalist literature in the 18th century.
In the 20th century, rationalism continued to be an important force in literature, particularly in the genres of science fiction and speculative fiction. These genres often explore the implications of scientific and technological advances, and they are marked by a focus on reason and logic in the presentation of their themes and ideas.
Theme 4 ROMANTICISM IN ENGLISH LITERATURE.
1. The Romantic movement in English literature. Historical background:
The Romantic movement in English literature began in the late 18th century and continued through the mid-19th century. It was a reaction against the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on reason and rationality, and against the Industrial Revolution, with its emphasis on machines and technology.
Romanticism was characterized by a focus on emotion, imagination, and the individual. Romantic writers were interested in exploring human experience and the natural world, and they often used these themes to comment on social and political issues of their time.
Some of the most prominent Romantic poets in English literature include William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Byron.
2. G.G.Byron is a prominent English poet. Analysis of poem "My Soul is Dark":
George Gordon Byron, also known as Lord Byron, was a prominent English poet of the Romantic period. "My Soul is Dark" is a poem that reflects many of the themes of Romanticism, including the focus on the individual and the exploration of emotion.
In the poem, Byron describes the darkness of his soul and the feelings of despair and hopelessness that he experiences. He contrasts this with the beauty of the natural world, suggesting that nature can provide a source of comfort and solace even in the darkest of times.
The poem is notable for its use of vivid imagery and metaphor, as well as its exploration of complex emotional states. It is often seen as a reflection of Byron's own struggles with depression and mental illness.
3. P.B.Shelley; expression of Romanticism in his poetry:
Percy Bysshe Shelley was another prominent English poet of the Romantic period. His poetry is characterized by a focus on emotion, imagination, and the natural world, as well as a commitment to social and political reform.
Shelley's poetry often explores themes of individualism and the power of the imagination. He was particularly interested in the concept of the sublime, which he saw as a way of experiencing the world beyond the limitations of reason and logic.
One of Shelley's most famous works is the poem "Ozymandias", which explores the theme of the transience of power and the inevitability of decline and decay. The poem is notable for its use of vivid imagery and metaphor, as well as its exploration of complex philosophical themes.
Overall, Shelley's poetry is an expression of many of the key themes and ideas of Romanticism, including the focus on emotion, imagination, and the natural world, as well as a commitment to social and political reform.
4. The development of novel in Romanticism:
The Romantic period saw the development of the novel as a literary form, with many writers experimenting with new styles and techniques. The novel became an important means of exploring the themes and ideas of Romanticism, including individualism, emotion, and the power of the imagination.
One of the key features of Romantic novels was their focus on the experiences of individual characters, and their exploration of the inner lives and emotions of those characters. Romantic novels were often characterized by a sense of mystery and ambiguity, and they frequently explored the supernatural and the unknown.
Some of the most famous Romantic novels include Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein", Charlotte Bronte's "Jane Eyre", and Emily Bronte's "Wuthering Heights".
5. Sir Walter Scott is a founder of historical novel. "Ivanhoe" is a historical novel:
Sir Walter Scott was a Scottish novelist, poet, and historian who is known as the founder of the historical novel. His novel "Waverley", published in 1814, was the first historical novel in English literature. The novel was set during the Jacobite rebellion of 1745, and it explored themes of loyalty, betrayal, and political upheaval. Scott's most famous historical novel is "Ivanhoe", published in 1820. The novel is set in 12th-century England, during the reign of King Richard the Lionheart, and it tells the story of a young knight named Ivanhoe who must fight to restore his family's honor and win the heart of his true love, while also navigating the political and social upheavals of the time.
"Ivanhoe" is notable for its vivid descriptions of medieval life and society, as well as its exploration of themes of chivalry, honor, and loyalty. The novel was hugely popular at the time of its publication, and it helped to establish the historical novel as a popular literary form.
Theme 5 REALISM IN ENGLISH LITERATURE
1. General background of the time. Victorian age:
The Victorian era in England lasted from 1837 to 1901, during the reign of Queen Victoria. It was a period of significant social, economic, and technological change in England, with the growth of industrialization, urbanization, and the expansion of the British Empire. The Victorian age was marked by strict social norms and values, with a strong emphasis on morality, duty, and respectability.
The era saw the rise of the middle class, and there was a growing focus on education and literacy. This led to an increase in the number of readers and a demand for entertainment through literature. The Victorian era was also characterized by significant scientific and technological advances, which had a significant impact on the literature of the time.
2. The new literary trend and its characteristic features. Comparative study of the writers' literary activity:
Realism was the new literary trend that emerged during the Victorian era, in response to the romanticism of the previous era. Realism sought to represent life as it was, without the idealization and romanticism of the previous era. Realist writers attempted to portray ordinary people and everyday life in a detailed and accurate manner, often focusing on social issues and the struggles of the working class.
The key characteristic features of realism in English literature during the Victorian era include:
- A focus on the everyday lives of ordinary people, with an emphasis on the working class
- An attention to detail and accuracy in the representation of everydaylife
- An exploration of social issues such as poverty, inequality, and the class system
- A rejection of idealism and romanticism in favor of a more objective and realistic portrayal of the world
- An interest in scientific and technological progress, and its impact on society
- A preoccupation with morality, duty, and social responsibility
Some of the most prominent realist writers of the Victorian era include:
- Charles Dickens, who wrote about social issues, poverty, and the struggles of the working class in novels such as "Oliver Twist," "David Copperfield," and "Great Expectations." - George Eliot (the pen name of Mary Ann Evans), who wrote about the lives of ordinary people in rural England in novels such as "Adam Bede," "The Mill on the Floss," and "Middlemarch."
- Thomas Hardy, who wrote about the harsh realities of rural life in novels such as "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" and "Jude the Obscure."
- Elizabeth Gaskell, who wrote about the lives of the working class in novels such as "Mary Barton" and "North and South."
- Anthony Trollope, who wrote about the social and political issues of the Victorian era in novels such as "The Warden" and "Barchester Towers."
Overall, realism in English literature during the Victorian era represented a significant shift in literary style and content, with a focus on accuracy, objectivity, and socialissues. Realist writers sought to capture the realities of everyday life, often highlighting the struggles of the working class and the impact of social inequality and injustice. Their work reflected the changing social, economic, and technological landscape of the Victorian era, and their influence can still be seen in literature today.
3. Henry Fielding and his "Tom Jones, the foundling":
Henry Fielding was an English novelist and dramatist who lived from 1707 to 1754. He is best known for his novel "Tom Jones, the foundling," which was published in 1749. The novel tells the story of Tom Jones, a young man who is raised by a wealthy landowner after being found abandoned as a baby. The novel follows Tom's adventures as he navigates the social and moral complexities of 18th-century England.
"Tom Jones" is considered a masterpiece of English literature and is widely regarded as one of the earliest examples of the realist novel. Fielding's writing style is characterized by a lively and humorous tone, as well as a sharp satirical edge. The novel is notable for its complex plot and its exploration of themes such as love, morality, and social status. It is also notable for its vivid and memorable characters, including the roguish but charming Tom Jones himself.
4. Charles Dickens is the greatest novelist of his age. Four periods of Dickens's creative work. Oliver Twist:
Charles Dickens was a British novelist who lived from 1812 to 1870. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the English language and is known for his vivid and memorable characters, his social commentary, and his ability to capture the realities of 19th-century England.
Dickens's creative work can be divided into four periods:
-The first period, from 1836 to 1842, was marked by the publication of his first works, including "The Pickwick Papers," "Oliver Twist," and "Nicholas Nickleby." These works established Dickens as a popular and successful writer, known for his humor, social commentary, and vivid characterizations.
- The second period, from 1843 to 1848, was marked by the publication of works such as "A Christmas Carol," "David Copperfield," and "Bleak House." During this period, Dickens's writing became more serious and introspective, as he explored themes such as social injustice, poverty, and the struggles of the working class.
- The third period, from 1849 to 1858, saw the publication of works such as "Little Dorrit," "A Tale of Two Cities," and "Great Expectations." During this period, Dickens's writing became darker and more complex, as he delved into issues such as crime, punishment, and the consequences of social inequality.
- The fourth period, from 1859 to 1870, was marked by the publication of works such as "Our Mutual Friend," "The Mystery of Edwin Drood," and "Barnaby Rudge." During this period, Dickens's writing became more experimental and fragmented, reflecting his growing disillusionment with society and his own creative process.
"Oliver Twist," published in 1837-1839, is considered one of Dickens's most iconic works and was written in his first period of creative work. The novel tells the story of a young orphan boy named Oliver Twist, who is forced to live in a workhouse and falls in with a gang of pickpockets before eventually being taken in by a kind benefactor. "Oliver Twist" is notable for its vivid portrayal of the poverty and desperation of life in 19th-century London, as well as its sharp social commentary on the treatment of the poor and vulnerable in society. The novel's memorable characters, including the villainous Fagin and the tragic figure of Nancy, have become familiar figures in popular culture and have helped to cement Dickens's reputation as one of the greatest novelists of his age.
Theme 6 CRITICAL REALISM IN ENGLISH LITERATURE.
1. Historical background:
Critical realism emerged as a literary movement in the mid-19th century in response to the romanticism and sentimentalism that dominated English literature at the time. It was a literary movement that aimed to represent reality as it was, without any idealization, romanticization, or emotional exaggeration. Critical realism was influenced by the scientific and philosophical developments of the time, particularly the work of Auguste Comte, John Stuart Mill, and Herbert Spencer, who emphasized empirical observation and rational analysis.
2. W.M. Thackeray and "Vanity Fair":
William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) was a British novelist and one of the greatest representatives of critical realism in English literature. His most famous work, "Vanity Fair" (1847-1848), is a satirical novel that exposes the moral and social corruption of Victorian society.
The novel follows the lives of two women, Becky Sharp and Amelia Sedley, who come from different social classes. Becky is a cunning and ambitious woman who uses her wit and charm to climb the social ladder, while Amelia is a virtuous and innocent woman who represents the traditional values of Victorian society. Thackeray uses these two characters to contrast the values of the old and new society.
Thackeray's writing style in "Vanity Fair" is characterized by its realism, wit, and satire. He exposes the hypocrisy and corruption of the upper class, while also highlighting the struggles of the lower classes. Thackeray's use of irony and his critical eye towards society make "Vanity Fair" a masterpiece of critical realism. In conclusion, critical realism was an important literary movement that emerged in the mid-19th century and aimed to represent reality in a truthful and objective manner. W.M. Thackeray's "Vanity Fair" is a prime example of this movement, as it exposes the moral and social corruption of Victorian society through its satirical and realistic portrayal of characters and events.
3. John Galsworthy and "The Forsyte Saga":
John Galsworthy (1867-1933) was a British novelist and playwright and one of the last representatives of critical realism in English literature. His novels and plays are characterized by their social commentary and realistic portrayal of characters and events.
Galsworthy's works often deal with social issues such as class, marriage, and morality. He criticized the Victorian and Edwardian upper classes for their narrow-mindedness, selfishness, and lack of empathy for the lower classes. Galsworthy believed that literature could be used as a means of social criticism and reform. One of Galsworthy's most famous works is "The Forsyte Saga" (1906-1921), a series of three novels and two interludes that depict the life of the Forsyte family, a wealthy and influential family in Victorian and Edwardian England. The novels follow the lives of several generations of the family and explore their relationships, marriages, and conflicts.
"The Forsyte Saga" is a prime example of Galsworthy's critical realism. He exposes the flaws and contradictions of the upper classes and their obsession with money and status. Galsworthy's characters are complex and nuanced, with their own strengths and weaknesses. His writing style is characterized by its attention to detail and its detailed descriptions of the social and cultural context of the time.
In conclusion, John Galsworthy was one of the last representatives of critical realism in English literature. His works, including "The Forsyte Saga," are characterized by their social commentary and realistic portrayal of characters and events. Galsworthy used literature as a means of social criticism and reform, and his works remain relevant today for their insight into the social issues of his time.
Theme 7 Science fiction and detective fiction in English literature.
1. The development of science fiction in English literature:
Science fiction is a genre of literature that explores the impact of science and technology on society. It emerged in the 19th century and has since become a popular and influential genre in English literature. Early works of science fiction, such as Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" and H.G. Wells' "The Time Machine," often explored the consequences of scientific discovery and technological advancement. In the 20th century, science fiction continued to evolve, with writers like Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke exploring the possibilities of space travel, artificial intelligence, and other futuristic concepts.
2. Herbert Wells is a writer who looked into the future. The periods of his literary activity. "The Invisible Man":
H.G. Wells was an English writer who is considered one of the pioneers of science fiction. He began his literary career in the late 19th century and continued to write until his death in 1946. Wells' works often explored the consequences of scientific discovery and technological advancement, and he is known for his vivid, imaginative portrayals of the future.
One of Wells' most famous works is "The Invisible Man," which was published in 1897. The novel tells the story of a scientist who invents a serum that makes him invisible. However, the scientist soon discovers that his invisibility comes at a great cost, as he becomes isolated and unable to interact with the world around him. "The Invisible Man" is aclassic example of science fiction, as it explores the consequences of a scientific discovery and raises ethical and moral questions about the nature of invisibility and its impact on society.
Wells' literary activity can be divided into several periods, including his early years as a journalist and writer of scientific and educational texts, his middle period when he began to focus on fiction and established himself as a prominent writer, and his later years when he turned to more political and social commentary. Throughout his career, Wells continued to write science fiction, including such works as "The War of the Worlds," "The Island of Dr. Moreau," and "The Time Machine," which remain popular and influential today.
3. The development of detective fiction. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle:
Detective fiction is a genre of literature that focuses on the investigation of a crime, often by a detective or other professional investigator. It emerged in the mid-19th century and has since become a popular and influential genre in English literature. One of the most famous writers of detective fiction is Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who created the character of Sherlock Holmes.
Conan Doyle began writing detective fiction in the late 19th century, and his stories featuring Holmes quickly became popular with readers. Holmes was known for his deductive reasoning and his ability to solve even the most complex cases. The character of Holmes was so popular that Conan Doyle continued to write stories featuring him for over 40 years, even after trying to kill him off in "The Final Problem."
Conan Doyle's contribution to the development of detective fiction was significant. He is credited with popularizing the detective story and with creating the archetype of the brilliant, eccentric detective who uses logic and reason to solve crimes. Many of the conventions of detective fiction, including the use of clues and the emphasis on rationality, can be traced back to Conan Doyle's work.
4. Agatha Christie is the queen of detective stories:
Agatha Christie is one of the most famous and popular writers of detective fiction. She was born in 1890 in England and began writing in the 1920s. Her most famous character is the detective Hercule Poirot, who appeared inmany of her novels and short stories.
Christie's works are known for their intricate plots, clever twists, and memorable characters. She is often referred to as the "Queen of Crime" or the "Queen of Detective Fiction" because of her significant contributions to the genre. Christie's novels and short stories have been adapted into numerous films, TV shows, and stage productions, and her work continues to be popular with readers around the world.
Some of Christie's most famous works include "Murder on the Orient Express," "Death on the Nile," and "And Then There Were None." Her works often feature a closed circle of suspects, a clever detective, and a surprising solution to the mystery. Christie's influence on the detective fiction genre is still felt today, and she is considered one of the most important and influential writers in the history of crime fiction.
Theme 8 Modern English literature.
1. The XXI century English literature:
The 21st century has seen a diverse range of English literature, including various genres, themes, and styles. Some of the prominent writers of this time include Zadie Smith, Kazuo Ishiguro, Ian McEwan, Hilary Mantel, Julian Barnes, Jeanette Winterson, and Salman Rushdie. These writers have explored a range of themes such as race, identity, gender, sexuality, politics, and social issues. Zadie Smith's novel "White Teeth" explores the lives of multicultural families in London, while Kazuo Ishiguro's "Never Let Me Go" explores the complexities of human relationships and the ethics of science. Hilary Mantel's "Wolf Hall" and "Bring Up the Bodies" are historical novels set in the Tudor era, while Julian Barnes' "The Sense of an Ending" is a meditation on memory and mortality.
2. Alan Sillitoe, Stan Barstow, and David Storey are the prominent writers:
These three writers were prominent figures in the 20th century English literature, particularly in the post-World War II era. They represented the working-class experience in their writing and explored themes such as alienation, social inequality, and the struggle for identity.
Alan Sillitoe's "Saturday Night and Sunday Morning" is a classic of British literature and tells the story of a young factory worker who rebels against the constraints of his working-class life. Stan Barstow's "A Kind of Loving" is another classic of the era and explores the difficulties of a young couple from different social backgrounds trying to make their relationship work. David Storey's "This Sporting Life" is a novel about a rugby league player and his struggles with fame, relationships, and his own sense of worth.
Together, these writers helped to shape a new wave of British literature that focused on the lives and experiences of ordinary people, particularly those from working-class backgrounds. Their work continues to be celebrated and studied today as an important part of English literary history.
Dylan Thomas and William Butler Yeats are both outstanding poets, but it would be inaccurate to say that they are the most outstanding poets of all time. Poetry is a highly subjective art form, and there have been countless poets throughout history who have made significant contributions to the genre.
That being said, Dylan Thomas and William Butler Yeats are certainly among the most celebrated poets of the 20th century. Dylan Thomas is known for his lush, evocative language and his exploration of themes such as death, spirituality, and the natural world. Some of his most famous poems include "Do not go gentle into that good night" and "Fern Hill."
William Butler Yeats, on the other hand, was a major figure in the Irish literary revival and is known for his use of symbolism and mysticism in his poetry. He explored themes such as Irish nationalism, mythology, and the occult, and his work had a profound influence on the development of modernist poetry. Some of his most famous poems include "The Second Coming" and "Sailing to Byzantium."
While Dylan Thomas and William Butler Yeats are certainly important poets in the English literary canon, it is important to recognize that there are many other poets who have made significant contributions to the genre.
3. Dylan Thomas and William Butler Yeats are the most outstanding poets
Dylan Thomas and William Butler Yeats are both outstanding poets, but it would be inaccurate to say that they are the most outstanding poets of all time. Poetry is a highly subjective art form, and there have been countless poets throughout history who have made significant contributions to the genre.
That being said, Dylan Thomas and William Butler Yeats are certainly among the most celebrated poets of the 20th century. Dylan Thomas is known for his lush, evocative language and his exploration of themes such as death, spirituality, and the natural world. Some of his most famous poems include "Do not go gentle into that good night" and "Fern Hill."
William Butler Yeats, on the other hand, was a major figure in the Irish literary revival and is known for his use of symbolism and mysticism in his poetry. He explored themes such as Irish nationalism, mythology, and the occult, and his work had a profound influence on the development of modernist poetry. Some of his most famous poems include "The Second Coming" and "Sailing to Byzantium."
While Dylan Thomas and William Butler Yeats are certainly important poets in the English literary canon, it is important to recognize that there are many other poets who have made significant contributions to the genre.
Theme 9 LITERATURE OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE USA
1. Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine was an English-American writer and political activist who played a significant role in the American Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment. He is best known for his influential pamphlet "Common Sense," which advocated for American independence from Great Britain.
In addition to "Common Sense," Paine wrote several other works that reflected his Enlightenment ideals and political beliefs. One of his most notable works is "The Rights of Man," which was a response to Edmund Burke's "Reflections on the Revolution in France." In this work, Paine argued for democratic government and individual rights, including the right to free speech and the right to a fair trial.
Paine's writing was influential in shaping the political discourse of the time, and his ideas continue to influence political thought today. He was a proponent of reason and science, and he believed that government should be based on the consent of the governed. His works helped to inspire the American Revolution and the ideals that would shape the new nation.
In terms of teaching technology, Paine's works can be used to explore the role of literature in shaping political discourse and influencing social change. His emphasis on reason and individual rights can also be used to explore the importance of critical thinking and the value of democratic government. Additionally, his works can be used to examine the ways in which literature can be used to promote social justice and inspire activism.
2. Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson was an American statesman, philosopher, and writer who was a key figure in the American Revolution and the early years of the United States. He is perhaps best known as the author of the Declaration of Independence, which he wrote in 1776 while serving in the Continental Congress.
Jefferson was a strong advocate for Enlightenment ideals, including reason, scientific inquiry, and individual rights. He believed that education was essential to the success of a democratic society and worked to establish public education in Virginia. He also founded the University of Virginia, which was based on his belief in the importance of education for all citizens.
In addition to his political and educational pursuits, Jefferson was also a prolific writer and thinker. He wrote extensively on a wide range of topics, including politics, philosophy, science, and literature. His works include "Notes on the State of Virginia," which was a detailed account of the geography, history, and culture of the state, and "The Jefferson Bible," which was a compilation of the moral teachings of Jesus. Jefferson's works can be used to explore the role of literature in shaping political discourse and influencing social change. His emphasis on reason, scientific inquiry, and individual rights can also be used to explore the importance of critical thinking and the value of democratic government. Additionally, his works can be used to examine the ways in which literature can be used to promote social justice and inspire activism.
3. Philip Freneau was an American poet, journalist, and political commentator who lived during the Enlightenment period in the United States. His works often reflected his political beliefs and his commitment to the ideals of the American Revolution.
One of Freneau's most famous works is "The Wild Honey Suckle," which is a poem that celebrates the beauty of nature. It is often seen as an example of the Romantic movement in American literature, which was a reaction against the Enlightenment emphasis on reason and science.
However, many of Freneau's other works were more explicitly political in nature. He wrote numerous poems and essays that criticized the British government and supported the American Revolution. One of his most famous political poems is "The British Prison-Ship," which describes the horrific conditions experienced by American prisoners during the Revolutionary War.
Freneau's works can be used to explore the role of literature in shaping political discourse and influencing social change. His emphasis on nature and the individual can also be used to explore the importance of environmentalism and the value of individual expression. Additionally, his works can be used to examine the ways in which literature can be used to promote social justice and inspire activism.
Theme 10 THE ROMANTIC PERIOD. ESSAYISTS AND POETS OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD
1. the brief presentation of peculiarities of American Romanticism and life-stories and creations of its best representatives:
American Romanticism was a literary and artistic movement that emerged in the United States in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was characterized by an emphasis on emotion, imagination, and individualism, as well as a fascination with nature and the supernatural.
One of the key figures of American Romanticism was Ralph Waldo Emerson. He was a philosopher, essayist, and poet who is best known for his essays, including "Self-Reliance" and "The American Scholar." Emerson's works emphasized the importance of individualism and self-reliance, and he believed that each person had a unique and valuable contribution to make to society.
Another important figure of American Romanticism was Henry David Thoreau. He was a writer, philosopher, and naturalist who is best known for his book "Walden," which is a reflection on his experience of living in a cabin in the woods. Thoreau's works emphasized the importance of living a simple and natural life, and he was a strong advocate for environmentalism and social justice.
Edgar Allan Poe was another important figure of American Romanticism. He was a poet, short-story writer, and literary critic who is best known for his dark and macabre works, including "The Raven" and "The Tell-Tale Heart." Poe's works explored the darker aspects of human nature and the supernatural, and he was known for his mastery of language and his use of symbolism and imagery.
In addition to these figures, other notable representatives of American Romanticism include Nathaniel Hawthorne, who wrote novels such as "The Scarlet Letter" and "The House of the Seven Gables," and Emily Dickinson, who was a poet known for her unconventional use of language and her exploration of themes such as death, nature, and spirituality.
The life stories and creations of these best representatives of American Romanticism are diverse and varied, but they share a common emphasis on the individual, nature, and the imagination. They were all deeply influenced by the Enlightenment period that came before them, but they sought to move beyond the emphasis on reason and science and explore the more emotional and intuitive aspects of human experience.
Their works are often characterized by a sense of mystery and the unknown, as well as a fascination with the supernatural. They explored themes such as love, death, and the meaning of life, and they often used language and imagery in unconventional ways to evoke powerful emotions in their readers.
Overall, American Romanticism was a significant movement in American literature and culture, and its legacy can still be seen in the works of contemporary writers and artists.
2. James Fenimore Cooper was an American novelist who lived during the Romantic period. He is best known for his series of novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales, which featured the character of Natty Bumppo, also known as Hawkeye. The novels were set in the wilderness of upstate New York and explored themes such as nature, civilization, and the relationship between the individual and society. Cooper's works were known for their vivid descriptions of the American landscape and their portrayal of Native American cultures. He was also a strong advocate for American nationalism and believed that American literature should reflect the unique experiences and values of the American people.
3. Washington Irving was an American author, essayist, and historian who lived during the Romantic period. He is best known for his short stories, including "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," which are still widely read and studied today. Irving's works were characterized by their use of humor, satire, and irony, as well as their exploration of American history and culture.
He was a strong advocate for American literature and believed that American writers should focus on creating a distinct national literature that reflected the values and experiences of the American people. In addition to his writing, Irving was also a diplomat and served as the U.S. ambassador to Spain.
Theme 11 LITERATURE OF ABOLITIONISM
1. Abolitionism as a social movement:
Abolitionism was a social movement that sought to end slavery in the United States and around the world. It began in the late 18th century and gained momentum in the 19th century. Abolitionists believed that slavery was morally wrong and that it violated the principles of freedom and equality that were enshrined in the Declaration of Independence. They argued that slavery was not only a violation of human rights but also a threat to the democratic foundations of the United States.
Abolitionists used a variety of tactics to advance their cause, including writing and speaking out against slavery, organizing boycotts of slave-produced goods, and helping enslaved people escape to freedom through the Underground Railroad. They also worked to change laws and policies that supported slavery, including the Fugitive Slave Act, which required citizens to assist in the capture and return of runaway slaves.
Notable abolitionists include Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and William Lloyd Garrison, among many others. Their efforts helped to bring about the end of slavery in the United States with the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.
2. The Civil War in America:
The Civil War was a major conflict that took place in the United States from 1861 to 1865. It was fought between the Union (the northern states) and the Confederacy (the southern states) over issues including slavery, states' rights, and thebalance of power between the federal government and the states.
The Civil War had significant implications for the abolitionist movement, as the Union's victory resulted in the end of slavery in the United States. President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, issued in 1863, declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were to be freed. The 13th Amendment, ratified in 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude throughout the United States.
The Civil War also had a profound impact on American literature, with many writers using the conflict as a subject for their works. The war inspired a new generation of writers, including Walt Whitman, who wrote about the experiences of soldiers and the impact of the war on American society. Other notable writers who wrote about the Civil War include Herman Melville, Louisa May Alcott, and Mark Twain.
Overall, the Civil War had a lasting impact on American history, politics, and culture, and played a crucial role in the abolitionist movement's ultimate success in ending slavery.
3. Harriet Beecher-Stowe:
Harriet Beecher-Stowe (1811-1896) was an American author and abolitionist who is best known for her novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin." The book was published in 1852 and quickly became a bestseller, helping to further galvanize public opinion against slavery.
"Uncle Tom's Cabin" tells the story of the lives of enslaved people and the brutality they faced under the institution of slavery. The novel had a profound impact on American society, helping to fuel the abolitionist movement and contributing to the outbreak of the Civil War. Its depiction of the cruelty of slavery helped to sway public opinion against the institution, and its popularity helped to galvanize support for the abolitionist cause.
Beecher-Stowe was an important figure in the abolitionist movement, and her writings and activism helped to raise awareness about the horrors of slavery. She was also a strong advocate for women's rights and social reform, and her work helped to pave the way for future generations of activists.
4. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow:
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) was an American poet and educator who is best known for his lyric poems, including "Paul Revere's Ride" and "The Song of Hiawatha." He was one of the most popular and respected poets of his time, and his work helped to shape American literature in the 19th century. Longfellowwas also involved in the abolitionist movement, and he used his poetry to express his opposition to slavery. In his poem "The Slave's Dream," Longfellow vividly describes the experience of a slave who dreams of freedom and the end of his bondage. The poem is a powerful indictment of slavery and a call to action for those who opposed it.
Longfellow's poetry was widely read and admired during his lifetime, and it helped to shape American literary and cultural identity in the 19th century. His work was also influential in the abolitionist movement, helping to raise awareness about the horrors of slavery and the need for its abolition.
Theme 12 REALISM IN AMERICAN LITERATURE.
1. Realism in American literature:
Realism is a literary movement that emerged in the late 19th century and early 20th century in America. The movement aimed to depict the reality of life through literature, rejecting the romanticized portrayals of life that were common in earlier literary periods. Realist writers focused on the everyday experiences of ordinary people, often portraying the harsh realities of life in urban and rural settings. Realism also emphasized the use of simple, direct language and avoided the use of elaborate poetic language.
Some notable American realist writers include Mark Twain, Henry James, Edith Wharton, Stephen Crane, and Theodore Dreiser.
2. O. Henry:
O. Henry was the pen name of William Sydney Porter, a prolific American short story writer who is known for his clever and ironic twist endings. O. Henry's stories often featured working-class characters and portrayed life in New York City during the early 20th century. His most famous stories include "The Gift of the Magi," "The Ransom of Red Chief," and "The Furnished Room."
O. Henry's writing style is characterized by his use of vivid and detailed descriptions, realistic dialogue, and his ability to create sympathetic characters. His stories often dealt with themes of love, sacrifice, and the struggles of working-class life. O. Henry's influence on American literature has been significant, and his stories continue to be popular today.
3. Jack London:
Jack London was an American author who wrote during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best known for his adventure novels and stories, such as "The Call of the Wild" and "White Fang," which depict the struggles of animals and humans in the wilderness. London was also a socialist and wrote extensively on social and political issues, such as workers' rights and the exploitation of the working class.
London's writing style is characterized by his use of vivid descriptions and his ability to create realistic and engaging characters. His work often explores the themes of survival, nature, and the human condition. London's influence on American literature has been significant, and his work continues to be read and studied today.
4. Mark Twain:
Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was an American writer, humorist, and lecturer who wrote during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best known for his novels "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," which have become American literary classics. Twain's writing style is characterized by his use of colloquial language, humor, and satire to critique American society and culture.
Twain's work often explored the themes of American identity, morality, and the human condition. He was a master of character development and his characters often embodied the contradictions and complexities of American life. Twain's influence on American literature has been significant, and his work has been widely read and studied for over a century. He is considered one of the greatest American writers of all time and his legacy continues to be celebrated today. In addition to his novels, Twain was also a prolific essayist and wrote on a wide variety of topics, including politics, religion, and social issues.
Theme 13 AMERICAN LITERATURE AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR.
1. New American writers after the Second WW Thereview of the post-war American life and literature.
1. The post-World War II era in America was marked by significant changes in society, culture, and literature. Many new American writers emerged during this time, including Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Truman Capote, and Flannery O'Connor. These writers explored themes such as the search for identity, the struggle for individuality, and the impact of war on society. They also experimented with new forms of writing, such as the Beat Generation's spontaneous prose and the Southern Gothic style.
One of the most significant literary movements of this time was the Beat Generation, a group of writers who rejected mainstream culture and embraced a countercultural lifestyle. Their writing often reflected their experiences of travel, drug use, and spiritual exploration. The Beat writers also challenged traditional literary forms and conventions, using unconventional structures and language in their works.
2. J.D. Salinger was one of the most influential American writers of the post-World War II era. He is best known for his novel "The Catcher in the Rye," which was published in 1951. The novel is a coming-of-age story that follows the protagonist Holden Caulfield as he navigates the complexities of adolescence and adulthood. The novel's frank portrayal of teenage angst and disillusionment with society resonated with readers and has made it a classic of American literature.
Salinger's other works, including the novellas "Franny and Zooey" and "Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters," andthe short story collection "Nine Stories," also explored themes of alienation, spirituality, and the search for meaning in a post-World War II world. Salinger's writing style was known for its simplicity and clarity, as well as its ability to evoke complex emotions and ideas with understated language.
Salinger was also known for his reclusive lifestyle, avoiding public appearances and interviews for much of his later life. Despite this, his work continued to influence generations of American writers and readers, and remains an important part of the post-World War II American literary canon.
3. John Updike was an American writer who rose to prominence in the post-World War II era. He is best known for his novels and short stories that explore the complexities of American suburban life and the human condition. Updike's writing style was characterized by its attention to detail, vivid sensory descriptions, and philosophical musings on the meaning of life.
Some of Updike's most famous works include the Rabbit Angstrom series, which follows the life of a middle-class American man from the 1950s to the 1980s, and the novels "The Witches of Eastwick" and "Toward the End of Time." Updike was also a prolific writer of essays and criticism, often reflecting on his own life and experiences.
Updike's writing is notable for its exploration of the tensions between tradition and modernity, faith and doubt, and the individual and society. His works often capture the contradictions and complexities of American life, and his observations on human nature continue to resonate with readers today.
4. Truman Capote was an American writer who gained fame in the post-World War II era for his unique blend of journalism and storytelling. Capote is best known for his nonfiction novel "In Cold Blood," which tells the true story of a family's brutal murder in rural Kansas and the subsequent investigation and trial.
Capote's writing style was characterized by its attention to detail and its ability to bring characters to life through vivid descriptions and dialogue.In addition to "In Cold Blood," Capote wrote several other works of fiction and nonfiction, including the novella "Breakfast at Tiffany's" and the collections "A Tree of Night and Other Stories" and "The Dogs Bark: Public People and Private Places." Capote's writing often explored themes of identity, loneliness, and the search for meaning in a changing world.
Capote was also known for his flamboyant personality and his relationships with other famous writers and celebrities. His literary influence continues to be felt today, particularly in the genre of creative nonfiction, which he helped to popularize with works like "In Cold Blood."
Theme 14 THE XX CENTURY AMERICAN DRAMA.
1. The main characteristics of the XXth century American drama:
The 20th century American drama was marked by a departure from the traditional forms of theater and the emergence of new styles and themes. Some of the main characteristics of the American drama of the 20th century include:
- Realism: The 20th century American drama was marked by a shift towards realism, which aimed to depict life as it was, without idealization or romanticization.
- Experimentation: Many American playwrights experimented with new forms and techniques in their writing, including non-linear narratives, stream-of-consciousness, and fragmentation.
- Social criticism: Many American playwrights used their plays to comment on social issues and to criticize aspects of American society, such as race relations, gender roles, and political corruption.
- Psychological exploration: Many American playwrights delved into the inner lives of their characters, exploring their motivations, fears, and desires.
- Absurdism: Some American playwrights, particularly those associated with the Theater of the Absurd, rejected traditional narrative structures and explored the meaninglessness of existence.
2. Edward Albee and his plays:
Edward Albee was a prominent American playwright of the 20th century, known for his experimental style and his exploration of themes such as identity, power, and relationships. Some of his most famous plays include:
- "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?": This play, which premiered in 1962, is a darkly comedic exploration of thedysfunctional relationship between a middle-aged couple, George and Martha, and the younger couple they invite over for drinks. The play is known for its sharp dialogue, complex characters, and themes of power, control, and illusion.
- "The Zoo Story": This one-act play, which premiered in 1959, centers around the encounter between two strangers, Peter and Jerry, in Central Park. The play explores themes of isolation, alienation, and the search for connection.
- "A Delicate Balance": This play, which premiered in 1966, explores the strained relationships between a family and their friends as they struggle to maintain a delicate balance of power and control. The play won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1967.
- "Three Tall Women": This play, which premiered in 1991, is a semi-autobiographical work that explores the life of a woman at different stages of her life. The play won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1994.
Overall, Albee's plays are known for their sharp wit, complex and flawed characters, and exploration of the darker side of human nature. His work has had a significant impact on American theater and continues to be performed and studied today.
3. Arthur Miller and his plays:
Arthur Miller was another prominent American playwright of the 20th century, known for his exploration of themes such as the American Dream, family dynamics, and social responsibility. Some of his most famous plays include:
- "Death of a Salesman": This play, which premiered in 1949, is a powerful indictment of the American Dream and the destructive effects of capitalism on the individual. The play won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1949.
- "The Crucible": This play, which premiered in 1953, explores the events surrounding the Salem witch trials of 1692 and is widely seen as a commentary on the McCarthy era and the anti-communist hysteria of the 1950s.
- "A View from the Bridge": This play, which premiered in 1955, is a powerful portrayal of working-class life in Brooklyn, New York, and explores themes of masculinity, immigration, and betrayal.
Overall, Miller's plays are known for their social and political commentary, their exploration of complex characters, and their use of naturalistic dialogue.
4. Tennessee Williams and his plays:
Tennessee Williams was another influential American playwright of the 20th century, known for his poetic language, vivid characters, and exploration of themes such as sexuality, desire, and the search for identity. Some of his most famous plays include:
- "A Streetcar Named Desire": This play, which premiered in 1947, is a powerful exploration ofsexuality, desire, and power dynamics. The play centers around the character of Blanche DuBois, a fading Southern belle who comes to stay with her sister and brother-in-law in New Orleans. The play won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1948.
- "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof": This play, which premiered in 1955, is a powerful examination of family dynamics, sexuality, and mortality. The play centers around the character of Brick, a former football player who is struggling with his sexuality and his relationship with his wife and father.
- "The Glass Menagerie": This play, which premiered in 1944, is a semi-autobiographical work that explores the life of a family living in St. Louis during the Great Depression. The play is known for its poetic language, complex characters, and exploration of themes such as memory, illusion, and the search for identity. Overall, Williams' plays are known for their poetic language, vivid characters, and exploration of complex themes such as sexuality, desire, and the search for identity. His work has had a significant impact on American theater and continues to be performed and studied today.
Theme 15 WOMEN WRITERS OF AMERICAN LITERATURE.
1. Kate Chopin:
Kate Chopin was an American author born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1850. She is best known for her novel "The Awakening," which was published in 1899. Chopin's writing often explores themes of women's independence and sexuality, and her work was considered controversial for its time.
Chopin's life was marked by tragedy, including the deaths of her husband and several of her children. Following her husband's death, she turned to writing to support herself and her family. Her early works were primarily short stories, which were published in magazines such as Vogue and The Atlantic Monthly.
"The Awakening" was Chopin's second and final novel. It tells the story of a woman named Edna Pontellier who struggles to find her own identity and independence in a society that expects women to conform to traditional roles. The novel was initially met with negative reviews and was even banned in some places, but it has since become a classic of American literature.
Chopin died of a brain hemorrhage in 1904 at the age of 54, but her legacy as a pioneering feminist writer lives on.
2. Eudora Welty:
Eudora Welty was an American author born in Jackson, Mississippi in 1909. She is known for her vivid depictions of life in the American South, as well as her exploration of themes such as race, class, and gender.
Welty's writing career began in the 1930s, when she started publishing short stories in magazines such as The Atlantic Monthly and The Southern Review. Her first collection of stories, "A Curtain of Green," was published in 1941, and she went on to publish several more collections over the course of her career.
Welty's novels include "Delta Wedding" (1946), "The Ponder Heart" (1954), and "The Optimist's Daughter" (1972), which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. In addition to her fiction writing, Welty was also a talented photographer, and her photographs of the American South have been exhibited in galleries around the world.
Welty received numerous awards and honors during her lifetime, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1980 and the National Medal of Arts in 1993. She died in 2001 at the age of 92.
3. Joyce Carol Oates:
Joyce Carol Oates is an American author born in Lockport, New York in 1938. She is best known for her prolific output of novels, short stories, and essays, which have earned her numerous awards and accolades over the course of her career.
Oates's writing often explores themes of violence, sexuality, and power, and she is known for her unflinching portrayals of the darker aspects of human nature. Her best-known novels include "them" (1969), "Blonde" (2000), and "The Gravedigger's Daughter"(2007).
In addition to her fiction writing, Oates is also a respected literary critic and essayist. She has written extensively on topics such as boxing, Gothic literature, and the works of Edgar Allan Poe.
Oates has received many awards for her writing, including the National Book Award, the PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in Short Fiction, and the Bram Stoker Lifetime Achievement Award. She has also been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize several times.
In addition to her writing, Oates is a professor at Princeton University, where she has taught creative writing since 1978. She has also been a visiting professor at several other universities, and has been awarded honorary degrees from numerous institutions.
4. Toni Morrison:
Toni Morrison was an American author born in Lorain, Ohio in 1931. She is known for her powerful novels that explore the experiences of Black Americans, particularly Black women. Morrison's work often addresses themes of trauma, memory, and identity. Morrison's first novel, "The Bluest Eye," was published in 1970 and tells the story of a young Black girl named Pecola Breedlove who longs for blue eyes and a more conventional appearance. Morrison's other notable works include "Beloved" (1987), which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and "Song of Solomon" (1977), which won the National Book Critics Circle Award. Morrison was also a respected literary critic, editor, and professor. She served as an editor at Random House for several years and was instrumental in promoting the work of Black writers such as Angela Davis and Toni Cade Bambara. She also taught at several universities, including Princeton University and the State University of New York at Albany. Morrison received numerous awards and honors throughout her lifetime, including the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993. She died in 2019 at the age of 88.
5. Alice Walker:
Alice Walker is an American author born in Putnam County, Georgia in 1944. She is known for her championing of Black feminism and her exploration of themes such as race, gender, and class in her writing. Walker's best-knownwork is the novel "The Color Purple," which was published in 1982 and won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. The novel tells the story of a young Black woman named Celie who endures abuse and violence at the hands of the men in her life, but ultimately finds strength and independence.
In addition to her fiction writing, Walker is also a poet, essayist, and activist. She has written numerous collections of poetry, including "Good Night, Willie Lee, I'll See You in the Morning" (1979), and has published several collections of essays, including "In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens" (1983).
Walker has been an outspoken advocate for civil rights and social justice throughout her career. She was active in the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s and 1970s and has been involved in various environmental and peace movements.
Walker has received many awards and honors, including the National Book Award, the Lillian Smith Book Award, and the Radcliffe Institute Fellowship. She continues to write and speak on issues of social justice and equality.