World Bank Document
Index 281 Citations to material in the endnotes are italicized. A
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405160Quality0101OFFICIAL0USE0ONLY1
writing materials, 2 5327862001035117218, 10 sinf olmpiada ona tili, Аннотация 26.04.21й (1), 2 5425097999032255319, синтаксис, O‘zbekistonning eng yangi tarixi, A.Navoi, buklet, jihozlar ro\'yxati - копия, urok russkogo yazyka po teme 2, 1амалий, 8 Класс Информатика и ИТ, Boshlang\'ich ta\'lim metod birlashmasi Yillik ish reja va yig\'ilish
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Index
281 Citations to material in the endnotes are italicized. A accreditation, 14, 66, 69–74, 204–207 activities, 173, 177–180, 243–246 budget, 248 confi dence, 82 costs, 71, 225, 248 establishing, 70–71 function of, 69–70 governance and autonomy, 172–175, 265n.1 government support, 205–207 guidance, 70 institutions, 14, 69–70, 70–74, 171–177, 204, 219, 246–248 international integration, 180–182 international recognition, 92–94, 207 Latin America, 171–184 legal status, 172 markets, 205–206 Mexico, 219, 224–228 organization, 171–172, 204–205, 244, 245, 246 policy recommendations, 248–249 private sector participation, 173 process, 71 regional cooperation, 72 resources, 175–177 scope, 70 staff, 174, 247 time required, 176–177 Turkey, 234–235, 243–249, 259 acquis communautaire, 242 adaptation, 43–44 costs, 33, 261n.4 advocacy, 214, 202 Africa, horticultural market, 44, 45 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 57–59 APEC, 142, 144, 265n.4 application programming interfaces (APIs), 25–26 Argentina certifi cation costs, 112 quality promotion initiatives, 199 assessment second-party, 64, 65 third-party, 64, 65, 68 assessors, 175 auditors, 161, 213 automobile sector, 157–158 certifi cation, 158, 265nn.1,2 autonomy accreditation institutions, 172–175, 265n.1 standards-setting institutions, 131–132 B best practices, accreditation bodies, 181 Bolivia, leather PDA covers, 7 Brazil certifi cation, 109, 112 footwear, 5, 43 quality promotion programs, 193–194 British internationalization, 89 budget, 60, 202 business environment indicator, 167 certifi cation rates and, 168 282 Quality Systems and Standards for a Competitive Edge buyer-driven value chains, 41–42, 42–43, 44–45 C calibration, 10, 68–69, 189–190, 262n.5 certifi cates, 95 demand for, 212–215 laboratories, 13, 92, 178–179, 180, 263n.6 Mexico, 219, 222 number offered, 190 Turkey, 236 see also measurement; testing Canada, legal metrology, 79–80 Center for Quality, Safety and Productivity (QSP), 193–194 certifi cation, 10, 65–68, 82, 262n.1 accreditation, 204 barriers, internal fi rm-level, 105–114 benefi ts, 66, 68, 228 bodies, 12, 65, 92, 262n.2, 263n.6 consulting services, external, 109 costs, 110–113, 264n.3 demand for, 212–215 fi nancial performance and, 102–103 fi rm performance and, 108 market share, 160 Mexico, 219, 228–232 objectivity, 66, 69, 73–74 organizational performance and, 100–102, 264n.2 performance, 153–155 policy recommendations, 243 principles, 65–66 prior, certifi cation and, 120 quality, 160 services, 241–243, 159–161, 266n.6 time-series studies, 101–120 Turkey, 233, 234, 236–243, 259, 266nn.1,4,5 why fi rms get certifi ed, 99–100 certifi ed pesticide-residue tests, 47 CERTIpyme, 196 Chile quality promotion initiatives, 198–199 wine market, 5 Chilean Economic Development Agency (CORFO), 198–199 China, certifi cation and export performance, 106–107 Code of Good Practice, 84, 263n.3 coffee, quality Uganda, 20–21 Colombia, quality promotion programs CYGA, 194–195 other, 195–196 Colombian Fund for the Modernization and Technological Development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (FOMIPYME), 195, 196 Committee for Standardization (CEN), 87, 89 Committee on Standards-Related Measures (CSRM), 146 communication, 214 compatibility 16–17, 18, 20–21 competition, 3–4, 6, 203, 216 constraints to, 25–26 increased, 21–24 ISO 9000 and, 99–105 mobile phones, fi rst- and second- generation, 22–23 quality and, 4 compliance, 215 evaluation, 63–80 Mexico, 226 concept modeling, 126 confi dentiality, certifi cation bodies, 66 confl icts of interest, 73 Conformity Assessment Framework, 63–80 conformity assessment, 10, 81–96, 236–237 incompatible procedures, 81–82 Mexico, 230, 232 cost, 229 consolidation, national quality system, 203–204 Consorcio del Jamón Serrano Espanõl, quality control, 67 coordination failures, 214 COPANT, 144–145, 265n.5 costs, 19, 80 accreditation, 71, 225, 248 adaptation, 33, 261n.4 certifi cation, 68, 110–113, 264n.3 conformity evaluation, 229 consulting, 112 Latin America, 139 measurement activities, 27 metrology, 78, 80 Mexico, 229 reductions, 24 Index 283 regional coordination, 91 registration, 112–113 standards, 53, 90, 139 trade, 34 credibility, metrology, 95 cultural factors, certifi cation and, 123, 125–126 D decentralized approach, 202 de facto standards, 51 de jure standards, 52 disputation, legal metrology and, 79 diversifi cation, 6 duplication, certifi cation and testing, 82 E economic environment certifi cation and, 119–126 ISO 9000 diffusion and, 165–170 economic growth, standards and, 28–32 economies of scale, 17 education certifi cation and, 120–126 ISO 9000 diffusion and, 170 effi ciency, productive and innovative, 17–18 EMA, 225–227 engineering tolerances, 76 environment, 79 environmental management systems (EMSs), 182 certifi cates, 149–151 equivalence, 83 EurepGAP certifi cation, 47, 48 European Union food safety 36 grapes, 46 market, access to, 236–237 New Approach directives and Turkey, 242 standards, 88–89 evaluation, 203–204, 215 export performance certifi cation and, 105, 106–107 ISO 9000 diffusion, 163–165, 265n.3 exports certifi cation and, 162 GDP and, 3, 162 quality and, 40 F feedback, 20–21 fees. See costs fi nancial performance, certifi cation and, 102–103 fi nancial resources, limited, 109–113 fi rst-party assessment, 64 fl exibility, 83, 262n.2 food standards, 35–36 footwear, 5, 43 foreign bodies accreditation, 241, 266n.7 certifi cation, 159–160, 181 foreign direct investment, 163 foreign markets, standards and, 35 foreign multinationals, 119, 264n.6 foreign technical regulations, 34 formal standards, 52 functional upgrading, 42 funding, standardization, Latin America, 132–134 G GDP, exports and, 3, 162 Genera Bureau of Standards (DGN), 129 Germany economic growth, 31–32 standards, 36, 38 globalization, 2, 216 global production networks, 6 governance, standards-setting institutions, 131–132 government, 8 accreditation, 205–207 agency or unit, single, 202 certifi cation, 119, 120, 243 fi scal functions, 79 metrology, 208 regulations, 119 role, 213–215, 119, 243 standardization, 54–56 standards bodies, 60 Turkey, 243 withdrawal, 202 grapes, market requirements, 46–49 H ham, cured, 67 harmonization, 36, 37, 40, 83, 88–89, 89–90 284 Quality Systems and Standards for a Competitive Edge Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP), 195 health, 79 health care, metrology, 77 horticultural value chain, upgrading, 44–45 human capital, 202 accreditation, 205, 247 metrology, 208 standards, 135 I incentives, 213–214 INDECOPI, 129, 264nn.1,2 independence, certifi cation bodies, 66 India grapes, market requirements, 46–49 software, certifi cation, 120–126 indirect network externalities, 20–21 industrialization, 41, 261n.7 industry consortia, 51 standards and, 39 information, 16, 55 asymmetries, 19 certifi cation and, 124 imperfect, 19 program, 202 provision, 28 infrastructure, metrology, 78 innovation constraints, 24–25 diffusion of, 18 growth and, 31 standardization and, 28 inspection, 10, 68–69, 219, 228–232 bodies, 13, 92, 179, 263n.6 Mexico, 219 number of accreditation, 179 Turkey, 236–243 institutional environment certifi cation rates and, 169 indicator, 168 ISO 9000 diffusion and, 167–168 InterAmerican Accreditation Cooperation (IAAC), 182, 207 InterAmerican Metrology System (SIM), 191 interchangeability 16, 261n.1 International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 83, 84, 86, 92, 93, 263n.7 guides and standards for accreditation bodies, implementation, 182 ISO 9000, 97–126 barriers, internal fi rm-level, 105–114 benefi ts, 99 certifi cations, 161 competitive advantage and, 99–105 diffusion, 114–126, 162–170 fi rm size, 166 function of, 97–99 global adoption, 98 Latin America and the Caribbean, 149–150, 151–153 manufacturing, 156 Mexico, 166, 231, 232 regional shares, 114 role, 103–105 standardized, 155, 156 Turkey, 237–241, 243, 266nn.4,5 ISO 14000, 155 Latin America and the Caribbean, 150, 151–153 manufacturing and services, 156 number, 157 ISO/TS 16949:2002, 158, 265n.1 standards development, participation in, 142 International Accreditation Forum (IAF), 93, 181, 182, 207 membership, 92 International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), 191 International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM), 95–96, 251, 267n.10 international cooperation, 84–91, 182–184 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 83, 84, 86, 92, 93, 263n.7 international integration, 81–96, 180–182 accreditation, 207 Latin America, 139–147 metrology, 209 standardization, 211 International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC), 93, 181, 182, 207 membership, 92 Index 285 international laboratory comparisons, 191–192 International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML), 96, Download 1.79 Mb. 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