World Bank Document

participation, 212 
policy recommendations, 256–258
process, 18
resources for, 132–134, 264n.2
stakeholders, 55, 73 
subsidizing, 267n.14
Turkey, 235, 252–259
standards, 2, 6, 8
accreditation, 180–182
age, 28 
British vs German, 36, 38
constraints, 28–29
coordinated approach, 90
cost, 139, 221
country-specifi c, 33, 34
defi ning, 9
diffusion of, 138–139 
economic effects, negative, 24–27 
economic effects, positive, 17–24 
economic growth and, 28–32 
functions of, 15–17 
idiosyncratic, 36, 37
international, 84, 87, 139–142, 180–182
international differences, 81
international trade and, 32–41
Latin America, 138–141 
mandatory, 33, 52, 56, 60–61, 135–136, 
211, 220, 261n.5
membership, 139 
Mexico, 220
national, 140
number of, 40–41, 86, 137, 138, 252, 
267n.11
obsolete, 25, 211
participation, 141–142
process, 87
regional coordination, 142–147
shared, 38–39
SMEs, 8, 41–49
stock, 137, 254, 267n.12
time-series investigation, 29
Turkey, Europe vs, 253 
upgrading, 89–91, 142–147, 211
voluntary, 52, 54, 55, 60–61, 128, 
220, 255
Standards and Quality Accreditation 
Program (ProCal), 199
standards-setting institutions, 12, 56–61,
262n.2
autonomy, 267n.14
centralized approach, 56–57 
decentralized approach, 57–59 
development, 56, 136–138, 252–254
funding sources, 132–134
government support, 60
Latin America, 128–138
legal status, 59 
members, 57, 59 
organization, 128
performance, 136–139
principles, 59
procedures, 59–60, 262n.3
regional, 84, 87–89, 211–212
staff, 135
Turkey, 252–254 
standards preparatory groups (SPGs), 
Turkey, 255, 267n.13
subcomponents, 6
support programs, 193–199
T
technical barriers to trade (TBT), 34–35
implementation, 147
notifi cations, 146 
WTO and, 83–84
technical capabilities, 188–189
technical committees and subcommittees, 
86–87, 141, 265n.3
membership, 257
technical experts, number, 176
technical regulations, 52
Latin America, 135
technology
adoption, coordination mechanisms, 
52–54
diffusion, 29
telephony, 22–23, 84–85
terms-of-trade index, 3–4
testing, 10, 68–69, 262n.5
costs, 229
demand for, 212–215
Mexico, 219, 228–232
Turkey, 236–243

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Index 289
testing laboratories, 12–13, 229, 266n.1
accreditation, 178–179, 180
third-party assessment, 64, 65, 68
timber, South Africa, 88
timing, 25, 109
TNC, ISO 9000 diffusion, 163
total factor productivity (TFP), 29
total quality management (TQM), 
103–104, 105
traceability, 64, 75, 208, 262n.7
trade, 1 
agreements, membership, 143
barriers, 33, 81, 83, 226
certifi cation and, 115–116, 264n.4
costs, country-specifi c 34
ISO 9000 diffusion, 162–165
standards and, 39–40
Traditional Specialty Guaranteed 
(TSG), 67
training, 195
Mexico, 221
Turkey, 243
transaction costs, 19, 79
transnational corporations (TNC), 6, 43, 
118–119
transparency, 83–84
TSE, 254–256
recommendations, 257–258
TÜRKAK, 242, 244, 246–249, 260, 266n.8
accreditations granted, 245
Turkey
accreditation, 234–235, 243–249, 259
calibration, 236
certifi cation, 233, 234, 236–243, 259
inspection, 236–243 
metrology, 234–235, 249–252, 259 
national quality system, evaluation, 
233–260 266n.3
national quality system, summary
table, 259
policy recommendations, 243, 249, 
250, 251–252, 257–258
standardization, 235, 252–258, 259
testing, 236–243
U
Uganda, coffee industry, 20–21
United Kingdom, 36, 38
grapes, 46
horticultural market, 44
labor productivity, 30
output growth, 30 
United States, accreditation, 
73, 262n.6
upgrading, 42
functional, 42
process and product, 42
standards upgrading, 89–91, 
142–147, 211
value chain, 44–45
V
value chain
buyer-driven, 41–42, 42–43
certifi cation and, 121–126
horticultural, 44–45
variety reduction, 16, 17, 261n.1
verifi cation, 190
voluntary standards, 52, 60–61
bodies, 54, 55, 128, 255
Latin America, 128
Mexico, 220
Turkey, 254–256
W
wine, Chile, 5
World Trade Organization (WTO), TBT, 
83–84, 147

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