= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73
knizhka Karamisheva
Parts of | |
|
speecQ | |
|
verb |
7 - >\- |
|
thinh: | |
|
adj. |
cleve^ |
|
adlink |
afraiq |
|
num. |
threa |
|
pron. |
many, |
|
noun |
leg |
|
adv. |
west |
Bilateral c^mbinability is typical not only of prepositions but of other linking w^rcjs as werj. conjunctions, link-verbs, and modal verbs. But comhina],jijty 0f prepositions differs from that of all of them. As stateq агюуе, prepositions have stable right-hand and variable lelt-hanq connections. Conjunctions and link-verbs have both connections уагцЬ1е (Compare: He is a student, afraid of being late). Modal verbs havfe both cormections stable: the subject on the left and the infinitive on \Q right [24; 206-208].
Preposition 0f mo(jern Ukrainian language create a complex system. According to mej,r orjgjn they are subdivided into primary
212
Secondary prepositions have been created from different notional parts of speech quite recently. The biggest number make up prepositions formed from adverbs (навколо, близько, зг1дно, кругом, поблизу, поруч, etc.). The smaller number is formed by the substantival prepositions (край, ктецъ, протягом, коло, etc.) and verbal ones (завдяки, виключаючи).
According to their structural properties and morphological characteristics Ukrainian prepositions are subdivided into simple -with one root stem (за, перед, на, коло, мгж, etc.); compound (складш) - formed from two or more simple prepositions (поверх, заради, поза, щодо, з-пом1ж, etc.); composite (складен]) created from different categories of notional words and prepositions (y напрям1 до, незважаючи на, ycnid за, зг1дно з, etc.).
Prepositions are differentiated according to their semantics. The biggest group is made up of prepositions possessing the meaning of space relations (значения просторовосп). The general quantity of Ukrainian prepositions is above 220, with 137 being prepositions denoting spatial relations [15; 200-202].
Though the lexico-grammatical meaning, the combinability and function of English prepositions are similar to those of the Ukrainian counterparts, the role of prepositions in the two languages is different. This difference, however, depends not on the very prepositions, but on the nouns they introduce.
The lexico-grammatical meaning of prepositions, being the one of "relations (of substances)", approximates to the grammatical meaning of case.
In the Ukrainian language with its six-case (or seven-case) system the relations of substances are mostly denoted by case morphemes. Prepositions are but a secondary means of specifying these relations. In English the only positive case morpheme -s' shows but a very limited number of relations. So, prepositions become a primary means of denoting relations of substances. Their role, as we see, is determined by the grammatical system of the language.
In Ukrainian the two means of expressing relations are interdependent. Certain prepositions go with certain cases (до столу, eid стола, над столом, etc.). So, the preposition is closely connected
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with the noun it precedes. It cannot be used without the noun. In English the preposition is much more independent. It can be separated from the noun, as in The house I speak of. Several prepositions may refer to one noun in the sentence, as in He played with and read to the children. A preposition may refer not only to a word, but also to a word-combination {That is for you to decide) or a clause {It all depends on how he will act) [15; 206-211].
2. Conjunction as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
The conjunction is a part of speech characterized by the following features:
1. Its lexico-grammatical meaning of "relations between
substances, action, properties, situations", etc.
Its peculiar combinability. As a rale, a conjunction connects two similar units: words of a similar type or clauses.
Its syntactic function of a linking word.
Conjunctions are not characterized by any grammatical categories or typical stem-building elements. As to their stem structure English conjunctions are, as usual, divided into simple {and, but, or that, till, if, etc.), derivative {until, unless, because, provided, etc.), compound {although, whereas, etc.) and composite {as if, in order that, as soon as, either ...or, neither ... nor, etc.).
A variety of English composite conjunctions is the group of the so called correlative conjunctions which go in pairs: both ... and, either ... or, no sooner ... than, etc.
Many conjunctions are homonymous with adverbs and prepositions {after, since, before), pronouns {that, neither), particles {supposing, provided).
The lexico-grammatical meaning of conjunctions is an abstraction from their lexical meanings. The latter are also very general, abstract and rather weak. Therefore conjunctions can be treated as semi-notional words.
Regarding the nature of the relations they serve to express conjunctions are usually divided into two subclasses: coordinating {and, or, both ... and, etc.) and subordinating {if that, as soon as, etc.).
The former connect syntactical units which are equal in rank. The latter are used to show the dependence of one unit on another.
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