= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73

VI. Underline each adverb in the text below and identify its
semantic category (qualitative, quantitative, circumstantial, or
some other type).
1й здалось, що це саме з Укра'ши подув вггерець. 1нколи Тй вчувалися пахошт м'яти, любистку. 1нод1 вона начебто чула кування зозул! ... Чшсь рщш голоси ... Тод1 наказувала вертати. Якнайшвидше.
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Вогонь скажешв ... Пов1тря навколо ставало нестерпно гарячим. А з неба палило сонце, падав на людей гарячий попш, снопи розлггалися навс1б!ч ... Гнав вогонь прямо на житла. I щогодини сотн1 людей залишалися без дслшвок ...
На ранок на замиленому кош примчав з Biiroi Церкви сам Петро Конашевич-Сагайдачний. Гетьман швидко оглянув пожарисько i повел1в ламати, зносити буд1вл1 навколо мюця пожеж1, рубати дерева, утворювати навколо своервдну мертву смугу. Це був единий cnoci6 зупинити пожежу.
*The material is taken from the article "Beprori Лщя. Перев1ряти i теорто, i практику" // Урок Украшсько!'. - № 2-3, 2007. - P.44.
VII. Form from the given below adverbs comparative and
superlative degrees of comparison. Render the given adverbs into
English and answer the question whether they also are able to
form degrees of comparison.
Чисто, виразно, близько, дорого, високо, швидко, гарно, погано.
VIII. Form adverbs from the following word combination.
Think of their English equivalents.
Турецькою мовою, попереднього дня, у п'ять разш, в окремих мюцях, два рази, дуже давно, з молодих лгг, на дв1 частини, в будь-який час, вщ нишшнього дня, у правий бж, другий раз, дуже рщко, два дш тому.
*The material is taken from the article "Нове в nporpaMi та методищ" // Урок Укра'шськоУ. - № 9-10, 2005. - Р.45.
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CHAPTER 8 Functional parts of speech in English and Ukrainian
languages
1. Preposition as a part of speech in English and Ukrainian languages
The preposition is a part of speech characterized by the following features:
1. Its lexico-grammatical meaning of "relations (of substances)".
Ukrainian prepositions are considered to be the functional part
of speech which together with cases expresses dependence of one notional word on the other in a word group or in a sentence and by this prepositions render the relations of objects, actions, states and qualities denoted by these words. Ukrainian prepositions possess both lexical and grammatical meanings. The lexical meaning is more vivid in the recently created derivative prepositions (коло, близъко, неподалт) and it is shadowed in primary prepositions. Besides prepositions possess the categorial (or grammatical) meaning which is understood as the property of prepositions to point out towards syntactic relations between words (that is relations of subordination) [15; 200].

2. 
   Its bilateral combinability with a right-hand noun (or noun-equivalent) and a left-hand combinability with a word belonging to almost any part of speech.
   

2. 
   Its syntactic function of a linking word.
   

Prepositions are not characterized by any grammatical categories or typical stem-building elements.
As far as their structure is concerned English prepositions, like other parts of speech, fall into the following groups:

1. 
   Sitnple or primitive, e.g. at, in, of, by, with, for, etc.
   
2. 
   Derivative, e.g. below, beside, along, etc.
   
3. 
   Compound, e.g. inside, within, into, throughout, etc.
   
4. 
   Composite, e.g. instead of, in accordance with, owing to, in front of etc.
   

Many prepositions are homonymous with adverbs (about, before, below, down, since, etc.), conjunctions (before, since, etc.), particles (regarding, concerning, etc.), lexico-grammatical word-morphemes (in, on, up, etc.).
Similar to other parts of speech the lexico-grammatical meaning of prepositions is an abstraction from their individual lexical meanings. Let us compare the following combinations of words:
the book in the bag,
the book on the bag,
the book under the bag,
the book near the bag.
In all of them the preposition shows the relation of one noun to another, which reflects the relations of the corresponding substances in the world of reality. This meaning of "relations (of substances)" common to all prepositions is their lexico-grammatical meaning. But each preposition in the expressions above shows a different relation revealing thus its individual lexical meaning.
It is much more difficult to define lexical meaning of a preposition than that of a noun or an adjective, because prepositions usually have very general, abstract meanings.
It is necessary to make some remarks regarding the classification of prepositions according to their meaning into those of place, direction, time, etc. When we say that the prepositions at or by have local meanings in at window, by the window, and temporal meanings in at 6 о 'clock, by 6 о 'clock we simply add the meanings of the neighbouring words to those of prepositions. Originally, a preposition like in is supposed to have had a concrete local meaning. But at present in is used with such a variety of words that it has a very vague and general meaning, something like "inside some sphere". That sphere may be local as in Kyiv, temporal, as in January, abstract as in love, in thought, etc.
Prepositions like in, at, on, by, etc. are used with all kinds of nouns, so that the local, temporal and other meanings of the prepositional construction do not depend on the preposition, but on the noun. Such prepositions may be called general. There are some other prepositions which may be called special. They are used chiefly with

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nouns ot certain meaning. p_or instance, the preposition till can be used with nouns like _mid_n{ght dawn, time, but not with window, town, place and the 1|^_е j_{nat snows} that till has acquired a temporal meaning. Ihe ca_usai meaning of the special preposition because of is so strong that j_t determines the meaning of the prepositional construction irrespective of the noun. Compare: because of the time (place, love, Joht-л
The combj_nabffity

it is followed b connected with.

of a preposition is rather peculiar. As a rule,
V a noun or a noun equivalent which it is closely

Noun (or noun equivalent)

Preposition

John
him
going
us
them
mutton
it

of of of of of of of

At the same time it is associated with some preceding notional word bq_ong_mg _{to ne}arly any part of speech. We may speak ot stable nght-ha_u(j connections and variable left-hand connections.