= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73

30
31

Typology as a branch of linguistics aims at establishing similar general linguistic categories serving as a basis for the classification of languages of different types, irrespective of their genealogical relationship.
Contrastive typology (CT) represents a linguistic subject of typology, based on the methods of comparison or contrasting. Like typology proper, CT also aims at establishing the most general structural types of languages on the bases of their dominant or common phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic features Apart from this the CT may equally treat dominant or common features only, as well as divergent features only, which are found both in languages of the same structural type (synthetic languages, analytical, etc.) as well as in languages of different structural types (synthetic and analytical, etc.). The object of contrastive typology may be bound with separate features and language units or phenomena pertained to both living and one or two dead languages. Consequently, the object of investigation may involve an extensive language area or the restricted object of investigation. Due to this there are distinguished several branches of contrastive typological investigation often referred to as separate typologies. The main of these typologies are the following:

• 
  Universal typology investigates all languages of the world and aims at singling out in them such phenomena, which are common in all languages. These features are referred to as absolute universals. Their identification is carried out not only on the basis of the existing living languages but also on the basis of dead languages like Sanskrit, ancient Greek or Latin.
  
• 
  Special typology, in contrast to universal typology, usually investigates concrete languages, one of which is, as a rule, the native tongue. The language in which the description of isomorphic and allomorphic features is performed is usually referred to as meta­language. In our case the meta-language is English.
  
• 
  General typology has for its object of investigation the most general phonetic, morphological, lexical syntactic or stylistic features. At the same time the partial typology investigates a restricted number of language features, for example, the system of syntactic level units.
  

Contrastive typology as a branch of linguistics employs some terms and notions of its own. The principal and the most frequently occurring are the following ones:

• 
  Absolute universals (абсолютт або noBHi ушверсалп) i. e. features or phenomena of a language level pertaining (вщносно, у вщношенш) to any language of the world, e.g. vowels and consonants, word stress and utterance stress, intonation, sentences, parts of the sentence, parts of speech, etc.
  
• 
  Near universals (неповт або частков1 ушверсали) i. e. features or phenomena common in many or some languages under typological investigation.
  

- Typologically dominant features (типолопчш домшанти)
are features or phenomena dominating at the language level or in the
structure of some of the contrasted languages. Dominant in present-
day English are known to be analytical means: rigid word order in
word groups and sentences, the prominent role of prepositions and
placement as means of connection and expression of case relations
and syntactic functions (e.g. books for my friends and books by my
friends). The change of placement of the part of the sentence may
completely change its sense. Compare (cf.) The hunter killed the
hare. - The hare killed the hunter. In Ukrainian the change of
placement of the main parts of the sentence usually does not change
the meaning of the sentence, as in the same sentence in Ukrainian:
Мисливець застртив зайия. Зайця застришв мисливецъ. In
Ukrainian everything is just on the contrary: case, gender and number
categories are expressed by means of inflexions: 6pamoei книжки -
братових кнцжок; вт cnieae, вона ствола, дитя ствало.
Consequently, the dominant (and typical features) of a language
predetermine its structural type as analytical, synthetic, agglutinative etc.

• 
  Isomorphic features ^зоморфш риси) are common features in languages under contrastive analysis. Isomorphic in English and Ukrainian are, for example, the categories of number, person, tense, as well as parts of speech, the existence of sentences etc.
  
• 
  Allomorphic features (аломорфш риси) are observed in one language and missing in the other, for example the gerund and analytical verb forms in English, which are missing in Ukrainian [10; 13-15, 17-19].