= 161. 2*362 (075. 8) К211 ббк [81. 2-2 Англ + 81. 2-2 Укр] я 73

розкидати), 5) the use of different stems {брати - взяти, говорити
- сказати) and others.
The aspect meaning of the verb influences its form structure. Verbs of perfective aspect, that do not denote the process of action durability, do not have forms ₀f the present tense (compare: написати, сказати). Verbs of imp_erf_ecti_Ve aspect have the forms of all three tenses. Besides, verbs of different aspects create their forms of the future tense unequally. The aspect of verbs of imperfective aspect can have two forms: казащиму, буду казати; стоятиму, буду стояти, and the verbs of perfective aspect can have only the synthetic form of the future tense: сказати - скажу, стати -стану. So, the aspect in Ukrainian i_{s a} lexical-grammatical category.
Ukrainian linguist Yu.O. Zhluktenko sums up the main peculiarities of the category of aspect expression in the contrasted languages in the following way [5; 74-75]:
1. The characteristic common feature of aspect forms in English
and Ukrainian is their close connection with tense forms. Each tense
form is simultaneously some aspect form and vice versa.
2. The essential difference between aspect forms in both
languages concerns the correlation ₀f the common and perfective
aspects (стввщношення загального та доконаного вщцв). In this
respect, the following fact is the most outstanding one: the action
which happens regularly or is a repeated one, is rendered in English
usually by forms of the common aspect, whereas in Ukrainian such an
action cannot be rendered with the help of the perfective aspect and is
regularly rendered by forms of the imperfective aspect.
It is explained by the fact that in Ukrainian in the forms of the perfective aspect the attention is paid towards the fact of the action realization itself and simultaneously towards the full revealing of its content. In English for the forms of the common aspect the fact of the action realization itself comes to the first place, and the moment, whether it is fully realized or not, comes to the second place. That is why the perfective aspect should necessarily point out towards the full realization of the action. It naturally cannot render the action which is a repeated one, since it cannot be considered as the action which is fully completed. That is why such _a sentence as The sun rises in the East. - Сонце сходить на cxodi., i_n which it is spoken about the action which happens regularly, action is rendered in English with the

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help of the common aspect form, whereas in Ukrainian - with the help of the imperfective aspect form. The perfective aspect cannot be used in such cases.
3. The English continuous aspect is "narrower" by the power of its expression than the Ukrainian imperfective aspect. It is caused by the fact that forms of the continuous aspect in English do not only stress the process of action but also bring attention towards its concrete character, its visual expression (наочшсть), demonstra-tiveness, and present this action in the way as if it is happening before the speaker's eyes. In its turn in Ukrainian the imperfective aspect points only towards the process of the action development, not singling out separately the meaning of concreteness. Depending on the context the Ukrainian imperfective aspect can express either the concrete action, happening at the moment of speaking, or the action of a more general and abstract character. Compare, e.g.:
/. Take the kettle off the stove, the water is boiling. — ЗнШШъ чайник з плити: вода кипишь.
2. Water boils at 100° degrees Centigrade. - Вода кипишь при

3. 
   Are the children already sleeping? —Д1ти еже сплять?
   
4. 
   In summer we sleep here. - Влтгку ми спимо тут. The complexity of the category of aspect lies in the fact that
   

besides the mentioned basic kinds, we have a number of smaller aspect groups in both languages. Of course, they belong to some of two basic types of aspect. For example, in English such subtypes are the following:

1. 
   the subtype of repletion in usage (многократнють), which is expressed morphologically with the help of auxiliary verbs will, would, used to;
   
2. 
   the subtype of the one-time short action: have a smoke, give a smile;
   
3. 
   the subtype of the action beginning: begin reading, grow dark;
   
4. 
   the subtype of the unlimited duration: continue speaking, keep silence;
   
5. 
   the subtype of the action finishing: stop smoking, come true. 142
   

In Ukrainian such a subtype in the imperfective aspect are the verbs denoting the repetitive use: npucnieyeamu, примовляти, втбирувати. The perfective aspect has the following subtypes:

1. 
   the subtype of the action beginning: зашумти, заствати;
   
2. 
   duration of the completed action: поспав, nocudie;
   
3. 
   achieving the result of the completed action: вивчити, чиконати;
   
4. 
   the sudden character of some action: грюкнути, стукнути;
   
5. 
   the unexpected character or the sharpness of the completed action: рубонути, штовхонути;
   

fjfhe repetitive character of the limited in time action: попереписувати, пороздавати, понаносити [5; 76-77].
Therefore, the grammatical category of aspect of the English verb is usually revealed by the so called aspect-tense forms (видо-nacoBi форми). Usually there are two basic kinds differentiated: 1) the common aspect (загальний вид, by the terminology used above -non-continuous aspect (нетривалий вид)) expressed by Indefinite verb forms, and 2) continuous aspect (тривалий вид) expressed by Continuous verb forms. Forms of the common aspect render the mere fact of action whereas the forms of continuous aspect point out towards the process of some action, its development. Unlike the Ukrainian aspect, by expression of which a great role is played also by lexical means (word building affixes, usage of different stems), in English the mentioned above aspect forms are formed by morphological means.