1 -it is clear from the passage that

273 -The author states that ---- .
A) all will be well for Africa now that the colonial powers have departed
B) the British and the French should never have left Africa
C) Africans had to struggle hard for their independence
D) Africa's history provides a firm foundation for the steady growth of its nations
E) most nations in Africa are still ruled by European countries


For hundreds of years, the nomadic Sami reindeer herders of Sweden have taken their animals to the lowland snow forests over winter and spent the summer in the high Arctic. However, the timber companies are now excluding them from their winter grazing. The animals survive the cold and snow by grazing on tree lichens, but the forest owners claim that the reindeer damage their property by breaking the tops off the young trees, and are using the courts to try to evict them. The Sami community, on the other hand, say that every village has its own forest areas where they have been taking their reindeer for hundreds of years, since before the settlers arrived from the south. However, the Sami have no written language and cannot prove their rights in court as they have no documents.


274 -The conflict described in the passage ---- .
A) has been building up over many hundreds of years and has now reached a peak
B) has arisen between the traditional inhabitants of the area and the timber industry
C) could be avoided if the Sami were prepared to remain in their native land
D) is about the Sami's use of certain mountain forests which they do not own
E) has only recently arisen because of ecological changes in the disputed area


275 -The Sami's reindeer --- .
A) depend on trees for their nourishment during winter
B) have lived permanently in the forests for centuries
C) need the forests in order to shelter from the snow
D) especially like eating the tops of young trees
E) live in the nearby Sami villages when not in the forest