1. Functions of translation Main types of translation Equivalence in translation

Theories of equivalence

There are many works in translation theory that are devoted to the study of translation equivalence.
The first theory of equivalence is the theory developed by A.D. Schweitzer in his book "The Status, Problem, Аspects of translation". In his book he connects equivalence with a term invariant, that is, if an equivalent relationship can be established between the original text and the translation, then they called invariants
The next theory is the theory of equivalence of the famous American linguist Eugene Naida. Naida puts forward the theory of so-called formal and dynamic equivalence, but at the same time also recognizes that there are no absolute equivalents in the source language and the translation language.
It is impossible not to mention the research of equivalence issues and regular correspondences by the famous translator Yakov Iosifovich Retsker. In his book "Theory of Translation and Translation Practice" he tries to give the rules that the translator must adhere to in the translation process. At the same time, he does not use the category of equivalence as some kind of relationship between the text in the source language and the text in the target language, but speaks of natural correspondences as the relationship between individual fragments of the original text and the translation text.
The next one is equivalence theory was put forward by the Israeli translator and professor of linguistics Gideon Touri. In the book "In search of the theory of translation" he sets out the main rules of equivalence.
The next theory is Hartman's theory. It defines equivalence as a dynamic process that is an integral part of language code switching. In his view, the technique of achieving equivalence is influenced by several factors, such as the level of professional training of the translator, the purpose of communication, and so on.
Another equivalence theory is presented by Patrick Zabalbisco, a Spanish professor of translation studies. In his research, he analyzes in detail the process of translation and offers a so - called model of priorities and restrictions. According with this model of translation, equivalence is understood as a varying characteristic and which depends on a set of priorities, i.e. a hierarchy of goals that the translator is trying to achieve both in the text in the target language and in its individual segments.

3. Types of equivalence in translation (hierarchical equivalence model of Komissarov V.N.).

In our course on Translation Theory, we will rely on the hierarchical model of equivalence theory by Vilen Naumovich Komissarov, a Russian linguist and translator.
In his work, the translator is constantly faced with the need to choose between different translation options, i.e. to decide what is most important in the translated text and must necessarily be transmitted, to give preference to one or another way of overcoming possible difficulties. One of the central concepts of translation theory is the concept of translation equivalence. At the same time, it is important to note that the term equivalence itself began to be used in modern translation theory recently. The word equivalent in the linguistic meaning in which we use it today means a word or expression that can be replaced with another word or expression, respectively, an equivalent or identical in meaning.
So the equivalence of translation is very relative. With successful translation, equivalence presupposes equality between the source and final texts (Svetlana A. Khomenko).
However, the equivalence of the translation to the original varies from the method and genre of the translated text, just as the requirements for the equivalence of the translation will be different depending on the genre of the text- i.e. scientific, literary, official business, etc.
It should also be noted that the "Theoretically possible equivalence" is determined by the ratio of the structures and rules of functioning of the two languages.
"Optimal" equivalence, that is, proximity to the original, achieved in a particular aspect of translation.
Translation equivalence is also established at different levels, in other words, there are different levels of equivalence. Thus, V. Komissarov notes that the degree of equivalence can be fairly objectively determined by comparing the translation text with the original, and it serves as one of the criteria for evaluating the results of the translation process.