1. linguistic typology

5. AREAL TYPOLOGY
The Areal typology is one of the independent branches of linguistic typology, which compares language systems and studies the degree of expansion and proxim­ity of language properties which are geographically conditioned.
According to V.G. Ghak this part of Linguistic typology "compares languages ir­respectively of the degree of their relatedness and aims at defining general elements formed as a result of mutual influence of languages and the cultures staying behind them".
Like the Genetic typology the Areal typology operates with special systems or models with the help of which an Areal typology is different from other languages clarified.
The representatives of this school are Roman Jacobson, and V.G. Ghak. Objects of study include borrowings, bi-lingual features, dialects, centum/satem languages, compiling dialectal maps, sub-stratum and super-stratum languages, ne­ologisms, archaisms, hybrid languages, language contacts, etc.
An Areal closeness of related languages can determine an expansion of different properties in the systems of a more limited group of related languages. The Areal typology studies dialects and restrictions of dissemination of separate features in the systems of related and non-related languages, confluence of different languages, etc. Language contacts present a special interest in definite area of governance of hybrid languages.
One of the problems is defining the nature of variants of English( in Scotland, Ireland, USA, Asia) and also a study of hybrid languages such as Pidgin English( in China, Australia, Hawaii Islands), Kroo English and many others.
The major parameters of Areal typology are the following:

• 
  Indifference to structural/system identity;
  
• 
  Indifference to genetic identity;
  
• 
  Areal limitation of compared languages:
  
• 
  Possibility of etic-emic identity;
  
• 
  Formal approach to comparison;
  
• 
  Limited etalon language;
  
• 
  Possibility of deep and surface identity;
  
• 
  One level approach; etic/emic identity
  
• 
  Possibility of complete typological operations.