1. Middle English period great change Middle English Verbal System

Scandinavian borrowings
The Scandinavian invasion and the subsequent settlement of the Scandinavians on the territory of England, the constant contacts and intermixture of the English and Scandinavians brought about many changes in different spheres of the English language: word-stock, grammar and phonetics. The relative ease of the mutual penetration of the languages was conditioned by the circumstances of the Anglo-Scandinavians contacts.
Due to contacts between the Scandinavians and the English people many words were borrowed from the Scandinavian language, for example:
Nouns: law, fellow, sky, skirt, skill, egg, anger, awe, bloom, knife, root, bull, cake, husband, leg, wing, guest, loan, race
Adjectives: big, weak, wrong, ugly, twin
Verbs: call, cast, take, happen, scare, hail, want, bask, gape, kindle
Pronouns: they, them, their
The conditions and the consequences of various borrowings were different.
Sometimes the English language borrowed a word which it had no synonym. These words were simply added top the vocabulary. Examples: law, fellow
The English synonym was ousted by the borrowing. Scandinavian Taken (to take) and callen (to call) ousted the English synonyms niman and clypian, respectively.
Both the words, the English and the corresponding Scandinavian, are preserved, but they became different in meaning. Compare Modern English native words and Scandinavian borrowings:
Native Scandinavian borrowing
Heaven sky
Starve die

4.Sometimes a borrowed word and an English word are etymologically doublets, as words originating from the same source in Common Germanic.

Native Scandinavian borrowing
shirt skirt
shatter scatter
raise rear
5.Sometimes an English word and its Scandinavian doublet were the same in meaning but slightly different phonetically, and the phonetic form of the Scandinavian borrowing is preserved in English, having ousted the English counterpart. For example, modern English to give, to get come from the Scandinavian gefa, geta, this ousted the English giefan and gietan, respectively. Similar English words: gift, forget, guild, gate, again.
6.There may be a shift of meaning. Thus, the word dream originally meant “joy, pleasure”; under the influence of the related Scandinavian word it developed its modern meaning.

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