1 Road Safety And Automobile Association Patrol In Great Britain

# 22 PLASTICS

Plastics are organic substances made synthetically by polymerization, and capable of being formed an almost endless variety of products, e.g. threads, sheets and molded objects. The ancestor of modern synthetic plastics is celluloid. Celluloid has certain disadvantages its flammability and the fact that it is not readily molded. Thus, it was not until the discovery of bakelite in 1907 that the real foundation of synthetic plastic industry was laid. plastics that consist of long chain molecules can be softened by heat and molded into a desired shape. These plastics chains are called thermoplastics. Plastics in which the polymer chains are cross – linked have much greater rapidity and cannot be softened. They are called thermosetting. The terms “thermosetting “ are also applied to resins from which plastics are made.

The principle agent incorporated in plastics is the resin; it may be natural, like cellulose, but it is most generally synthetic. The resin is also known as the binder. Substances added to the plastic to enhance certain properties, e.g . hardness, resistance to shock or resistance to abrasion, are called fillers; examples are asbestos, glass fibers and wood flour.
Plasticizers are also included in the formulation. Antioxidants may be added to promote chemical stability and thus prolong life. Catalysts are added to assist the final cure (final formation of the product) and stabilizer to protect against sunlight, heat and other destructives factors.
The procedure used to shape plastics into final form depends on the properties of the plastics of the plastic. Some plastics can be injection molded. Other plastics must be compression molded; after they are filled into the mould they are subjected to pressure. Certain are simply cast into their final shape.

Topic # 23 ACCOUNTING

Accounting shows a financial picture of the firm. An accounting department records and measures the activity of the business. It reports on the effects of the transactions on the firms financial condition. Accounting records give a very important data. It is used by management, stockholders, creditors, independent, analysts, banks and government.

Most businesses prepare regularly the two types of records. That is the income statement and balance sheet. These statements show how money was received and spent by the company.
One major tool for the analysis of accounting records is ratio analysis. A ratio analysis is the relationship of two figures. In finance we operate with three main categories of ratios. One ratio deals with profitability, for example, the Return on Investment Ratio. It is used as a measure of a firms operating efficiency. The second set of ratios deals with assets and liabilities. It helps a company to evaluate its current financial position. The third set of ratios deals with the overall financial structure of the company.
It analyses the value of the ownership of the firm.

Topic # 23 LINE AND STAFF POSITION

In business, organizations structure means the relationship between positions and people who hold the positions. Organization structure is very important because it provides an efficient work system as well as a system of communication.
Historically, line structure is the oldest type of organization structure. The main idea of it is direct vertical relationships between a vise-president of marketing and a salesman. Thus a vise president of marketing has direct authority over a slesman. This chain of command simplifies the problems of giving and taking orders.
When a business grows in size and becomes more complex, there is a need for specialists. In such case administrators may organize staff department and add staff specialists to do spesific work. These people are usually busy with servises, they are not tied in with the company product. The activities of the staff departments include an accounting, personnel, credit and advertising. Generally they do not give orders to other departments.