1. What is headline?

37.Pragmatics in translation
There are certain pragmatic principles that need to be considered for a successful translation. During the process of translating a text, a translator makes choices based on his perception of the text and the relation between him and the targeted audience. Therefore, translation does not only rest on the lexical level; most translations are not simple word-for-word processes with the only difference being the involvement of two different languages between two texts.
We draw from this knowledge that the notion of translation centers on the context it occurs in, which results in the fact that translation is a form of communication.
From a historical point of view, relating the principles of pragmatics to translation has become more important because since the 1960s especially linguists began to assign linguistics to the problem of translations (cf. Albrecht 2013: 19). So translation has been looked at as simply another type of language use which is indifferent from other types. Hence, it falls under “the remit of verbal communication” (Sequeiros 2005: 5), which makes it possible to study it within pragmatics. This derives from the fact that the theory of verbal communication was further developed in the second half of the last century. Before the 1960s, communication was generally recognized as an action of solely encoding and decoding information in a message (cf. Sperber and Wilson 1995: 2). This formed the so-called code model which was later considered to be a weak representation of verbal communication since “it failed to notice both the gap between language and thought in communication as well as the role played by interference” in the communicative act (cf. Sequeiros 2005: 12).
37 . General information about pragmatics in translation.
Pragmatics — the analysis of language in terms of situational context within which utterances are made, including the knowledge and beliefs of the speaker and the attitude between speaker and listener.