1. What is Modernism in English Literature and enumerate modernist techniques.

2. The theme of rebellion reflected in “Paradise Lost” (200 words)
“Paradise Lost” is an epic, divided into twelve books, or chapters. The characters are God,
three guardian angels - Raphael, Gabriel and Michael, Sa-tan and his rebel angels, and the first man
and woman - Adam and Eve. Satan, who revolts against God, draws his side many rebel-angels and
is driven out of Heaven. They fall down into the fires of Hell. But Satan is not to be overcome. He
hates God who rules the universe, autocratically. Though banished from Heaven, Satan is glad to
have gained freedom. He pities the rebel-angels who have lost life in Heaven for his sake ,and decides to go on with the war against God. Adam and Eve are allowed by God to live, in Paradise, in the Garden of Eden, as long as do not eat the apple that grows on the Tree of the Knowledge of good and evil. Satan, who has been driven from the Garden of Eden by the guardian angels, returns at night in the form of a serpent. Next morning, the serpent persuades Eve to eat the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge and to take another one for Adam. Eve tells Adam what she has done. So Adam decides to eat the fruit for love of Eve.
As a punishment, God banishes Adam and Eve to the newly created world, where they have to face a life of toil and woe. The angel Michael shows Adam a vision of the tyranny and lawlessness which are to befall mankind. Milton’s sympathies lie with Adam and Eve, and this shows his faith in man. His Adam and Eve are full of energy. They love each other and are ready to meet all hardships together.
Variant 11
1.English drama during the Restoration Era and its main figures.(200 -300 words)
The greatest poet of the XVII century John Milton was born in London on December 9, 1608. Milton’s father was a prosperous scrivener in London. He was also an amateur composer.From childhood Milton learned to love music and books; he read and studied so intensely that at the age of twelve he had already formed the habit of working until midnight. At first Milton attended st. Paul’s school. His progress in every department of knowledge was very rapid, and at the age of sixteen he went to the University of Cambridge. On graduating, Milton retired to his father’s country place, Horton, in Buckinghamshire. There he gave himself up to study and poetry. Many of Milton’s poems were written at Horton. These comprise the first period in his creative work.Milton had long wished to complete his education by travelling, as it was the custom of the time. In 1638 he left England for a European tour. He visited France and Italy. He met the great Galileo, who was no longer a prisoner of the Inquisition, but was still watched by catholic churchmen. Milton succeeded in getting into the house where Galileo was kept. His meeting with the great martyr of science is mentioned in “Paradise Lost” and in an article about the freedom of the press. In 1639 he returned to England, just when the struggle between the king and the puritans began. For some time Milton had to do educational work, and the result of it was a treatise on education. John Dryden was the outstanding English poet from the Restoration in 1660 to the end of the 17th century. He was born to a Puritan family in London and graduated from Cambridge University in 1654. Dryden wrote verse in several forms: odes, poetic drama, biting satires, and translations of classic authors. His early poem “Heroic Stanzas on the Death of Cromwell“ was published in 1659. A year later it was followed by “Astraea Redux”, which celebrated the Restoration of the Stuart line to the throne.In 1667 Dryden published “Annus Mirabilis”, a poem commemorating three events of the previous year: the end of the plague, the Great Fire of London, and the Dutch War. This is a most unusual feat in transferring almost immediately contemporary events into poetry. Dryden wrote notable prose as well, including literary criticism of Shakespeare, Chaucer, and others. His venture into political satire began in 1681, with the publication of “Absalom and Achitophel”, written after an unsuccessful attempt by Charles’ illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, to seize the throne. In 1682 he wrote another literary satire “Mac Flecknoe”.Dryden was a talented translator too. His translation of Virgil’s “Aeneid”, published in 1697, was extremely popular. 2. Can you explain the title of the play “Pygmalion” by G.B. Shaw? (200 words)One of Shaw’s best comedies is “Pygmalion”, written in 1912 and first produced in England in 1914. It was adapted into the musical “My Fair Lady” in 1956. The title “Pygmalion” comes from a Greek myth. Pygmalion, a sculptor, carved a statue out of ivory. It was the statue of a beautiful young woman whom he called Galatea. He fell in love with his own handiwork, so the goddess of love Aphrodite breathed life into the statue and transformed it into a really alive woman. The fable was chosen to allow him to discuss the theme he had set himself. The principal characters of the play are Eliza Doolittle and Henry Higgins. Eliza, a girl of eighteen, comes from the lowest social level and speaks with a strong Cockney (East End of London) accent, which is considered to be the most uncultured English. Eliza’s father is a dustman. Eliza does not want to stay with her father and stepmother. She makes her own living by selling flowers in the streets of London.Henry Higgins, another main character of the play, is a professor of phonetics. He studies the physiological aspects of a person’s speech, the sounds of the language. One day he sees Eliza in the street and bets with his friend Colonel Pickering that he will change this girl. He will not only teach her to speak her native language correctly, but will teach her manners too. Higgins works hard and before six months are over, she is well prepared to be introduced into society. Higgins wins his bet. When the game is over the girl doesn’t know where to go. She doesn’t want to return to her previous life, but at the same time she is not admitted to the high society as she is poor.Higgins and Eliza remain friends, but the play is without ending. The dramatist thought it best not to go on with the story. Higgins loves Eliza only as his pupil. But he loves his profession as an artist. He has created a new Eliza. She is the work of a Pyg­malion.“Pygmalion” shows the author’s concern for the perfection of the English Language. Shaw was passionately interested in the English language and the varieties of ways in which people spoke and misspoke it. Shaw wished to simplify and reform English. He has pointed out that the rules of spelling in English are inconsistent and confusing. The text of “Pygmalion” reflects some of his efforts at simplifying the usage of letters and sounds in the English Language. The play also allowed Shaw to present ideas on other topics. For example, he touched the problems of social equality, male and female roles, and the relationship between the people.