1. What is Modernism in English Literature and enumerate modernist techniques.

Variant 12
1.She-writers in English Literature and their best works (200 -300 words)
Women writers dominated the vast novel market in Victorian England. Yet from the hundreds of women novelists popularly and critically admired in the nineteenth century, twentieth-century critical conversations have revolved around the canonical few: George Eliot, Emily and Charlotte Bronte, and, more recently, Elizabeth Gaskell. Here I argue that Victorian women novelists’ inherently complicated and conflicted positions on the ‘‘woman question,’’ in conjunction with the evolving horizon of expectations toward what we now call feminism, are responsible for their non canonical status. By recognizing unconscious prejudices, we may now give renewed and sustained critical attention to neglected novels by Victorian women. CHARLOTTE BRONTE(1816-1855)
Charlotte Bronte’s novel “Jane Eyre” (1847) brought her fame and placed her in the rank of the foremost English realistic writers. She was personally acquainted with Dickens and Thackeray and the latter greatly influenced her literary method. In 1849, Charlotte published “Shirley”, her second big novel which dealt with the life of workers at the time of Luddites. The author’s sympathies are with the toilers. However, Bronte’s realistic portrayal of the conflict between labor and capital is much weakened by her attempting to solve the problem in a conciliatory moralistic way. ELIZABETH GASKELL(1810-1865)
Elizabeth Gaskell, a clergyman’s daughter, also married a clergyman. Her husband and she made a study of living and working conditions of textile workers in Manchester and her first novel “Mary Barton” (1848) contains a vivid picture of the industrial conflicts which prevailed at that time. It was severely criticized by reactionary critics as a book hostile to the employers while Dickens and other representatives of progressive literature supported the author. Her first novel “Mary Barton” was undoubtedly the best owing to its realistic treatment of the main facts of the social and political life of that period. GEORGE ELIOT(1819-1880) Mary Ann Evans, known under the pseudonym of George Eliot, was born in Warwickshire. She was a daughter of a land agent who gave up his business to take charge of an estate. Her childhood and youth were spent amidst rural scenes and picturesque village locality described in the “Mill on the Floss”.
: “Adam Bede” (1859), “The Mill on the Floss” (1860) and “Silas Marner” (1861). “Adam Bede” contains splendid realistic pictures of the English countryside at the turn of the 18^th century.